Management of subarachnoid haemorrhage in a non-neurosurgical centre

Anaesthesia

Volumn 60, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 470-485

  Wilson, Sally R ^a   Hirsch, N P ^a   Appleby, I ^a  

^a NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CLOPIDOGREL; DIHYDROCODEINE; HEPARIN; MORPHINE; NIMODIPINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPIATE; PARACETAMOL;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTERIAL PRESSURE; ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; BRAIN ARTERY ANEURYSM RUPTURE; BRAIN PERFUSION; BRAIN VASOSPASM; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; EMERGENCY; HUMAN; HYDROCEPHALUS; INCIDENCE; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NEURORADIOLOGY; NEUROSURGERY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT TRANSPORT; PERFUSION PRESSURE; REVIEW; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE;

EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM; INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; MALE; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; PATIENT TRANSFER; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, CARDIOVASCULAR; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; VASOSPASM, INTRACRANIAL;

EID: 17844385291     PISSN: 00032409     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04152.x     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Sudlow CL, Warlow CP. Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. Stroke 1997; 28: 491-9.
2. Linn FH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Role of region, year, and rate of computed tomography: a meta-analysis. Stroke 1996; 27: 625-9.
3. Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Germanson TP, et al. Age and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: why do older patients fare worse? Journal of Neurosurgery 1996; 85: 410-18.
4. Kissela BM, Saurbeck L, Woo D, et al. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: a preventable disease with a heritable component. Stroke 2002; 33: 1321-6.
5. Auer J, Berent R, Weber T, Lassnig E, Eber B. Subarachnoid haemorrhage with 'ecstasy' abuse in a young adult. Neurological Science 2002; 23: 199-201.
6. McEvoy AW, Kitchen ND, Thomas DG. Intracerebral haemorrhage and drug abuse in young adults. British Journal of Neurosurgery 2000; 14: 449-54.
7. Conway JE, Tamargo RJ. Cocaine use is an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2001; 32: 2338-43.
8. Gaist D, Vaeth M, Tsiropoulos I, et al. Risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage in first degree relatives of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage: follow up study based on national registries in Denmark. British Medical Journal 2000; 320: 141-5.
9. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, Haley EC Jr, Adams HP. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 2: Surgical results. Journal of Neurosurgery 1990; 73: 37-47.
10. Rinne J, Hernesniemi J, Puranen M, Saari T. Multiple intracranial aneurysms in a defined population: prospective angiographic and clinical study. Neurosurgery 1994; 35: 803-8.
11. Weir B. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a review. Journal of Neurosurgery 2002; 96: 3-42.
12. Chyatte D, Reilly J, Tilson MD. Morphometric analysis of reticular and elastin fibres in the cerebral arteries of patients with intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1990; 26: 939-43.
13. Vermeer SE, Rinkel GJ, Algra A. Circadian fluctuations in onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage. New data on aneurysmal and perimesencephalic hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke 1997; 28: 805-8.
14. Hop JW, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Case-fatality rates and functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke 1997; 28: 660-4.
15. Thomson S, Ryan JM, Lyndon J. Brain attack! - How good is the early management of subarachnoid haemorrhage in Accident and Emergency departments? Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine 2000; 17 176-9.
16. Linn FH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Headache characteristics in subarachnoid haemorrhage and benign thunderclap headache. Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry 1998; 65: 791-3.
17. Polmear A. Sentinel headaches in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: what is the true incidence? A systematic review. Cephalagia 2003; 23: 935-41.
18. Teasdale GM, Drake CG, Hunt W, et al. A universal subarachnoid haemorrhage scale: report of a committee of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. Journal of Neurological and Neurosurgical Psychiatry 1988; 51: 1457.
19. Bekker AY, Mistry A, Ritter AA, Wolk SC, Turndorf H. Computer simulation of intracranial pressure changes during induction of anaesthesia: comparison of thiopental, propofol and etomidate. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 1999; 11: 69-80.
20. Kautto UM. Attenuation of the circulatory response to laryngoscopy and intubation by fentanyl. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1982; 26: 217-20.
21. Payne KA, Murray WB, Oosthvizen JHC. Obtunding the sympathetic response to intubation. Experience minutes after administration of the test agent in patients with cerebral aneurysms. South African Medical Journal 1988; 73: 584-6.
22. Minton MD, Grosslight K, Stirt JA, Bedford RF. Increases in intracranial pressure from succinylcholine: prevention by prior non-depolarizing blockade. Anesthesiology 1986; 65: 65-9.
