Overcoming the factors inhibiting the mainstreaming of gender into spatial planning policy in the United Kingdom

Urban Studies

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 719-749

  Greed, Clara ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENDER ISSUE; PLANNING PROCESS; SOCIAL POLICY; SPATIAL PLANNING; TOWN PLANNING;

EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD;

EID: 17844404021     PISSN: 00420980     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00420980500060269     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Adams, E. and Ingham, S. (1998) Changing Places: Children's Participation in Environmental Planning. London: Children's Society and Planning Aid for London.
2. Agrest, D., Conway, P. and Kanes-Weisman, L. (Eds) (1996) The Sex of Architecture. New York: Harry Abrams Inc.
3. Ambrose, P. and Colenutt, B. (1979) The Property Machine. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
4. Arnstein, S. (1969) A ladder of citizen participation, Journal of American Institute of Planners, 35, pp. 216-224.
5. Audit Commission (1994) Staying the Course: Section J. The Local Environment. London: The Stationery Office.
6. Barrow, C. (2000) Social Impact Assessment: An Introduction. London: Arnold.
7. Bichard, J., Hanson, J. and Greed, C. (2004) Access to the built environment: barriers, chains and missing links: initial review. London: University College London.
8. Booth, C. (1999) Gender mainstreaming in the European Union. ESRC Seminar Series Proceedings No 1: Mainstreaming Gender in Public Policy Making, CRESR (Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research), Sheffield Hallam University.
9. Booth, C. (2001) Managing diversity in the planning process, Journal of the Planning Inspectorate, 23, pp. 9-13.
10. Booth, C., Darke, J. and Yeandle, S. (1996) Changing Places: Women's Lives in the City. London: Paul Chapman.
11. Bowlby, S., Foord, J. and Mcdowell, L. (1986) The place of gender in locality studies, Area, 18, pp. 327-332.
12. Braithwaite, M. (1999) Manual for Integrating Gender Equality into Local and Regional Development, Brussels: INBAS.
13. Bristol (2001a) Serving Bristol Better: Our Corporate and Best Value Performance Plan 2001-2006. Bristol: Bristol City Council Planning Department.
14. Bristol (2001b) Aiming for a Sustainable City: Bristol Local Plan 2001-2011-Issues for discussion. Bristol: Bristol City Council Planning Department.
15. Brownill, S. (2000) Regen(d)eration: women and urban policy in Britain, in: J. Darke, S. Ledwith and R. Woods (Eds) Women and the City: Visibility and Voice in Urban Space, pp. 114-130. Oxford: Palgrave.
16. Cabinet Office (2000) Gender Mainstreaming for Policy-makers. London: Cabinet Office, Women and Equality Unit (also available at www.womens-unit.gov.uk).
17. Cabinet Office (2003) Equality and Diversity: Making it Happen. Consultation Document, October. London: Cabinet Office, Women and Equality Unit.
18. CIC (Construction Industry Council) (2000) A Commitment to People, 'Our Biggest Asset': A Report and Associated Toolkits, M41 Movement for Innovation. London: Working Group on Respect for People in association with the EO Taskforce of CIC (www.rethinkingconstruction.org).
19. COI (Central Office of Information) (1999) Policy Appraisal for Equal Treatment. London: COI.
20. Coleman, C. (2000) Women, transport and cities, an overview and agenda for research, in: J. Darke, S. Ledwith and R. Woods (Eds) Women and the City: Visibility and Voice in Urban Space, pp. 83-97. Oxford: Palgrave.
21. COSLA (Council of Scottish Local Authorities) (1999) Mainstreaming: Integrating Equality into all Council Activities. Edinburgh: COSLA.
22. Council of Europe (1998) Gender mainstreaming: conceptual framework, methodology and presentation of good practices, Ref: EG-S-MS (98) 2. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
23. CRESR (Centre for Regional, Economic and Social Research) (2003) Planning for Diversity: Research into policies and procedures. Research Report, CRESRC, Sheffield Hallam University.
24. Dalal-Clayton, B., Dent, D. and Dubois, O. (2003) Rural Planning in Developing Countries: Supporting Natural Resource Management and Sustainable Livelihoods. London: International Institute for Environment and Development with Earthscan Publications.
