Delirium in elderly people: An update

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 325-330

  Leentjens, Albert F G ^a   Van Der Mast, Rose C ^b  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Delirium; Elderly; Proactive geriatric consultation

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CITICOLINE; CLOZAPINE; DIAZEPAM; HALOPERIDOL; OLANZAPINE; PETHIDINE; PLACEBO; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; RIVASTIGMINE;

AGED; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DELIRIUM; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DROWSINESS; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 17844385313     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.yco.0000165603.36671.97     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Edelstein DM, Aharonoff GB, Karp A, et al. Effect of postoperative delirium after hip fracture. Clin Orthopedics 2004; 422:195-200. A well-designed prospective study and probably the largest one (n = 921, of whom 5.1% became delirious) on outcome parameters after postoperative delirium.
2. McCusker J, Cole MG, Dendukuri N, Belzile E. Does delirium increase hospital stay? J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(11):1539-1546.
3. Rahkonen T, Makela H, Paanila S, et al. Delirium in elderly people without severe predisposing disorders: etiology and 1-year prognosis after discharge. Int Psychogeriatr 2000; 12(4):473-481.
4. Zakriya K, Sieber FE, Christmas C, et al. Brief postoperative delirium in hip fracture patients affects functional status at three months. Anesth Analg 2004; 98(6):1798-1802.
5. McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N, et al. Delirium in older medical inpatients and subsequent cognitive and functional status: a prospective study. CMAJ 2001; 165(5):575-583.
6. Duppils GS, Wikblad K. Cognitive function and health-related quality of life after delirium in connection with hip surgery: a six month follow-up. Orthopedic Nursing 2004; 23(3):195-203,
7. Marcantonio ER, Simon SE, Bergmann MA, et al. Delirium symptoms in post-acute care: prevalent, persistent and associated with poor functional recovery. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51(1):4-9.
8. McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N, Han L, Belzile E, The course of delirium in older medical inpatients: a prospective study. J Gen Intern Med 2003; 18(9):770-771.
9. Cole MG, McCusker J, Dendukuri N, Han L. Symptoms of delirium in elderly medical patients with or without dementia. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 14(2):167-175.
10. Rockwood K, Cosway S, Stolee P, et al. Increasing the recognition of delirium in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42:252-256.
11. Ely EW, Stephens RK, Jackson JC, et al. Current opinions regarding the importance, diagnosis and management of delirium in the intensive care unit: a survey of 912 healthcare professionals. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(1):106-112. This survey gives a naturalistic picture of the knowledge and current clinical approach to delirium in an intensive care unit.
12. Elie M, Rousseau F, Cole M, et al. Prevalence and detection of delirium in elderly emergency department patients. CMAJ 2000; 163(8):977-981.
13. Zou Y, Cole MG, Primeau FJ, et al. Detection and diagnosis of delirium in the elderly: psychiatrist diagnosis, confusion assessment method, or consensus diagnosis? Int Psychogeriatr 1998; 10(3):303-308.
14. Schuurmans MJ, Deschamps PI, Markham SW, et al. The measurement of delirium: review of rating scales. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2003; 17(3):207-224.
15. Neelon VJ, Champagne MT, Carlson J, Funk S. The NEECHAM Confusion Scale: construction, validation and clinical testing. Nursing Research 1996; 45(6):324-330.
16. Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Bagget LM, Duursma SA. The Delirium Observation Screening Scale: a screening instrument for delirium. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2003; 17(1):31-50.
17. Inouye SK, Dyck CHV, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the Confusion Assessment Method. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113(12):941-948.
18. Trepacz PT, Baker RW, Greenhouse JA. A symptom rating scale for delirium. Psychiatry Res 1988; 23:89-97.
19. Laurila JV, Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS. Confusion assessment method in the diagnosis of delirium among aged hospital patients: would it serve better in screening than as a diagnostic instrument? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17(12):1112-1119.
20. Rolfson DB, McElhaney JE, Jhangri GS, Rockwood K. Validity of the confusion assessment method in detecting postoperative delirium in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr 1999; 11(4):431-438.
21. Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Orav EJ, et al. The association of intraoperative factors with the development of postoperative delirium. Am J Med 1998; 105(5):380-384.
22. Litaker D, Locala J, Franco K, et al. Preoperative risk factors for delirium. Evidence Based Mental Health 2002; 5(1):27.
23. Dai YT, Lou MF, Yip PK, Huang GS. Risk factors and incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly Chinese patients. Gerontology 2000; 46(1):28-35.
24. Martin NJ, Stones MJ, Young JE, Bedard M. Development of delirium: a prospective cohort study in a community hospital. Int Psychogeriatr 2000; 12(1):117-127.
25. Sasajima Y, Sasajima T, Uchida H, et al. Postoperative delirium in patients with chronic lower limb ischemia what are the specific markers? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2000; 20(2):132-137.
26. Rahkonen T, Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Halonen P, et al. Delirium in non-demented oldest old in the general population: risk factors and prognosis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16(4):415-421.
