Memory fragmentation in dissociative identity disorder

Journal of Trauma and Dissociation

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 55-70

  van der Hart, Onno ^a   Bolt, Hilde ^a   van der Kolk, Bessel A ^b  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dissociative amnesia; Dissociative identity disorder; Flashbacks; Hippocampus; Memory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMNESIA; ARTICLE; CHILD ABUSE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; EMOTIONALITY; EXPERIENCE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTERVIEW; LIFE EVENT; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; MENTAL FUNCTION; MULTIPLE PERSONALITY; NETHERLANDS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTRAUMA; QUESTIONNAIRE; RATING SCALE; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF REPORT; SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM; VISUAL MEMORY;

ADULT; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MEMORY DISORDERS; MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER; REFERENCE VALUES;

EID: 18144394343     PISSN: 15299732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J229v06n01_04     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, ed. 4. Washington, DC: Author.
2. Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 174, 727-735.
3. Bolt, H. (1995). De aard van traumatische herinneringen en niet-traumatische herinneringen bij mensen met een dissociatieve identiteitsstoornis [The nature of traumatic and non-traumatic memories in people with dissociative identity disorder]. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit (unpublished master's thesis).
4. Bolt, H., & Van der Hart, O. (1994). Traumatic Memory Inventory; Dutch edition. Utrecht: Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University (unpublished report).
5. Boon, S., & Draijer, N. (1993). Multiple personality disorder in the Netherlands: A study on reliability and validity of the diagnosis. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
6. Boon, S., & Draijer, N. (1995). Screening en diagnostiek van dissociatieve stoornissen [Screening and diagnostics of dissociative disorders]. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
7. Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Vermetten, E., Staib, L., Bronen, R. A., Mazure, C., Capelli, S., McCarthy, G., Innis, R. B., & Charney, D. S. (1997). Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse: A preliminary report. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 23-32.
8. Brett, E. A., & Ostroff, V. (1985). Imagery and post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 417-424.
9. Brown, D., Scheflin, A. W., & Hammond, D. C. (1998). Memory, trauma treatment, and the law. New York: Norton.
10. Cameron, C. (1996). Comparing amnestic and nonamnestic survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A longitudinal study. In K. Pezdek & W. P. Banks (Eds.), The recovered/false memory debate (pp. 41-68). San Diego: Academic Press.
11. Cameron, C. (2000). Resolving childhood trauma: A long-term study of abuse survivors. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage Publications.
12. Coons, P.M. (1994). Confirmation of childhood abuse in child and adolescent cases of multiple personality disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 461-464.
13. Carlson, E. B., Putnam, F. W., Ross, C. A., Torem, M., Coons, P., Dill, D. L., Loewenstein, R. J., & Braun, B. G. (1993). Validity of the Dissociative Experiences Scale in screening for multiple personality disorder: A multicenter study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1030-1036.
14. Davidson, R. J. (2000). Affective style, mood, and anxiety disorders: An affective neuroscience approach. In R. J. Davidson (Ed.), Anxiety, depression, and emotion: The First Wisconsin Symposium on Emotion (pp. 68-108). New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Draijer, N. (1988). Seksueel misbruik van meisjes door verwanten [Sexual abuse of girls by relatives]. Den Haag: Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid.
16. Draijer, N. (1989). Structured Trauma Interview. Delft: Unpublished report.
17. Foa, E. B., Molnar, C., & Cashman, L. (1995). Change in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 675-690.
18. Hornstein, N. L., & Putnam, F. W. (1992). Clinical phenomenology of child and adolescent dissociative disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 1077-1085.
19. Janet, P. (1889). L'Automatisme psychologique [Psychological automatism] Paris: F. Alcan.
20. Janet, P. (1928). L'Evolution de la mémoire et de la notion du temps [The evolution of memory and of the notion of time]. Paris: A. Chahine.
21. Kluft, R. P. (1995). The confirmation and disconfirmation of abuse in DID patients: A naturalistic study. Dissociation, 8, 253-258.
