Regulating pharmaceutical markets: Improving efficiency and controlling costs in the UK

International Journal of Health Planning and Management

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 375-398

  Walley, Tom ^a   Mrazek, Monique ^b   Mossialos, Elias ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b WORLD BANK   (United States)

^c LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Markets; Pharmaceuticals; Policy; UK

Indexed keywords

GENERIC DRUG;

COST; INDUSTRIAL POLICY; PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY; REGULATORY APPROACH;

ARTICLE; COST CONTROL; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DRUG COST; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG MARKETING; FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; GENERAL PRACTICE; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; PATIENT CARE; PHARMACY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PUBLIC HEALTH; STANDARDIZATION; UNITED KINGDOM;

COST CONTROL; DRUG INDUSTRY; EFFICIENCY, ORGANIZATIONAL; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH EXPENDITURES; STATE MEDICINE;

EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 17844398570     PISSN: 07496753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hpm.820     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Anonymous. 2003. Prescriptions Dispensed in the Community Statistics for 1992 to 2002: England [Available from http://www.doh.gov.uk/pdfs/sb0214.pdf], accessed 21st April 2003.
2. Ashworth M, Golding S, Shepherd L, Majeed A, Sullivan F. 2002. Prescribing incentive schemes in two NHS regions: cross sectional survey. Commentary: prescribing incentive schemes - more evidence is needed of how they work. BMJ 324: 1187-1188.
3. Audit Commission. 1994. A Prescription for Improvement: Towards More Rational Prescribing in General Practice. HMSO: London.
4. Audit Commission. 2003. Primary Care Prescribing: A Bulletin for Primary Care Trusts. Audit Commission: London.
5. Avery AJ, Heron T. 1997. Poles apart? The views of general practitioners and family health services authority advisers on prescribing cost issues. Br J Gen Pract 47: 347-351.
6. Avery AJ, Walker B, Heron T, Teasdale SJ. 1997. Do prescribing formularies help GPs prescribe from a narrower range of drugs? A controlled trial of the introduction of prescribing formularies for NSAIDs. Br J Gen Pract 47: 810-814.
7. Barnett D. 2001. Riluzole for motor neurone disease. BMJ 323: 573.
8. Bateman DN, Campbell M, Donaldson LJ, Roberts SJ, Smith JM. 1996. A prescribing incentive scheme for non-fundholding general practices: an observational study. BMJ 313: 535-538.
9. Bellingham C. 2003. Is it a balanced package of measures? Pharma J 271: 293-294.
10. Burstall ML. 1997. The management of the cost and utilisation of pharmaceuticals in the United Kingdom. Health Policy 41: S27-S43.
11. Cookson R, McDaid D, Maynard A. 2001. Wrong SIGN, NICE mess: is national guidance distorting allocation of resources. BMJ 323: 743-745.
12. Davies E, Littlejohns P. 2002. Views of directors of public health about NICE appraisal guidance: results of a postal survey. J Public Health Med 24: 319-325.
13. Department of Health. 1998. A First Class Service: Quality in the NHS - a Consultation Paper. Department of Health: London.
14. Department of Health. 1999. Faster Access to Modern Treatment: How NICE Appraisal will Work. Department of Health: London.
15. Department of Health. 2000. Pharmacy in the Future Implementing the NHS Plan a Programme for Pharmacy in the National Health Service. Department of Health: London.
16. Department of Health and ABPI. 2002. PPRS: The Study into the Extent of Competition in the Supply of Branded Medicines to the NHS. Department of Health: London.