23. Clancy M, Halford S, Walls R, Murphy M. In patients with head injuries who undergo rapid sequence intubation using succinylcholine, does pretreatment with a competitive neuromuscular blocking agent improve outcome? A literature review. Emergency Medical Journal 2001; 18 373-5.
24. Nibbelink DW, Torner JC, Henderson WG. Randomized treatment study: drug induced hypotension. In: Sahs AL, Nibbelink DW, Torner JC, eds. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Report of the Cooperative Study. Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1981: 77-106.
25. Guy J, McGrath BJ, Borel CO, Friedman AH, Warner DS. Perioperative management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Part 1. Operative management. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1995; 81: 1060-72.
26. Cruickshank JM, Neil-Dwyer G, Stott AW. Possible role of catecholamines, corticosteroids, and potassium in the production of electrocardiographic abnormalities associated with subarachnoid haemorrhage. British Heart Journal 1974; 36: 697-706.
27. Greenhoot JH, Reichenbach DD. Cardiac injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage. A clinical, pathological and physiological correlation. Journal of Neurosurgery 1969; 30: 521-31.
28. Marion DW, Segal R, Thompson ME. Subarachnoid haemorrhage and the heart. Neurosurgery 1986; 18: 101-6.
29. Bulsara KR, McGirt MJ, Liao L, Grazi P, Tognetti F, Testa C. Use of the peak troponin value to differentiate myocardial infarction from reversible neurogenic left ventricular dysfunction associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosurgery 2003; 98: 524-8.
30. Andreoli A, di-Pasquale G, Pinelli G, et al. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: frequency and severity of cardiac arrythmias. A survey of 70 cases studied in the acute phase. Stroke 1987; 18 558-64.
31. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, Jane JA, Adams HP, Kongable GL. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery, I. Overall management results. Journal of Neurosurgery 1990; 73: 18-36.
32. Van der Wee N, Rinkel GJ, Hasan D, van Gijn J. Detection of subarachnoid haemorrhage on early CT: is lumbar puncture still needed after a negative scan? Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1995; 58: 357-9.
33. Wein B, Miller J, Russell D. Intracranial aneurysms: a clinical, angiographic, and computerized tomographic study. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1977; 4: 99-105.
34. Van der Jagt M, Hasan D, Bijvoet HW, et al. Validity of prediction of the site of ruptured intracranial aneurysms with CT. Neurology 1999; 52: 34-9.
35. Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid haemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 1980; 6: 1-19.
36. Jayaraman MV, Mayo-Smith WW, Tung GA, et al. Detection of intracranial aneurysms: multi-detector row CT angiography compared with DSA. Radiology 2004; 230: 510-8.
37. Dehdashti AR, Rufenacht DA, Delavelle J, Reverdin A, De Tribolet N. Therapeutic decision and management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage based on computed tomographic angiography. British Journal of Neurosurgery 2003; 17: 46-53.
38. Atlas SW. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial aneurysms. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America 1997; 7: 709-20.
39. Noguchi K, Ogawa T, Seto H, et al. Subacute and chronic subarachnoid haemorrhage diagnosis with fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR imaging. Radiology 1997; 203: 257-62.
40. Duffy GP. Lumbar puncture in spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. British Medical Journal 1982; 285: 1163-4.
41. Hillman J. Should computed tomography scanning replace lumbar puncture in the diagnostic process in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage? Surgical Neurology 1986; 26: 547-50.
42. Roost KT, Pimstone NR, Diamond I, Schmid R. The formation of cerebrospinal fluid xanthochromia after subarachnoid haemorrhage: enzymatic conversion of haemoglobin to bilirubin by the arachnoid and choroid plexus. Neurology 1972; 22: 973-7.
43. Vermeulen M, Hasan D, Blijenberg BG, Hijdra A, van Gijn J. Xanthochromia after subarachnoid haemorrhage needs no revisitation. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1989; 52: 826-8.
44. A Working Group of UK NEQAS for immunochemistry. National Guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 2003; 40: 481-8.
45. Milhorat TH. Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1987; 20: 15-20.
46. Rosenorn J, Eskesen V, Schmidt K, Ronde F. The risk of rebleeding from ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Journal of Neurosurgery 1987; 67: 329-32.
47. Kassell NF, Torner JC. Aneurysmal rebleeding: a preliminary report from the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurosurgery 1983; 13: 479-81.
48. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Leach A. Initial and recurrent bleeding are the major causes of death following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Stroke 1994; 25: 1342-7.
49. The Arteriovenous Malformation Study Group. Arteriovenous malformations of the brain in adults. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 1812-8.
