Indigenous forests fragmentation and the significance of ethnic forests for conservation in the North Pare, the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania

Fennia

Volumn 182, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 109-132

  Ylhäisi, Jussi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOREST COVER;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA; WORLD;

EID: 17744386136     PISSN: 00150010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Aiah R, A Lebbie & RP Guries (1995). Ethnobotanical value and conservation of sacred groves of the Kpaa Mende in Sierra Leone. Economic Botany 49: 3, 297-308.
2. Anspach P (1999). Personal communication 03.10.1999.
3. Bennet EL, AJ Nyaoi & J Sompud (1997). Hornbills Buceros ssp. and culture in Northern Borneo: can they continue to co-exist? Biological Conservation 82, 41-46.
4. Biggeli P, D Desalegn, J Healey, M Painton, J Smith & Z Teklehaimanot (2003). Conservation of Ethiopian sacred groves. ETFRN News 38, 37-38.
5. Burgess ND, LB Mwasumbi, WJ Hawthorne, A Dickinson & RA Doggett (1992). Preliminary assessment of the distribution, status and biological importance of coastal forests in Tanzania. Biological Conservation 62, 205-218.
6. Burgess N, T Butynski, I Gordon, Q Luke, P Sumbi & J Watkin (2003). Eastern Arc Mountains & coastal forests of Tanzania & Kenya. Biodiversity hotspots. 70 p. Conservation International, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi.
7. Chambers R (1983). Rural development, putting the last first. 246 p. Intermediate Technology Publications London.
8. Chambers R (1997). Whose reality counts? Putting the first last. 297 p. Intermediate Technology Publications, London.
9. Conte CA (1994). Transformations along the gradient: ecological change in the mountains and plains of Northeastern Tanzania's West Usambara Mountians, C. 1860-1970. 266 p. Michigan State University, Department of History, Michigan.
10. Debal D, D Kausik & KC Malhotra (1997). Sacred grove relics as bird refugia. Current Science 73, 815-817.
11. Decher J (1997). Conservation, small mammals, and the future of sacred groves in West Africa. Biodiversity and Conservation 7, 1007-1026.
12. Fagan WF, RS Cantrell & C Cosner (1999). How habitat edges change species interactions. American Naturalist 153, 165-182.
13. Fimbel RA, A Grajal & JG Robinson (eds) (2001). The cutting edge: conserving wildlife in logged tropical forests. 695 p. Columbia University Press, New York.
14. Forman R (1995). Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions 632 p. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
15. Gadgil M & VD Vartak (1976). The sacred groves of Western Ghats in India. Economic Botany 30, 152-160.
16. GAF (1998a). Land capability 1:25 000 TFAP North Pare Mountains, Sheets 73-1-b, 73-1-d and 73-3b. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Munich.
17. GAF (1998b). Land cover changes 1:25 000 TFAP North Pare Mountains, Sheets 73-1-b, 73-1-d and 73-3-b. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Munich.
18. GAF (1998c). Vegetation and land use 1:50 000 TFAP North Pare Mountains, Sheets 73-1-b, 73-1-d and 73-3-b. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Munich.
19. GAF (1998d). Explanatory notes to thematic maps for the Tanzanian Forestry Action Plan (TFAP) - North Pare Mountains. 10 p. The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forestry and Beekeeping Division, Munich.
20. Gerdén CA & S Mtallo (1990). Traditional forest reserves in Babati district, Tanzania: a study in human ecology. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, working paper 128. 51 p.
21. Hamilton A (1998). Vegetation, climate and soil: altitudinal relationships on the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Journal of Eastern African Natural History 87, 85-90.
22. Hanski I (1999). Metapopulation ecology. 313 p. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
23. Hanski I & O Ovaskainen (2002). Extinction debt and extinction threshold. Conservation Biology 16, 666-673.
24. Hunting Technical Service (1996). Land cover and land use, Sheet SA-37-14. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, the United Republic of Tanzania, Hemel Hemstead.
25. Iddi S & H Sjöholm (1997). Managing natural forests at the village level: reaching the ultimate development goal. 6 p. XI World Forestry Congress, Antalya.