25. Darke, J., Ledwith, S. and Woods, R. (2000) Women and the City: Visibility and Voice in Urban Space. Oxford: Palgrave.
26. DETR (Department of Transport and the Regions) (1997) Planning Policy and Principles: Planning Policy Guidance Note 1. PPG 1. London: DETR.
27. DETR (2000) Development Plans and Regional Planning Guidance: Planning Policy Guidance Note 12. PPG 12. London: DETR.
28. Dobbie, S. and Purcell, K. (2002) Gender mainstreaming and policy practice. Employment Studies Research Unit, University of the West of England, Bristol (www.uwe.ac.uk/bbs/esru).
29. DRTF (Disability Rights Task Force) (1999) From exclusion to inclusion. London: DRTF.
30. DTLR (Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions) (2001) Planning: Delivering Fundamental Change, The Green Paper on Planning London: DTLR.
31. DTLR (2002) Transport Requirements of Minority Ethnic and Faith Communities: Research Findings. London: DTLR.
32. Duncan, N. (1996) (Ed.) Bodyspace: Destablising Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. London: Routledge.
33. EC (European Commission) (1996) Communication on incorporating equal opportunities for women and men in all community policies and activities, in: Mainstreaming equal opportunities for women and men in structural fund programmes and projects arising from Council Resolution of 2. 12. 96. Strasbourg: EC.
34. EC (1999) Mainstreaming equal opportunities in the structural funds: how regions in Germany, France and the United Kingdom are putting into practice the new approach with reference to DG XVI (regional policy and cohesion). Brussels: EC.
35. EC (2000) Mainstreaming equal opportunities for women and men in structural fund 4 programmes and projects. Technical Paper 3, March. Brussels: EC.
36. Edwards, J. (1998) Policy making as organised irresponsibility: the case of public conveniences, Policy and Politics, 26(3), pp. 307-320.
37. EOC (Equal Opportunities Commission) (1997) Mainstreaming gender equality in local government. Manchester: EOC.
38. EOLG (Employers Organistion for Local Government) (2001) The Equality Standard for Local Government in services and employment in England. London: EOLG (www.lg-employers.gov.uk).
39. EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Science Research Council) (2003) A sustainable strategy for the provision of public conveniences in city centres, in: EPSRC SUE Consortium, Vivacity 2020: Urban Sustainability for the 24 hour city.
40. EUROFEM (1998) (and 2000 update) Gender and Human Settlements Conference on Local and Regional Sustainable Human Development from a Gender Perspective. Conference Proceedings of the Eurofem Network (European Women in Planning), Hämeenlina, Finland (http:// www.generourban.org).
41. Fernando, P. and Porter, G. (2002) Balancing the Load: Women and Gender and Transport. New York: Zed Books.
42. Fitzgerald, R. (1999) Mainstreaming equal opportunities for women and men in the structural funds: a survey of current achievements and good practice. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde.
43. Foley, D. (1964) An approach to urban metropolitan structure, in: M. Webber, J. Dyckman, D. Foley et al. Explorations into Urban Structure pp. 21-71. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
44. Fredman, S. (2002) The Future of Equality in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
45. Gaines, P. (2002) Title IX at 30: making the grade?, Progress and Perspectives: An Affirmative Action for Surveying and Mapping (New York) November/December, pp. 1-4. (wendyνetsync.net and www.fig.net/ figtree/tf/underrep/tfunrep.htm; accessed September 2004).
46. Gilroy, R. and Booth, C. (1999) The role of a toolkit in mobilising women in local and regional development, Proceedings of the Planning Research Conference. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.
47. GLA (Greater London Authority) (2003a) Gender Equality Scheme, London: GLA (www.london.gov.uk).
48. GLA (2003b) Local Transport Plans for London Boroughs. London: GLA.
49. GLA (2003c) Equality Impact Assessments (EQIAs): How to Do Them. London: GLA.
50. GLA (2003d) Into the Mainstream: Equalities with the Greater London Authority. London: GLA.
51. Goldsmith, S. (2000) Universal Design: A Manual of Practical Guidance for Architects. Oxford: Architectural Press.
52. Graft-Johnson, A. de, Manley, S. and Greed, C. (2003) Why Do Women Leave Architecture? London: Royal Institution of British Architects, in association with the University of the West of England, Bristol.