50. Mast H, Young WL, Koennecke HC, et al. Risk of spontaneous haemorrhage after diagnosis of cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Lancet 1997; 350: 1065-8.
51. Claassen J, Bernardini GL, Kreiter K, et al. Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited. Stroke 2001; 32: 2012-20.
52. Murayama Y, Malisch T, Guglielmi G, et al. Incidence of cerebral vasospasm after endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured aneurysms: report on 69 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 1997; 87 830-5.
53. Treggiari-Venzi MM, Suter PM, Romand JA. Review of medical prevention of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. A problem of Neurointensive Care. Neurosurgery 2002; 48: 249-62.
54. Adams HP Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC Jr, Predicting cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: influences of clinical condition, CT results, and antifibrinolytic therapy. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurology 1987; 37: 1586-91.
55. Kassell NF, Sasaki T, Colohan A, Nazar G. Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Stroke 1985; 16 562-72.
56. Hart RG, Byer JA, Slaughter JR, Hewett JE, Easton JD. Occurrence and implications of seizures in subarachnoid haemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1981; 8: 417-21.
57. Sundaram MB, Chow F. Seizures associated with spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science 1986; 13: 229-31.
58. Pinto AN, Canhao P, Ferro JM. Seizures at the onset of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Neurology 1996; 243: 161-4.
59. Sbeih I, Tamas LB, O'Laoire SA. Epilepsy after operation for aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1986; 19: 784-8.
60. Mayberg MR, Batjer HH, Dacey R, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1994; 25: 2315-28.
61. Niemi T, Tanskanen P, Taxell C, Juvela S, Randell T, Rosenberg P. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on hemostasis in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neurosugical Anesthesiology 1999; 11: 188-94.
62. Harrigan M. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome: a review. Neurosurgery 1996; 38: 152-60.
63. Hasan D, Vermeulen M, Wijdicks EFM, Hijdra A, van Gijn J. Effect of fluid intake and antihypertensive treatment on cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Stroke 1989; 20: 1511-5.
64. Vermeji FH, Hasan D, Bijvoet HW, Avezaat CJ. Impact of medical treatment on the outcome of patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Stroke 1998; 29: 924-30.
65. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJE, Algra A, van Gijn J. Circulatory volume expansion for aneurysmal haemorrhage (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2003.
66. Dorsch NWC. Therapeutic approaches to vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Current Opinions in Critical Care 2002; 8: 128-33.
67. Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, et al. Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. British Medical Journal 1989; 298: 636-42.
68. Rinkel GJE, Feigin VL, Algra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library. Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software, 2003.
69. Awad IA, Carter LP, Spetzler RF, Medina M, Williams FC Jr. Clinical vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage: response to hypervolaemic haemodilution and arterial hypertension. Stroke 1987; 18: 365-72.
70. Romner B, Reinstrup, R. Triple H therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a review. Acta Neurochirugica. Supplement 2001; 77: 237-41.
71. Lennihan L, Mayer SA, Fink ME, et al. Effect of hypervolemic therapy on cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid haemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2000; 31: 383-91.
72. Sen J, Belli A, Albon H, Morgan L, Petzold A, Kitchen N. Triple H therapy in the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet Neurology 2003; 2: 614-21.
73. Recommendations for the Transfer of Patients with Acute Head Injuries to Neurosurgical Units. London: The Neuroanaesthesia Society of Great Britain and Ireland and The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britian and Ireland, 1996.
74. Spetzler RF, Hadley MN, Rigamonti D, et al. Aneurysms of the basilar artery treated with circulatory arrest, hypothermia and barbiturate cerebral protection. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988; 68: 868-79.
75. Newell DW, Skirboll SL. Revascularisation and bypass procedures for cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgical Clinics of North America 1998; 9: 697-711.
76. Young WL, Lawton MT, Gupta DK, Hashimoto T. Anaesthetic management of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for cerebral aneurysm clipping. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 497-503.
77. Schievink WL. Intracranial aneurysms. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 336: 28-40.
78. Serbinenko FA. Balloon catheterisation and occlusion of major cerebral vessels. Journal of Neurosurgery 1974; 41: 125-45.
79. Guglielmi G, Vinuela F, Sepetka I, Macellari V. Electrothrombosis of saccular aneurysms via endovascular approach. Part 1: Electrochemical basis, technique and experimental results. Journal of Neurosurgery 1991; 75: 1-7.
80. Guglielmi G, Vinuela F, Dion J, Duckwiler G. Electrothrombosis of saccular aneurysms via endovascular approach. Part 2: Preliminary clinical experience. Journal of Neurosurgery 1991; 75: 8-14.