26. Khiewtam RS & PS Ramakrishnan (1993). Litter and fine root dynamics of a relict sacred grove forest at Cherrapunji in North-Eastern India. Forest Ecology and Management 60: 3-4, 327-344.
27. Kimambo IN (1969). A political history of the Pare of Tanzania 1500-1900. 253 p. East African Publishing House, Nairobi.
28. Kingdon J (1989). Island Africa: the evolution of Africa's rare animals and plants. 287 p. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
29. Kiwelu O (1997). Usangi division land use map, 1:12 500. TFAP/TIP, Mwanga.
30. Koponen J (1994). Development for exploitation, German colonial policies in Mainland Tanzania, 1884-1914. Finnish Historical Society Studia Historica 49. 740 p.
31. Laitinen H, T Voipio & M Grönqvist (1995). Yhteisön ääni: osallistavien menetelmien opas. 123 p. Kehitysyhteistyön Palvelukeskus KEPA ry, Helsinki.
32. Lebbie AR & RP Guries (1995). Ethnobotanical value and conservation of sacred groves of the Kaa Mende in Sierra Leone. Economic Botany 49, 297-308.
33. Lind EM & MES Morrison (1974). East African vegetation. 257 p. Longman, Bristol.
34. Lindenmayer DB, CR Margules & DB Botkin (2000). Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conservation Biology 14, 941-950.
35. Lovett JC (1998). Importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains for vascular plants. Journal of Eastern African Natural History 87, 59-74.
36. Lulandala LLL (1998). Meeting the needs of the people through species domestication: a basis for effective conservation of the Eastern Arc Mountain forest biodiversity. Journal of Eastern African Natural History 87, 243-252.
37. Mandondo A (1997). Trees and spaces as emotion and norm laden components of local ecosystems in Nyamaropa communal land, Nyanga District, Zimbabwe. Agriculture and Human Values 14, 353-372.
38. Mbuya LP, HP Msanga, CK Ruffo, A Birnie & B Tengnäs (1994). Useful trees and shurbs for Tanzania: identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. 542 p. SIDA, Regional Soil Conservation Unit., Nairobi.
39. MGD (1982). North Pare Mountains black and white air photos 1982, TN 4 172 & TN 6 032. Department of Map and Geodetical Survey, Dar es Salaam.
40. Msangi TH & ST Mwihomeke (1994). Ethnobotanical survey to recommend and identity suitable tree species for afforestation and agroforestry in Mwanga District - North Pare. 31 p. TAFORI, Lushoto.
41. Mshana R (1992). Insisting upon people's knowledge to resist developmentalism; peasant communities as producers knowledge for social transformation in Tanzania. Erziehung und Gesellschaft im Internationalen Kontext 9. 330 p.
42. Murcia C (1995). Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10, 58-62.
43. Musendo Z (2002). Destroying cheap forests to buy expensive water. . 18.7.2003.
44. Mvungi A (1998). Local actors in development: people's sustenance and environment. In Omari CK (ed). Local actors in developmet: the case of Mwanga District, 155-177. Educational Publishers and Distributors ltd., Dar es Salaam.
45. Mwihomeke S, T Msangi, C Mabula, J Ylhäisi & K Mndeme (1998). Traditionally protected forests and nature conservation in the Northern Pare Mountains and Handeni District, Tanzania. Journal of Eastern African Natural History 87, 279-290.
46. Mwihomeke S, C Mabula & M Nummelin (2000). Plant species richness in the traditionally protected forests of the Zigua, Handeni District, Tanzania. Silva Carelica 34, 178-193.
47. Myers N, RA Mittermeier, CG Mittermeier, AB da Fonseca & J Kent (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853-858.
48. Newmark WD (1991). Tropical forest fragmentation and the local extinction of understory birds in the Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Conservation Biology 5, 67-78.
49. Newmark WD (1998). Forest area, fragmentation, and loss in the Eastern Arc Mountains: implications for the conservation of biological diversity. Journal of Eastern African Natural History 87, 29-36.
50. Newmark WD (2002). Conserving biodiversity in East African forests: a study of the Eastern Arc Mountains. Ecological Studies 155. 195 p. Springer, Heidelberg.
