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Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 31-51

The emergence of droit de famille and familienrechte in continental Europe and the introduction of family law in England

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EID: 17944397929     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0363199002238553     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (21)

References (82)
  • 1
    • 12444328385 scopus 로고
    • Persons and Family (Tübingen) chap. 1
    • In this sense, e.g., Max Rheinstein, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. 4 of Persons and Family (Tübingen, 1972), chap. 1; Stephen Cretney and Judith Masson, Principles of Family Law, 6th ed. (London, 1997), 3 n.12: "Family Law was the classification favoured by the German pandectists of the 19th century, departing in this respect from the Roman Law-derived 'Law of Persons' adopted in the code Napoleon."
    • (1972) International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law , vol.4
    • Rheinstein, M.1
  • 2
    • 0012917219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London, 3 n.12: "Family Law was the classification favoured by the German pandectists of the 19th century, departing in this respect from the Roman Law-derived 'Law of Persons' adopted in the code Napoleon"
    • In this sense, e.g., Max Rheinstein, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. 4 of Persons and Family (Tübingen, 1972), chap. 1; Stephen Cretney and Judith Masson, Principles of Family Law, 6th ed. (London, 1997), 3 n.12: "Family Law was the classification favoured by the German pandectists of the 19th century, departing in this respect from the Roman Law-derived 'Law of Persons' adopted in the code Napoleon."
    • (1997) Principles of Family Law, 6th Ed.
    • Cretney, S.1    Masson, J.2
  • 3
    • 12444290549 scopus 로고
    • Harmondsworth, but with the unconvincing conclusion that "family law is the logical (?) framework for our present way of life"
    • Compare Margaret Puxon, The Family and the Law (Harmondsworth, 1963), 9, but with the unconvincing conclusion that "family law is the logical (?) framework for our present way of life."
    • (1963) The Family and the Law , pp. 9
    • Puxon, C.M.1
  • 4
    • 11344272031 scopus 로고
    • Berlin, stated, "daß die Familienverhältnisse nur zum Teil eine juristische Natur in sich tragen ... die juristische Seite ihres Wesens gerade die geringere ist, indem die wichtigere einem ganz anderem Gebiet als dem des Rechts angehört." A different question concerns the much-discussed - especially in France by R. Savatier - problem of whether the family should be constructed as a legal person
    • But the family is not primarily a juristic quantity. The family belongs only partially under the law. Thus, already Friedrich von Savigny, System des heutigen Römischen Rechts I (Berlin, 1840), 344, 347, stated, "daß die Familienverhältnisse nur zum Teil eine juristische Natur in sich tragen ... die juristische Seite ihres Wesens gerade die geringere ist, indem die wichtigere einem ganz anderem Gebiet als dem des Rechts angehört." A different question concerns the much-discussed - especially in France by R. Savatier - problem of whether the family should be constructed as a legal person.
    • (1840) System des Heutigen Römischen Rechts I , pp. 344
    • Von Savigny, F.1
  • 5
    • 12444309843 scopus 로고
    • Basle : "daß die römischen Juristen die Sonderart des Familienrechts nicht erkannten"
    • Ernst Rabel, Grundzüge des Römischen Privatrechts, 2d ed. (Basle, 1955), 5: "daß die römischen Juristen die Sonderart des Familienrechts nicht erkannten." Already Gustav Hugo remarked "that the concept of family law remained unknown to the Romans." For details, see my article "Zur Diskussion um die systematische Einordnung des Familienrechts," Rabeis Zeitschrift (1973): 609f. and Rabels Zeitschrift (1974): 533f.
    • (1955) Grundzüge des Römischen Privatrechts, 2d Ed. , pp. 5
    • Rabel, E.1
  • 6
    • 12444276324 scopus 로고
    • Zur diskussion um die systematische einordnung des familienrechts
    • 609f
    • Ernst Rabel, Grundzüge des Römischen Privatrechts, 2d ed. (Basle, 1955), 5: "daß die römischen Juristen die Sonderart des Familienrechts nicht erkannten." Already Gustav Hugo remarked "that the concept of family law remained unknown to the Romans." For details, see my article "Zur Diskussion um die systematische Einordnung des Familienrechts," Rabeis Zeitschrift (1973): 609f. and Rabels Zeitschrift (1974): 533f.