27. Kagansky N, Rimon E, Naor S, et al. Low incidence of delirium in very old people after surgery for hip fractures. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12(3):306-314.
28. Rahkonen T, Luukainen-Markkula R, Paanila S, et al. Delirium episode as a sign of undetected dementia among community dwelling elderly subjects: a 2 year follow up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69(4):519-521.
29. Santos FS, Velasco IT, Fraguas R Jr. Risk factors for delirium in the elderly after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Int Psychogeriatr 2004; 16(2):175-193.
30. Han L, McCusker J, Cole M, et al. Use of medications with anticholinergic effect predicts clinical severity of delirium symptoms in older medical inpatients. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161(8):1099-1105.
31. Zakriya KJ, Christmas C, Wenz JF Sr, et al. Preoperative factors associated with postoperative change in confusion assessment method score in hip fracture patients. Anesth Analg 2002; 94(6):1628-1632.
32. Inouye SK. Predisposing and precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized older patients. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999; 10:393-400.
33. Wise MG, Hilty DM, Cerda GM, Trzepacz PT. Delirium (confusional states). In: Wise MG, Rundell JR, editors. Textbook of consultation-liaison psychiatry: psychiatry in the medically ill2nd ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2002. pp. 257-272.
34. Trepacz PT, Van der Mast RC. Pathophysiology of delirium. In: Lindesay J, Rockwood K, MacDonald A, editors. Delirium in old age, Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002. pp. 51-90.
35. American Psychiatric Association, Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with delirium. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 5(156 (Suppl 5):1-20.
36. Han CS, Kim YK. A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics 2004; 45(4):297-301. In the absence of placebo-controlled trials, this small-scale randomized, double-blind study that directly compares risperidone to standard treatment (haloperidol) is the highest level of evidence for the efficacy of risperidone - the only atypical antipsychotic that has been studied in the treatment of delirium so far.
37. Mittal D, Jimerson NA, Neely EP, et al. Risperidone in the treatment of delirium: results from a prospective open label trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(5):662-667.
38. Parellada E, Baeza I, De Pablo J, Martinez G. Risperidone in the treatment of patients with delirium. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(3):348-353.
39. The Parkinson Study Group. Low-dose clozapine for drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:757-763.
40. The French Clozapine Parkinson Study Group. Clozapine in drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1999; 353:2041-2042.
41. Ellis T, Cudkowicz ME, Sexton PM, Growdon JH. Clozapine and risperidone in the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000; 12:364-369.
42. Breier A, Sutton VK, Feldman PD, et al. Olanzapine in the treatment of dopamimetic-induced psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:438-445.
43. Morgante L, Epifanio A, Spina E, et al. Quetiapine and clozapine in patients with dopaminergic psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 2004; 27(4):153-156.
44. McKeith I, Del Ser T, Spano P, et al. Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet 2000; ii:2031-2036.
45. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Charpentier PA, et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med 1999; 340(9):669-676.
46. Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ, Resnick NM. Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49:516-522.
47. Lundström M, Edlund A, Lundstrom G, Gustavson Y. Reorganization of nursing and medical care to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium and improve rehabilitation outcome in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fractures. Scand J Caring Sci 1999; 13:193-200.
48. Milisen K, Foreman MD, Abraham IL, et al. A nurse-led interdisciplinary intervention program for delirium in elderly hip-fracture patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49(5):523-532.
49. Kalisvaart KJ, De Jonghe J, Vreeswijk R, et al. Placebo-controlled study of haloperidol prophylactic treatment and delirium in elderly hip-surgery patients. In: 16th annual meeting of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry; 2003; Hawaii: American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry; 2003. p. 319.
50. Dautzenberg PL, Mulder LJ, Olde Rikkert MG, et al. Delirium in elderly hospitalised patients: protective effects of chronic rivastigmine usage. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 19(7):641-644.
51. Diaz V, Rodriguez J, Barrientos P, et al. Use of procholinergics in the prevention of postoperative delirium in hip fracture surgery in the elderly. Rev Neurol 2001; 33(8):716-719.
52. Aizawa K, Kanai T, Saikawa Y, et al. A novel approach to the prevention of postoperative delirium in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery. Surgery Today 2002; 32(4):310-314.
53. Cole MG, Primeau FJ, Bailey RF, et al. Systematic intervention for elderly inpatients with delirium: a randomized trial. CMAJ 1994; 151(7):965-970.
54. Britton A, Russel R. Multidisciplinary team interventions for delirium in patients with chronic cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004; 2:CD000395. This conscientious attempt to produce a Cochrane review on interventions for delirium in patients with chronic cognitive impairment is hampered by the fact that only one study fulfils the quality criteria. Other studies in the field and their limitations, however, are also discussed.
55. Cole MG, McCusker J, Bellavance F, et al. Systematic detection and multidisciplinary care of delirium in older medical inpatients: a randomized trial. CMAJ 2002; 167(7):763-764.