17. Department of Health (UK). 2004a. Prescriptions Dispensed in the Community Statistics for 1993-2003: England. 30th June 2004.
18. Department of Health. 2004b. Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme; 7th Report to Parliament. Department of Health: London, December 2003. [available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/ en?CONTENT_ID=4067312&chk=G6ZpSH, accessed 1st Dec 2004.
19. Department of Health. 2004c. Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme 2005-10. Department of Health: London, November 2004 [available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/MedicinesPharmacyAndIndustry/ PharmaceuticalPriceRegulationScheme/ThePPRSScheme/fs/en], accessed 1st December 2004.
20. Dowell JS, Snadden D, Dunbar JA. 1995. Changing to generic formulary: how one fundholding practice reduced prescribing costs. BMJ 310: 505-508.
21. Erwin J, Britten N, Jones R. 1997. General practitioners' views on the over-the-counter availability of H2-antagonists. Br J Gen Pract 47: 99-102.
22. Freemantle N. 2004. Is NICE delivering the goods? BMJ 329: 1003-1004.
23. Freemantle N, Nazareth I, Eccles M, Wood J, Haines A, Evidence-Based OutReach Trialists. 2002. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of educational outreach by community pharmacists on prescribing in UK general practice. Br J Gen Pract 52: 290-295.
24. Harris CM, Scrivener G. 1996. Fundholders' prescribing costs: the first five years. BMJ 313: 1531-1534.
25. Head S. 2003. The new GP contract: prescribing implications. Prescriber 14: 13-15.
26. Hill S, Garattini S, van Loenhout J, O'Brien B, de Joncheere K. 2003. Technology Appraisal Programme of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence: A Review by WHO. WHO: Copenhagen.
27. Hinsliff G. 2004. Infertile couples to get just 'one shot' at IVF treatment. The Observer on Sunday. 22 February, 2004.
28. House of Commons Health Committee. 1994. Priority Setting in the NHS: The NHS Drugs Budget. Volume I: Report, Together with an Appendix and the Minutes of the Committee. HMSO: London.
29. ISD Online. 2004. Primary Care: Prescribing and Dispensing. Available at http://www.isdscotland.org/isd/info3.jsp?pContentID= 2226&p_applic= CCC&p_service=Content.show&, accessed 1st Dec 2004.
30. NHS Wales. 2004. Prescribing Information. Health of Wales Information Service. (http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubstatisticsforwalesheadline/content/ health/2004/hdw200040622-e.htm, accessed 1st Dec 2004).
31. Klein R. 2004. Britain's National Health Service Revisited. New Engl J Med 350: 937-942.
32. Lanier D, Roland M, Burstin H, Knotterus J. 2003. Doctor performance and public accountability. Lancet 362: 1404-1408.
33. Lavers RJ. 1989. Prescription charges, the demand for prescriptions and morbidity. Applied Economics 21: 1043-1052.
34. Majeed A, Evans N, Head P. 1997. What can PACT tell us about prescribing in general practice. BMJ 315: 1515-1519.
35. Mason A, Towse A, Drummond M, Cooke J. 2003. Influencing Prescribing in Primary Care led NHS. Office of Health Economics: London.
36. Mason J, Freemantle N, Nazareth I, Eccles M, Haines A, Drummond M. 2001. When it is cost effective to change the behavior of health professionals? JAMA 286: 2988-2992.
37. Matsaganis M, Glennerster H. 1994. The threat of 'cream skimming' in the post-reform NHS. J Health Econ 13: 31-60.
38. Maynard A, Bloor K. 1997. Regulating the pharmaceutical industry. BMJ 315: 200-201.
39. Maynard AK, Bloor K, Freemantle N. 2004. Challenges for the National Institute for Clinical Excellence. BMJ 329: 227-229.
40. Nefarma. 2002. Market Data: Drugs Use in International Perspective. Annual Report. Nefarma: The Hague.