    • (1973) Rabeis Zeitschrift
    • Hugo, G.1
  • 7
    • 12444277852 scopus 로고
    • 533f
    • Ernst Rabel, Grundzüge des Römischen Privatrechts, 2d ed. (Basle, 1955), 5: "daß die römischen Juristen die Sonderart des Familienrechts nicht erkannten." Already Gustav Hugo remarked "that the concept of family law remained unknown to the Romans." For details, see my article "Zur Diskussion um die systematische Einordnung des Familienrechts," Rabeis Zeitschrift (1973): 609f. and Rabels Zeitschrift (1974): 533f.
    • (1974) Rabels Zeitschrift
  • 8
    • 12444294457 scopus 로고
    • Über methoden, systeme, dogmen in der geschichte des privatrechts
    • 105 et seq.
    • Contra Friedrich Ebrard, "Über Methoden, Systeme, Dogmen in der Geschichte des Privatrechts," Revue de Droit Suisse 67 (1948): 95-135, 105 et seq., based on his article "Die Entstehung des Corpus iuris des Kaisers Justinian," Schweizer Beiträge zur Allgemeinen Geschichte 5 (1947): 70 et seq.
    • (1948) Revue de Droit Suisse , vol.67 , pp. 95-135
    • Ebrard, C.F.1
  • 9
    • 12444291789 scopus 로고
    • Die entstehung des corpus iuris des kaisers justinian
    • et seq
    • Contra Friedrich Ebrard, "Über Methoden, Systeme, Dogmen in der Geschichte des Privatrechts," Revue de Droit Suisse 67 (1948): 95-135, 105 et seq., based on his article "Die Entstehung des Corpus iuris des Kaisers Justinian," Schweizer Beiträge zur Allgemeinen Geschichte 5 (1947): 70 et seq.
    • (1947) Schweizer Beiträge zur Allgemeinen Geschichte , vol.5 , pp. 70
  • 10
    • 12444290548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cap. 18 and cap. 34
    • Johannes Althusius, Dicaeologicae 1.I, cap. 18 and cap. 34; see also Erik Wolf, Große Rechtsdenker der deutschen Geistesgeschichte (Tübingen, 1963), 210.
    • Dicaeologicae 1.I
    • Althusius, J.1
  • 13
    • 12444249609 scopus 로고
    • ed. Wolhuisen II, cap. III and seq. (Leiden)
    • For example, Hugo de Groot, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, ed. Wolhuisen II, cap. III and seq. (Leiden, 1919).
    • (1919) De Jure Belli ac Pacis
    • De Groot, H.1
  • 15
    • 12444319965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In contrast to this modern conception, the ancient Roman jurists did not understand persona in such a limited individualistic sense but understood this expression to refer to the part a person plays in life, his or her typical function in the society, abstracted from his or her individual features.
  • 16
    • 12444324205 scopus 로고
    • Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Tübingen
    • S. Stoljar, Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, vol. 4 of Children, Parents and Guardianship (Tübingen, 1980), 84.
    • (1980) Children, Parents and Guardianship , vol.4 , pp. 84
    • Stoljar, S.1
  • 17
    • 79953228242 scopus 로고
    • Wissenschaftliche ordnungsvorstellungen im privatrecht der frühen neuzeit
    • et seq.
    • J. Schröder, "Wissenschaftliche Ordnungsvorstellungen im Privatrecht der frühen Neuzeit," Jus Commune (1947): 25 et seq.
    • (1947) Jus Commune , pp. 25
    • Schröder, J.1
  • 19
    • 84888225569 scopus 로고
    • Die janusköpfige kodifikation
    • Gerhard Dilcher, "Die janusköpfige Kodifikation," Zeitschrift für europäisches Privatrecht (1994): 446-69; Thilo Ramm, "Das Familienrecht des preußischen ALR und der Code civil im Vergleich," in 200 Jahre Allgemeines Landrecht für die preußischen Staaten, eds. Barbara Döhlemeyer and Heinz Mohnhaupt (1995), 463-83.