81. Lozier AP, Connolly ES, Lavine SD, Solomon RA. Gugliemi detachable coil embolisation of posterior circulation aneurysms. A systematic review of the literature. Stroke 2002; 33: 2509-18.
82. Graves VB, Strother CM, Duff TA, Perl J. Early treatment of ruptured aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: effect on subsequent bleeding. Neurosurgery 1995; 37: 640-7.
83. Quereshi AI, Luft AR, Sharma M, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic and ischaemic complications associated with endovascular procedures: Part 1 - Pathophysiological and pharmacological features. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 1344-59.
84. Cognard C, Weill A, Spelle L, et al. Long-term angiographic follow-up of 169 intracranial berry aneurysms occluded with detachable coils. Radiology 1999; 212: 348-56.
85. Vinuela F, Duckwiler G, Mawad M. Guglielmi detachable coil embolisation of acute intracranial aneurysm: perioperative anatomical and clinical outcome in 403 patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 1997; 86: 475-82.
86. Bryan RN, Rigamonti D, Mathias JM. The treatment of acutely ruptured cerebral aneurysms: Endovascular therapy versus surgery. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1997; 18: 1826-30.
87. Cognard C, Weill A, Castaings L, Rey A, Moret J. Intracranial berry aneurysms: angiographic and clinical results after endovascular treatment. Radiology 1998; 206: 499-509.
88. Cottier JP, Pasco A, Gallas S, et al. Utility of balloon-assisted Guglielmi detachable coiling in the treatment of 49 cerebral aneurysms: a retrospective, multicenter study. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2001; 22: 345-51.
89. Cloft HJ, Joseph GJ, Tong FC, Goldstein JH, Dion JE. Use of three-dimensional Guglielmi detachable coils in the treatment of wide necked cerebral aneurysms. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000; 21: 1312-4.
90. Quereshi AI, Luft AR, Sharma M, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. Prevention and treatment of thrombogenic and ischaemic complications associated with endovascular procedures. Part II - Clinical aspects and recommendations. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 1360-76.
91. Feuerberg I, Lindquist C, Lindquist M, Steiner L. Natural history of postoperative aneurysm rests. Journal of Neurosurgery 1987; 66: 30-4.
92. Thornton J, Debrun GM, Aletich VA, Bashir Q, Charbel FT, Ausman J. Follow up angiography of intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular placement of Guglielmi detachable coils. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 239-50.
93. Byrne JV, Sohn MJ, Molyneux AJ. Five year experience in using coil embolisation of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: outcomes and incidence of late rebleeding. Journal of Neurosurgery 1999; 90 656-63.
94. Johnston SC, Higashida RT, Barrow DL, et al. Recommendations for endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Cerebrovascular Imaging of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Radiology. Stroke 2002; 33: 2536-44.
95. Chicoine MR. Microsurgery and clipping: the gold standard for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2003; 15: 61-3.
96. De Witte CT III. Endovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms will replace clipping. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2003; 15: 58-60.
97. Dovey Z, Misra M, Thornton J, Charbel FT, Debrun GM, Ausman JI. Guglielmi detachable coiling for intracerebral aneurysms. The story so far. Archives of Neurology 2001; 58: 559-64.
98. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial Collaborative Group. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1267-74.
99. Drake CG. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations: considerations for and experience with surgical treatment in 166 cases. Clinics of Neurosurgery 1979; 26: 145-208.
100. Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. Journal of Neurosurgery 1986; 65 476-83.
101. Fleetwood IG, Steinberg GK. Arteriovenous malformations. Lancet 2002; 359: 863-73.
102. Steinberg GK, Fabrikant JI, Marks MP, et al. Stereotactic heavy-charged-particle Bragg-peak radiation for intracranial arteriovenous malformations. New England Journal of Medicine 1990; 323: 96-101.
103. Lindquist M, Karlsson B, Guo WY, et al. Angiographic long-term follow up data for arteriovenous malformations previously proven to be obliterated after gamma knife radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 803-10.
104. Nitzan DW, Azaz B, Constantine S. Severe limitation in mouth opening following transtemporal neurosurgical procedures: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Journal of Neurosurgery 1992; 76: 623-5.
105. Eggert SM, Eggers KA. Subarachnoid haemorrhage following spinal anaesthesia in an obstetric patient. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001; 86: 442-4.
106. Sreedhar R, Gadhinglajkar SV. Lumbar puncture can precipitate bleed from unsuspected intracranial aneurysm. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 2002; 46: 386-90.