53. Greed, C. (1994a) Women and Planning: Creating Gendered Realities. London: Routledge.
54. Greed, C. (1994b) The place of ethnography in planning, Planning Practice and Research, 9(2), pp. 119-127.
55. Greed, C. (1999a) Social Town Planning. London: Routledge.
56. Greed, C. (1999b) The changing composition of the construction professions. Occasional Paper No 5, Faculty of the Built Environment, University of the West of England.
57. Greed, C. (2000a) Introducing Planning. London: Continuum.
58. Greed, C. (2000b) Women in the construction professions: achieving critical mass, Gender, Work and Organisation, 7(3), pp. 181-197.
59. Greed, C. (2001) Women and planning in B ritain-25 years on-a reflection, Women and Environments, 50/51, pp. 7-9.
60. Greed, C. (2002) Downtown restrooms, in: New Beginnings for the 21st Century: World Toilet Summit Conference Proceedings, pp. 171-179. Seoul, Korea, November.
61. Greed, C. (2003a) Inclusive Urban Planning: Public Toilets. Oxford: Elsevier.
62. Greed, C. (2003b) Gender mainstreaming within local planning authorities, Municipal Engineer, 156, pp. 119-127.
63. Greed, C. (Ed.) (2003c) Report on gender auditing and mainstreaming: incorporating case studies and pilots. Research report edited by C. Greed, with research contributions by L. Davies, C. Brown and S. Duhr. London: RTPI (www.rtpi.org.uk).
64. Greed, C. (Ed.) (2003d) The rocky path from women and planning to gender mainstreaming. Occasional Paper 14, Faculty of the Built Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol.
65. Greed, C. (2004) Planning for accessibility, in: K. Bright (Ed.) Disability: Making Buildings Accessible, pp 37-47. London: Workplacelaw Network.
66. Greed, C. and Daniels, I. (2002) User and provider perspectives on public toilet provision. Occasional Paper No 13, Faculty of the Built Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol.
67. GSUG (Gender Statistics Users Group) (2003) Newsletter. London: ONS (Office of National Statistics), GSUG (www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/ nugget.asp?ID=441).
68. Hackney (1995) Hackney Unitary Development Plan. London: London Borough of Hackney Planning Department.
69. Hamilton, K. (2000) Public transport audit London. Commissioned study for DETR Mobility Unit undertaken by University of East London. London: DTLR (www.uel.ac.uk/womenandtiransport).
70. Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (2002) Ethnography: Principles in Practice. London: Tavistock.
71. Hanson, J. and Greed, C. (2003) Accessible public toilets in city centres, Access by Design (London) 95(Summer), pp 24-27.
72. Harvey, D. (1973) Social Justice and the City. London: Arnold.
73. Hawkshead, T. (2004) Hidden jobs crisis of unskilled men, Regeneration and Renewal (London), 18 June, p. 14.
74. Hidding, M (2003) Arbeid en Zorg op de Plankaart Gezet: Ein Vernieuwende invalshoek voor de gemeentelijke ruimtelijke ordening., Amsterdam: Emanicipatiebureau.
75. Higgins, M. and Davies, L. (1996) Planning for women: how much has been achieved?, Built Environment, 22(1), pp. 32-46.
76. Higgins, M. and Hague, C. (Eds) (2005) Putting people at the heart of planning: a good practice guide on diversity. London: ODPM.
77. Horelli, L. (1997) Engendering evaluation of structural fund interventions from a minuet to progressive dance, Evaluation, 3(4), pp. 435-450.
78. Horelli, L. (2000) Creating the infrastructure of everyday life in the context of European local and regional development. ESRC Seminar Series No. 5: The Interface between Public Policy and Gender Equality. CRESR (Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research), Sheffield Hallam University.
79. Horelli, L., Booth, C., and Girloy, R. (2000) The Eurofem toolkit for mobilising women into local and regional development, rev. edn. Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology.
80. Howard, P. (2002) Beyond 'grim resisters': towards more effective gender mainstreaming through stakeholder participation, Development in Practice, 12, pp. 164-176.