    • (1994) Zeitschrift für Europäisches Privatrecht , pp. 446-469
    • Dilcher, G.1
  • 20
    • 12444289148 scopus 로고
    • Das familienrecht des preußischen ALR und der code civil im vergleich
    • eds. Barbara Döhlemeyer and Heinz Mohnhaupt
    • Gerhard Dilcher, "Die janusköpfige Kodifikation," Zeitschrift für europäisches Privatrecht (1994): 446-69; Thilo Ramm, "Das Familienrecht des preußischen ALR und der Code civil im Vergleich," in 200 Jahre Allgemeines Landrecht für die preußischen Staaten, eds. Barbara Döhlemeyer and Heinz Mohnhaupt (1995), 463-83.
    • (1995) 200 Jahre Allgemeines Landrecht für Die Preußischen Staaten , pp. 463-483
    • Ramm, T.1
  • 22
    • 12444296152 scopus 로고
    • Quelques remarques sur la situation et les méthodes du droit de la famille
    • Jean-Marc Grossen, "Quelques remarques sur la situation et les méthodes du droit de la famille," Zeitschrift für Schweizerisches Recht 85 (1966) : 41-66 at 46.
    • (1966) Zeitschrift für Schweizerisches Recht , vol.85 , pp. 41-66
    • Grossen, J.-M.1
  • 23
    • 12444273332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Droit civil, Paris
    • For adherents of this doctrine such as de Montlosier, de Bonald, and Le Play in France and Rehberg in Germany, see Jean Carbonnier, Droit civil, vol. 2 of La famille (Paris, 1998), 27.
    • (1998) La Famille , vol.2 , pp. 27
    • Carbonnier, J.1
  • 28
    • 79952266197 scopus 로고
    • Aufstieg, blüte und krisis der kodifikationsidee
    • For example, Franz Wieacker, "Aufstieg, Blüte und Krisis der Kodifikationsidee," Festschrift für G. Boehmer (1954): 43.
    • (1954) Festschrift für G. Boehmer , pp. 43
    • Wieacker, F.1
  • 32
    • 12444318239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The difference with English law is obvious. In England, three "systems of rules" concerning the family have been distinguished historically. The first, derived from the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts, was practiced around the divorce law by the superior courts. The second, connected with divorce cases of the poor, was developed from the criminal jurisdiction of justices of the peace and has been administered by magistrates' courts. The third, social security law, arose from the poor law.
  • 33
    • 12444300809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • § 3
    • Bénabent, Droit Civil, § 3, no. 16, 1; in the same sense Carbonnier, Droit civil, 25, calling the Code de la famille "un trompe - l'oeil"
    • Droit Civil , Issue.16 , pp. 1
    • Bénabent1
  • 34
    • 12444337231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • calling the Code de la famille "un trompe - l'oeil"
    • Bénabent, Droit Civil, § 3, no. 16, 1; in the same sense Carbonnier, Droit civil, 25, calling the Code de la famille "un trompe - l'oeil"
    • Droit Civil , pp. 25
    • Carbonnier1
  • 35
    • 12444341515 scopus 로고
    • Le droit de la famille en Europe
    • ed. R. Ganghofer (Strasbourg)
    • J. Hilaire, "Le droit de la famille en Europe," in Le Droit de la Famille en Europe, ed. R. Ganghofer (Strasbourg, 1992), 3-7.
    • (1992) Le Droit de la Famille en Europe , pp. 3-7
    • Hilaire, J.1
  • 36
    • 12444296149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From the 16th century on and increasingly until the end of the 18th century systematic endeavours have been the order of the day (in Germany), resulting in profound upheavals of jurisprudence
    • Ebrard, "Über Methoden," 102: "From the 16th century on and increasingly until the end of the 18th century systematic endeavours have been the order of the day (in Germany), resulting in profound upheavals of jurisprudence."
    • Über Methoden , vol.102
    • Ebrard1
  • 37
    • 12444259357 scopus 로고
    • 25 et seq., goes into the matter more closely, especially regarding how Hugo undertakes to fight obsolete doctrines of natural law
    • F. von Hippel, Gustav Hugos Juristischer Arbeitsplan (1931), 25 et seq., goes into the matter more closely, especially regarding how Hugo undertakes to fight obsolete doctrines of natural law.
    • (1931) Gustav Hugos Juristischer Arbeitsplan
    • Von Hippel, F.1
  • 39
    • 12444337230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hugo himself translated and edited chapter 44 of Gibbons's book under the title Edward Gibbons historische Übersicht des Römischen Rechts (1789). See Ebrard, "Über Methoden," 103.