22. Kluft, R. P. (1997). The argument for the reality of delayed recall of trauma. In P.S. Appelbaum, L. A. Uyehara, & M. R. Elin (Eds.), Trauma and memory: Clinical and legal controversies (pp. 25-57). New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Lanius, R. A., Williamson, P. C., Densmore, M., Boksman, K., Neufeld, R. W., Gati, J. S., & Menon, R. S. (2004). The nature of traumatic memories: A 4-T FMRI functional connectivity analysis American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 36-44.
24. Lewis, D. O., Yeager, C. A., Swica, Y., Pincus, J. H., & Lewis, M. (1997). Objective documentation of child abuse and dissociation in 12 murderers with dissociative identity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1703-1710.
25. Loftus, E., Polonsky, S., & Fullilove, M. T. (1994). Memories of childhood sexual abuse: remembering and repressing. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 67-84.
26. Martínez-Taboas, A. (1996). Repressed memories: Some clinical data contributing towards its elucidation. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 50, 217-230.
27. McEwen, B. S., De Kloet, E. R., & Rostene, W. (1986). Adrenal steroid receptors an actions of the nervous system. Physiological Review, 66, 1121-1188.
28. Myers, C. S. (1940). Shell shock in France 1914-18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29. Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (2003). The importance of studying trauma-related disorders. Newsletter Research Institute for Psychology & Health, 7(1), 14-17.
30. Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Ehling, T., & Krikke, A. (2002). Hippocampal volume in florid and recovered cases of DID, DDNOS, and healthy controls: Three MRI studies. Proceedings of the 19th International Fall Conference of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation (p. 43). Chicago, IL: International Society for the Study of Dissociation.
31. Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Spinhoven, P., Van Dyck, R., Van der Hart, O., & Vanderlinden, J. (1998). Degree of somatoform and psychological dissociation is correlated with reported trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 711-728.
32. Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Van Engen, A., Kusters, I., & Van der Han, O. (2001). Peritraumatic somatoform and psychological dissociation in relation to recall of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 2(3), 49-68.
33. O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
34. Putnam, F. W., Guroff, J. J., Silberman, E. K., Barban, L., & Post, R. M. (1986). The clinical phenomenology of multiple personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47, 285-293.
35. Roe, C. M., & Schwartz, M. (1996). Characteristics of previously forgotten memories of sexual abuse: A descriptive study. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 24, 189-206.
36. Ross, C. A., Norton, G. R., & Wozney, K. (1989). Multiple personality disorder: An analyses of 236 cases. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 413-418.
37. Saxe, G. N., Van der Kolk, B. A., Hall, K., Schwartz, J., Chinman, G., Hall, K., Lieberg, G., & Berlowitz, R. (1993). Dissociative disorders in psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1037-1042.
38. Schultz, R., Braun, B. G., & Kluft, R. P. (1989). Multiple personality disorder: Phenomenology of selected variables in comparison to major depression. Dissociation, 2(1), 45-51.
39. Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 92, 195-231.
40. Stein, M. B., Koverola, C. H. C., Torchia, M. G., & McClarty, B. (1997). Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Medicine, 27, 951-959.
41. Steinberg, M. (1994). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
42. Teicher, M., Anderson, S., & Polcari, A. (2002). Developmental neurobiology of childhood stress and trauma. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25, 397-426.
43. Van der Hart, O., & Op den Velde, W. (1991). Traumatische herinneringen [Traumatic memories]. In O. Van der Hart (Ed.), Trauma Dissociatie en Hypnose (pp. 71-90). Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
44. Van der Kolk, B. A. (1990). Traumatic Memory Inventory. Boston: Unpublished report.
45. Van der Kolk, B. A. (1994). The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 1, 253-265.
46. Van der Kolk, B. A. (2003). The neurobiology of childhood trauma and abuse. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 293-317.
47. Van der Kolk, B. A., & Fisler, R. (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 505-525.
48. Van der Kolk, B. A., Burbridge, J., & Suzuki, J. (1997). The psychobiology of traumatic memory: Clinical implications of neuroimaging studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 99-113.
49. Van der Kolk, B. A., Hopper, J., & Osterman, J. (2001). Exploring the nature of traumatic memories: Combining clinical knowledge with laboratory methods. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 4(2), 9-31.
50. Van der Kolk, B. A., & Van der Hart, O. (1991). The intrusive past: The flexibility of memory and the engraving of trauma. American Imago, 48, 425-454.