107. Dias MS, Sekhar LN. Intracranial haemorrhage from aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy and the puerperium. Neurosurgery 1990; 27: 855-65.
108. Simolke GA, Cox SM, Cunningham FG. Cerebrovascular accidents complicating pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1991; 78: 37-42.
109. Wiebers DO. Subarachnoid haemorrhage in pregnancy. Seminars in Neurology 1988; 8: 226-9.
110. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP. The incidence of stroke among pregnant women in Rochester, Minn, 1955 through 1979. Journal of the American Medical Association 1985; 254: 3055-7.
111. Why Mothers Die, 1997-98. The fifth report from the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Death in the United Kingdom. London: RCOG Press, 2001.
112. Reichman OH, Karlman RL. Berry aneurysm. Surgical Clinics of North America 1995; 75: 115-21.
113. Dias MS. Neurovascular emergencies in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1994; 37: 337-54.
114. Witlin AG, Friedman SA, Egerman RS, et al. Cerebrovascular disorders complicating pregnancy - beyond eclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997; 176: 1139-45.
115. Mushambi MC, Halligan AW, Williamson K. Recent developments in the pathophysiology and management of pre-eclampsia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1996; 76: 133-48.
116. Barrett JM, Van Hooydonk JE, Boehm FH. Pregnancy related rupture of arterial aneurysms. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 1982; 37: 557-66.
117. Belfort MA, Anthony J, Saade GR, Allen JC. A comparison of magnesium sulphate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. New England Journal of Medicine 2003; 348: 304-11.
118. Weir BK. Management of intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations during pregnancy. Neurosurgery, Update II. Vascular, Spinal, Pediatric and Fuctional Neurosurgery. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991: 119-25.
119. Stoodley MA, Macdonald RL, Weir BK. Pregnancy and intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America 1998; 9: 549-56.
120. Hunt H, Schifrin B, Suzuki K. Ruptured berry aneurysms and pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1974; 43: 827-36.
121. Weir BKA, Drake CG. Rapid growth of residual aneurysmal neck during pregnancy. Journal of Neurosurgery 1991; 75: 780-2.
122. Robinson JL, Hall CS, Sedzimir CB. Subarachnoid haemorrhage in pregnancy. Journal of Neurosurgery 1972; 36: 27-33.
123. Whitburn RH, Laishley RS, Jewkes DA. Anaesthesia for simultaneous caesarean section and clipping of intracerebral aneurysm. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990; 64: 642-5.
124. Jaeger K, Ruschulte H, Tatagiba M. Combined emergency caesarean section and intracerebral aneurysm clipping. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 1127-43.
125. D'Haese J, Christiaens F, D'Haens J, Camu F. Combined caesarean section and clipping of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: a case report. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 1997; 9: 341-5.
126. Giannotta SL, Daniels J, Golde SH, Zelman V, Bayat A. Ruptured intracranial aneurysms during pregnancy. A report of four cases. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1986; 31: 139-47.
127. Meyers PM, Halbach VV, Malek AM, et al. Endovascular treatment of cerebral artery aneurysms during pregnancy: report of three cases. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2000; 21: 1306-11.
128. Horton JC, Chambers WA, Lyons SL, Adams RD, Kjellberg RN. Pregnancy and the risk of haemorrhage from cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurgery 1990; 27: 867-72.
129. Forster DM, Kunkler IH, Hartland P. Risk of cerebral bleeding from arteriovenous malformations in pregnancy: the Sheffield experience. Stereotactic Functional Neurosurgery 1993; 61: 20-2.
130. Laidler JA, Jackson IJ, Redfern N. The management of caesarean section in a patient with an intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 490-1.
131. Yih PS, Cheong KF. Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with an intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1999; 27: 66-8.
132. Sharma SK, Herrera ER, Sidawi JE, Levano KJ. The pregnant patient with an intracranial arteriovenous malformation. Cesarean section or vaginal delivery using regional or general anaesthesia? Regional Anesthesia 1995; 20: 455-8.
133. Finnety JJ, Chisholm CA, Chapple H, et al. Cerebral arteriovenous malformation in pregnancy: presentation and neurologic, obstetric and ethical significance. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999; 181: 296-303.
134. Viscomi CM, Wilson J, Bernstein I. Anesthetic management of a parturient with an incompletely resected cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Regional Anesthesia 1997; 22: 192-7.
135. Uchide K, Terada S, Akasofu K, Higashi S. Cerebral arteriovenous malformations in pregnancy with twins: case report. Neurosurgery 1992; 31: 780-2.