41. Newdick C, Hurwitz B. 1998. Primary care groups and the right to prescribe. Commentary: Bevan's covenant continues intact. BMJ 317: 1361-1365.
42. OECD. 2004. Health Data 2004: A Comparative Analsysis of 30 Countries. OECD: Paris.
43. Office of Fair Trading. 2003. The Control of Entry Regulations and Retail Pharmacy Services in the UK: A Report of an OFT Market Investigation. [Available from http://www.oft.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/ e7rktzjbulbqdiw3pv6as6wesywxmtlzhtdusis1217sgj5tiy6q2xu 7eytdcawzhqsc3itrqx4rgg7mgzv77f5xoef/oft609.pdf] accessed 23rd April 2004.
44. Oxera. 2002. Executive Summary. [Available from http://www.doh.gov.uk/generics/oxera_report_executive_summary.htm], accessed 20th April 2004.
45. Paterson I, Fink M, Ogus A, Merz J, Fink F, Berreret H. 2003. Economic Impact of Regulation in the Field of Liberal Professions in Different Member States. Final Report-Part 1. Study for the European Commission. Institute for Advances Studies (HIS): Vienna.
46. Pharmig. 2000. Facts & Figures 1999/00. Pharmig: Vienna.
47. Raftery J. 2001. NICE: faster access to modern treatments? Analysis of guidance on health technologies. BMJ 323: 1300-1303.
48. Rawlins MD, Culyer AJ. 2004. National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgments. BMJ 329: 224-227.
49. Rodgers S, Avery AJ, Meechan D, Briant S, Geraghty M, Doran K, Whynes, DK. 1999. Controlled trial of pharmacist intervention in general practice: the effect on prescribing costs. Br J Gen Pract 49: 717-720.
50. Roland M. 2004. Linking physicians' pay to the quality of care - a major experiment in the United Kingdom. N Engl J Med 351: 1448-1454.
51. Sculpher M, Drummond M, O'Brien B. 2001. Effectiveness, efficiency and NICE. BMJ 322: 943-944.
52. Sheldon T, Cullum N, Dawson D, Lankshear A, Lowson K, Watt I, West P, Wright D, Wright J. 2004. What's the evidence that NICE guidance has been implemented? Results from a national evaluation using time series analysis, audit of patients' notes, and interviews. BMJ 329: 999-1003.
53. Thompson M. 2003. A new way of paying for NHS generics. Pharma J 271: 295-296.
54. Tobin M, Packham C. 1999. Can primary care groups learn how to manage demand from fundholders? A study of fundholders in Nottingham. Br J Gen Pract 49: 291-294.
55. Walley T. 1998. Prescription charges - change overdue? BMJ 317: 487-488.
56. Walley T. 2002. Evidence to House of Commons Health Committee. In National Institute of Clinical Excellence: Second Report of Session 2001-2, House of Commons Health Committee (ed.). Stationary Office Limited: London.
57. Walley T, Burrill P. 2000. Generic prescribing: time for regulation in the market? BMJ 320: 131-132.
58. Walley T, Earl-Slater A, Haycox A, Bagust A. 2000. An integrated national pharmaceutical policy for the UK? BMJ 321: 1523-1526.
59. Walley T, Haycox A, Barton S. 1997. Drug rationing in the UK National Health Service. PharmacoEconomics 12: 339-350.
60. Walley T. 2004. Prescribing of neuropsychotherapeutics in the UK: what has been the impact of NICE? CNS Drugs 18(1): 1-12.
61. Walley T, Mossialos E. 2004. Financial incentives and prescribing. In Regulating Pharmaceuticals in Europe: Striving to Improving Efficiency, Quality and Equity while Containing Costs, Mossialos E, Mrazek M, Walley T (eds). Open University Press: Buckingham.
62. Weiss M, Fitzpatrick R. 1997. Challenges to medicine: the case of prescribing. Sociol Health Illn 19: 297-327.
63. Wilson R, Hatcher J, Barton S, Walley T. 1999. Therapeutic substitution and therapeutic conservatism as cost-containment strategies in primary care: a study of fundholders and non fundholders. BJGP 49: 431-435.
64. Zermansky AG. 1996. Who controls repeats? BJGP 46: 643-647.