81. Innes, J. and Booher, D. (1999) Metropolitan development as a complex system: a new approach to sustainability, Economic Development Quarterly, 13, pp. 141-156.
82. Jenkins, R. (1996) Social Identity. London: Routledge.
83. Kandola, R. and Fullerton, J. (1994) Managing the mosaic; diversity in action. London: Institute of Personnel Development.
84. Kickert, W., Klijn, E. H. and Koppenjam, J. F. M. (Eds) (1997) Managing Complex Networks. London: Sage.
85. Kirton, G. and Greene, A. (2003) The Dynamics of Managing Diversity: A Critical Approach. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
86. Law, J. and Hassard, J. (1999) Actor Network Theory: And After. Oxford: Blackwell.
87. Lewisham (2001) Best Value Reviews Equalities Guidance. London: London Borough of Lewisham.
88. Little, J. (1994) Gender Planning and the Policy Process. London: Elsevier.
89. Little, J. (1999) Gender and rural policy, in: C. Greed (Ed.) (1999) Social Town Planning, pp. 47-59. London: Routledge.
90. Little, J. (2002) Gender and Rural Policy: Identity, Sexuality and Power in the Countryside. Harlow: Pearsons.
91. LWPF (London Women and Planning Forum) (2003) Where are women in the London Plan?, in: London Women and Planning Forum Proceedings, Department of Geography, Queen Mary College, London, November.
92. March, C., Smyth, U. and Mukhopadhyay, M. (1999) A Guide to Gender-analysis Frameworks. London: Oxfam.
93. Massey, D. (1984) Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production. London: Macmillan.
94. Matrix (1984) Making Space: Women and the Man-made Environment. London: Pluto.
95. Mazey, S. (2002) Gender Mainstreaming in the EU: Principles and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University, Hertford College.
96. McDowell, L. (1983) Towards an understanding of the gender division of urban space, Environment and Planning D, 1, pp. 59-72.
97. Mc Dowell, L. (2003) Redundant Masculinities? Employment Change and White Working Class Youth. Oxford: Blackwell.
98. Morphet, J. (2004) The role of the community strategy, Town and Country Planning, 73(5), pp. 64-65
99. NAW (National Assembly of Wales) (2001) Promoting Equality of Opportunity. Cardiff: NAW.
100. NAW (2004) Equality aspects of public toilet provision in Wales, in: Proceedings of the Equality of Opportunity Committee, 17 July, EOC(2) 05-04. Cardiff: NAW.
101. ODPM (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister) (2003a) Race Equality Scheme and Local Public Service Agreements. London: ODPM.
102. ODPM (2003b) Planning and Access for Disabled People. London: ODPM, with Drivas Jonas Consultants.
103. ODPM (2004a) Draft Consultation Paper on New Planning Policy Statement 11 (PPS 11) Regional Planning. London: ODPM.
104. ODPM (2004b) Consultation Paper on Planning Policy Statement 1: Creating Sustainable Communities. London: ODPM.
105. ODPM (2004c) Community Involvement in Planning: The Government's Objectives. London: ODPM.
106. ODPM (2004d) Draft Planning Policy Statement 12: Local Development Frameworks. London: ODPM.
107. ODPM (2005a) Planning Policy Statement 1: Creating Sustainable Communities. London: ODPM.
108. ODPM (2005b) Planning for Diversity and Equality: A Good Practice Guide Diversity. London: ODPM.
109. ONS (Office of National Statistics) (2003) Social Trends. London: The Stationery Office.
110. Onuoha, C. and Greed, C. (2003) Racial discrimination in local planning authority development control procedures in London boroughs. Occasional Paper 15, Faculty of the Built Environment, University of the West of England, Bristol.
111. Panelli, R. (2004) Social Geographies: From Difference to Action. London: Sage.
112. Pinch, S. (1985) Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
113. Plymouth (2001) Gender Audit of the Local Plan Review 2001 for the City of Plymouth. Plymouth: University of Plymouth, School of Architecture in association with City of Plymouth Council.
114. Purdon, C. (2004) Strengthening women's voices in municipal processes, Women and Environments (Toronto), 62/63, pp. 51-52.