51. Okafor JC & DO Ladipo (1992). Fetish groves in the conservation of threatened flora in southern Nigeria. In Bennun LA, RA Aman & SA Crafter (eds). Conservation of biodiversity in Africa. Local initiatives and institutional roles, 167-179. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi.
52. Omar CK (1998). Mwanga District in perspective. In Omar CK (ed). Local actors in developmet: the case of Mwanga District, 10-15. Educational Publishers and Distributors ltd., Dar es Salaam.
53. Oppen A (1992). Land rights and their impact on individual and communal forms of land use in the project area of the Handeni Integrated Agroforestry Project: consultanzy study for the GTZ. 85 p. German Agency for Technical Cooperation, Berlin.
54. Persha L (2003). UNDP-GEF East African Gross Borders Biodiversity Project April 2003 Chome aerial survey summary of results. . 15.11.2003.
55. Saunders DA, RJ Hobcs & CR Margules (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 5, 18-32.
56. Schaaf T (1999). Environmental conservation based on sacred forests. In Posey DA (ed). Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity, 341-342. UNEP, Intermediate Technology Publications, London.
57. Siitonen P (2003). Reserve network design in fragmented forest landscapes. 101 p. Department of Ecology and Systematics, Division of Population Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki.
58. Sinha RK (1995). Biodiversity conservation through faith and tradition in India: some case studies. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 2: 4, 278-284.
59. SMD (1982). Mwanga District 1:100 000. Surveys and Mapping Division, Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, Dar es Salaam.
60. Spear TT (1978). The Kay complex: a history of the Mijikenda peoples of the Kenya Coast to 1900. 172 p. Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi.
61. Swala O (1997). Ugweno Division land use map, 1:50000. TFAP/TIP, Mwanga.
62. TFAP (1995). A report on socio-economic survey in North Pare Mountains. 20 p. Tanzania Forestry Action Plan, Agroforestry section, Mwanga.
63. TFAP (1997). Mpango wa ulinzi, utunzaji na uendelezaji mbungi na mishitu tarafa ya Usangi na Ugweno. 4 p. Tanzania Forestry Action Programme, Mwanga.
64. TFCG (1998). The Eastern Arc Mountains: a forest cover map. Tanzania Forest Conservation Group, Dar es Salaam.
65. Tiwari B, S Barik & R Tripathi (1998). Biodiversity value, status and strategies for conservation of sacred groves of Meghalaya, India. Ecosystem Health 4, 20-32.
66. Trakarnsuphakorn P (2003). Local wisdom in the management of bio-diversity. Watershed 8, 26-32.
67. Ulvila M (1995). Learning with the villagers: an account of participatory reseach in the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania. Sosiologian ja sosiaalipsykologian tutkimuksia A 26. 87 p.
68. UNEP (2003). Africa environment outlook, past, present and future perspectives. 147 p. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.
69. URT (1988). 1988 population census: preliminary report. 201 p. Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Planning, Dar es Salaam.
70. URT (1990a). East Africa 1:50 000 (United Republic of Tanzania) Lembeni, Sheet 7313, edition 1989. Directorate of Overseas Surveys for the United Republic of Tanzania.
71. URT (1990b). East Africa 1:50 000 (United Republic of Tanzania) Mwanga, Sheet 7311, edition 1989. Directorate of Overseas Surveys for the United Republic of Tanzania.
72. URT (2003). 2002 population and housing census: general report. Government Printers, Dar es Salaam.
73. Vice President's Office (1998). Tanzania country study on biological diversity. 163 p. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi.
74. Williams P, D Gibbons, D Margules, A Rebelo, C Humpries & R Pressey (1996). A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complementary areas for conserving diversity of British birds. Conservation Biology 9, 1518-1527.
75. Ylhäsi J (2000). The significance of the traditional forests and rituals in Tanzania, a case study of Zigua, Gweno and Nyamwezi ethnic groups. Silva Carelica 34, 194-219.
76. Ylhäsi J (2003). Forest privatisation and the role of community in forest and nature protection in Tanzania. Environmental Science & Policy 6, 279-290.