    • Über Methoden , vol.103
    • Ebrard1
  • 41
    • 12444284645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hugo mentioned no particular names but obviously meant Roman and early natural law jurists
    • Hugo mentioned no particular names but obviously meant Roman and early natural law jurists.
  • 44
    • 84920808760 scopus 로고
    • Familienrechtliche kodifikationen im wandel der anschauungen
    • Tübingen
    • See my article, "Familienrechtliche Kodifikationen im Wandel der Anschauungen," in Festschrift für Hans Hinderung (Tübingen, 1976), 111-50, 128.
    • (1976) Festschrift für Hans Hinderung , pp. 111-150
  • 46
    • 84955854726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • footnote at 338, arguing against Hegel: "das Sklavenverhältnis der römischen Kinder ist eine der diese Gesetzgebung befleckendsten Institutionen und diese Kränkung der Sittlichkeit ist eins der wichtigsten Momente den weltgeschichtlichen Charakter der Römer und ihre Richtung auf den Rechtsformalismus zu verstehen"
    • Cf. also Savigny, System I, footnote at 338, arguing against Hegel: "das Sklavenverhältnis der römischen Kinder ist eine der diese Gesetzgebung befleckendsten Institutionen und diese Kränkung der Sittlichkeit ist eins der wichtigsten Momente den weltgeschichtlichen Charakter der Römer und ihre Richtung auf den Rechtsformalismus zu verstehen."
    • System I
    • Savigny1
  • 47
    • 12444286444 scopus 로고
    • Tübingen, et seq.
    • Imre Zajtay, Beiträge zur Rechtsvergleichung (Tübingen, 1976), 85 et seq. See also Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kötz, Einführung in die Rechtsvergleichung (Tübingen, 1976).
    • (1976) Beiträge zur Rechtsvergleichung , pp. 85
    • Zajtay, I.1
  • 49
    • 12444286443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • concludes, "The classification, the concepts of the two law families therefore cannot be the same"
    • Zajtay, Beiträge, concludes, "The classification, the concepts of the two law families therefore cannot be the same."
    • Beiträge
    • Zajtay1
  • 51
    • 12444333192 scopus 로고
    • ed. A. S. Turberville
    • For example, F. Mackinnon in Johnson's England, ed. A. S. Turberville, vol. 2 (1933), 290.
    • (1933) Johnson's England , vol.2 , pp. 290
    • Mackinnon, F.1
  • 52
    • 12444311505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergence in family law: Mirrors, transplants and political economy
    • "In England the break with Rome was a political rather than a religious development"
    • David Bradley, "Convergence in Family Law: Mirrors, Transplants and Political Economy," Maastricht Journal of European Law (1999): 144: "In England the break with Rome was a political rather than a religious development."
    • (1999) Maastricht Journal of European Law , pp. 144
    • Bradley, D.1
  • 53
    • 0037717868 scopus 로고
    • was the report of a group appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury in January 1964. Chairman of the group was the Rt. Rev. R. C. Mortimer, Lord Bishop of Exeter
    • "Putting Asunder - A Divorce Law for Contemporary Society" (1966) was the report of a group appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury in January 1964. Chairman of the group was the Rt. Rev. R. C. Mortimer, Lord Bishop of Exeter.
    • (1966) Putting Asunder - A Divorce Law for Contemporary Society
  • 54
    • 12444329410 scopus 로고
    • et seq
    • See The Listener 24, no. 9 (1970): 407 et seq.
    • (1970) The Listener , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 407
  • 56
    • 12444341513 scopus 로고
    • describes the family as erstes Urphänomen der Natur
    • Ricarda Huch, Urphänomene (1946), 13, describes the family as erstes Urphänomen der Natur.
    • (1946) Urphänomene , pp. 13
    • Huch, R.1
  • 58
    • 12444326840 scopus 로고
    • Familien = Menschen in der reform
    • et seq.
    • Uwe Diederichsen, "Familien = Menschen in der Reform," in Festschrift G. Beitzke (1979), 169 et seq.
    • (1979) Festschrift G. Beitzke , pp. 169
    • Diederichsen, U.1
  • 60
    • 12444259353 scopus 로고
    • Mary Ann Glendon, The New Family and the New Property (Toronto, 1981). See also my review in American Journal of Comparative Law 33 (1985): 733.