115. Rees, T. (1998) Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union. London: Routledge.
116. Reeves, D. (1998) Do development plans do their job? Are they gender sensitive?, in: Proceedings Report of PET (Planning Education and Training) Conference, RTPI, London, September.
117. Reeves, D. (2001) Practical Guidance on Equality Impact Assessment Belfast: Equality Commission.
118. Reeves, D. (2002) Mainstreaming gender equality: an examination of the gender sensitivity of strategic planning in Great Britain, Town Planning Review, 73(2), pp. 197-214.
119. Reeves, D. and Greed, C. (2003) Gender equality and plan making: the gender mainstreaming toolkit. London: RTPI (www.rtpi.org.uk).
120. Renzetti, C. and Lee, R. (Eds) (1993) Researching Sensitive Topics London: Sage.
121. RICS (Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors) (2003) Raising the ratio. London: University of Kingston on Thames, (www.rics.org.uk).
122. RTPI (Royal Town Planning Institute) (2002) Member Survey 2001: Commentary on the Findings. London: RTPI.
123. Schuck, P. (2003) Diversity in America: Keeping Government at a Safe Distance. London: Harvard University Press.
124. Schweik, J. (2000) Helping others to compete, Progress and Perspectives: An Affirmative Action for Surveying and Mapping (New York) November/December, pp. 1-2 (www.fig.net/figtree/tf/underrep/ tfunrep.htm).
125. Sheridan, C. (2003) Gender equality and planmaking, Planning, 12 December, p. 25.
126. Skeggs, B. (1999) Matter out of place: visibility and sexualities in leisure spaces, Leisure Studies, 18, pp. 213-232.
127. Skjerven, R. (1993) Manual of Alternative Municipal Planning. Oslo: Ministry of Environment.
128. Smith, S. (2000) Gender and urban regeneration: Oxfam's experience of working with others. ESRC Seminar Series No. 5: The Interface between Public Policy and Gender Equality. CRESR (Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research), Sheffield Hallam University.
129. Stimpson, C., Dixler, E., Nelson, M. and Yatrakis, K. (Eds) (1981) Women and the American City. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
130. Thomas, H. (1999) Social town planning and the planning profession, in: C. Greed (Ed.) Social Town Planning, pp. 15-28. London: Routledge.
131. Thomas, H. (2002) Equality and planning in Wales, Town and Country Planning, 71(5), pp. 142-143.
132. Turrell, P. (Ed.) (2003) Getting women into built environment careers Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University, in association with JIVE (Joint Intervention Partners).
133. Valentine, G. (1999) A corporeal geography of consumption, Environment and Planning D, 17, pp. 329-351.
134. Valentine, G. and Bell, D. (Eds) (1995) Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexuality. London: Routledge.
135. Verloo, M. (1998) SMART: simplified method to assess the relevance of policies to gender. Group of Specialists on Gender Mainstreaming, University of Nijmegen.
136. Verloo, M. (1999) On the conceptual and theoretical roots of gender mainstreaming. ESRC Seminar Series on the Interface Between Public Policy and Gender Equality, Sheffield Hallam University, March.
137. Verloo, M. and Roggeband, C. (1996) Gender impact assessment: the development of a new instrument in the Netherlands in impact analysis Nijmegen: University of Nijmegen.
138. Viell, A. de (1998) Mainstreaming Sex Equality in the Public Sector Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commision.
139. Walker, B. (2004) The battles of black business, Regeneration and Renewal, 23 January, pp. 20-21.
140. Watts, J. (2003) Women in civil engineering: continuity and change Unpublished PhD thesis, Middlesex University.
141. WE (Women and Environments) (2001) 25 years later: are communities better?, Women and Environments (Toronto), 50/51(Summer) Special Double Issue.
142. WE (2004) Cities for Women, Women and Environments, 62/63(Spring/ Summer), Special Issue.
143. Wigley, M. (1992) Untitled: the housing of gender, in: B. Colomina (Ed.) Sexuality and Space, pp. 327-389. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press.
144. Williams R. (1999) European Union: social cohesion and social town planning, in: C. Greed (Ed.) Social Town Planning, pp. 127-143. London: Routledge.
145. Wilson, D. and Game, C. (1998) Local Government in the United Kingdom London: Macmillan.