    • (1985) American Journal of Comparative Law , vol.33 , pp. 733
  • 63
    • 12444307911 scopus 로고
    • Berlin. This position seems, however, a bit exaggerated, for behind the concept of family law lies a philosophy with certainly more than one single "father."
    • It is significant that Sir Otto Kahn-Freund has been praised as the "father of English family law," notably in Germany, which had a separate "family law" long before. See Dieter Giesen in his foreword to the German translation of the first edition of John Eekelaars, Family Law and Social Politics (Berlin, 1983). This position seems, however, a bit exaggerated, for behind the concept of family law lies a philosophy with certainly more than one single "father."
    • (1983) Family Law and Social Politics
    • Eekelaars, J.1
  • 65
    • 12444329986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family values and family justice
    • Michael Freeman, "Family Values and Family Justice," Current Legal Problems 50 (1997): 318.
    • (1997) Current Legal Problems , vol.50 , pp. 318
    • Freeman, M.1
  • 66
    • 12444300808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I thank Mr. David Bradley, Law Department of the LSE, for this information
    • I thank Mr. David Bradley, Law Department of the LSE, for this information.
  • 67
    • 12444342687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I thank Mr. John Eekelaar, Pembroke College, Oxford, for his information, which supplements the personal information once given to me by Sir Otto Kahn-Freund.
  • 72
    • 12444267466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining two hundred years of family law in Western Europe
    • ed. Harry Willekens (The Hague)
    • Harry Willekens, "Explaining Two Hundred Years of Family Law in Western Europe," in Het gezinsrechtin de sociale wetenschappen, ed. Harry Willekens (The Hague, 1997), 59-93, 75.
    • (1997) Het Gezinsrechtin de Sociale Wetenschappen , pp. 59-93
    • Willekens, H.1
  • 73
    • 84977366340 scopus 로고
    • The place of divorce in family law's new role
    • et seq.
    • John Eekelaar, "The Place of Divorce in Family Law's New Role," Modern Law Review 38 (1975): 241 et seq.
    • (1975) Modern Law Review , vol.38 , pp. 241
    • Eekelaar, J.1
  • 74
    • 12444287618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Later: Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973
    • Later: Matrimonial Causes Act of 1973.
  • 75
    • 12444259352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lord Scarman in his public lecture on Family Law and Law Reform at the University of Bristol, 1966.
  • 76
    • 33845714119 scopus 로고
    • The rational strength of english law
    • F. H. Lawson, "The Rational Strength of English Law," The Hamlyn Lectures 3 (1951): 23.
    • (1951) The Hamlyn Lectures , vol.3 , pp. 23
    • Lawson, F.H.1
  • 78
    • 12444325849 scopus 로고
    • Stuttgart: Reclam
    • See Odo Marquard, Abschied vom Prinzipiellen (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1981). For the development of family law since the introduction of the BGB, see Rainer Frank, "Hundert Jahre BGB- Familienrecht zwischen Rechtspolitik, Verfassung und Dogmatik," Archiv für die civilistische Praxis 200 (2000): 401-25.
    • (1981) Abschied vom Prinzipiellen
    • Marquard, O.1
  • 79
    • 12444311313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hundert Jahre BGB- Familienrecht zwischen rechtspolitik, verfassung und dogmatik
    • See Odo Marquard, Abschied vom Prinzipiellen (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1981). For the development of family law since the introduction of the BGB, see Rainer Frank, "Hundert Jahre BGB- Familienrecht zwischen Rechtspolitik, Verfassung und Dogmatik," Archiv für die civilistische Praxis 200 (2000): 401-25.
    • (2000) Archiv für die Civilistische Praxis , vol.200 , pp. 401-425
    • Frank, R.1
  • 80
    • 12444253553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The family law act 1996: The death of marriage?
    • ed. C. Bridge (London) et seq.
    • On this act, see Dame Brenda Hale, "The Family Law Act 1996: The death of marriage?" in Family Towards the Millennium: Essays for P. M. Bromley, ed. C. Bridge (London, 1997), 1 et seq.
    • (1997) Family Towards the Millennium: Essays for P. M. Bromley , pp. 1
    • Hale, D.B.1


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