The Westphalia peace treaties and the development of the tradition of great European peace settlements prior to 1648

Grotiana

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 71-95

  Lesaffer, Randall ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

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EID: 17744362848     PISSN: 01673831     EISSN: 18760759     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187607597X00064     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Fritz Dickmann, Der Westfälische Frieden (Münster 1972) 5-9
2. Karl Otmar von Aretin, Das Alte Reich 1648-1806 I (Stuttgart 1993) 17-21
3. The Osnabrück treaty will be referred to as IPO, the Münster treaty as IPM. The quotations and subdivision in articles and paragraphs are taken from the Parry edition. The numbers for the paragraphs of the Münster treaty are those from the English translation in that edition: Clive Parry, The Consolidated Treaty Series I (Dobbs Ferry 1969). Art. 17ar. 2 IPO. Par. 120 IPM. treaty as IPM. The quotations and subdivision in articles and paragraphs are taken from the Parry edition. The numbers for the paragraphs of the Münster treaty are those from the English translation in that edition: Clive Parry, The Consolidated Treaty Series I (Dobbs Ferry 1969). Art. 17ar. 2 IPO. Par. 120 IPM
4. See also: Albrecht Randelzhofer, Völkerrechtliche Aspekte des 1648 Heiligen Römisches Reiches nach 1648 (Berlin, 1988) 54-62
5. With this last term the treaties themselves were meant. Art. 8ar. 1 and 2 IPO. Par. 64 and 65 IPM. The right to form alliances had been abolished by the peace treaty of Prague signed on 30 May 1635 between the Emperor and Saxony, to which most of the German powers subsequently acceded. Art. 27. Jean DuMont, Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens (Amsterdam, 1726) IV, 1, 97 further referred to as DM and 2 IPO. Par. 64 and 65 IPM. The right to form alliances had been abolished by the peace treaty of Prague signed on 30 May 1635 between the Emperor and Saxony, to which most of the German powers subsequently acceded. Art. 27. Jean DuMont, Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens (Amsterdam, 1726) IV, 1, 97 (further referred to as DM)
6. See also: Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, 'Der Westfälische Reichsstände Friede und das Bündnisrecht der Reichsstände,' Der Staat, VIII (1969) 458-475
7. Art. 5ar. 1 and art. 7 IPO
8. See also: Max Braubach, Der Westfälische Friede (Münster, 1948) 64
9. Böckenforde, 'Der Westfälische Friede,' 450-451
10. Fritz Dickmann, 'Der Westfälische Frieden und die Reichsverfassung,' in: Forschungen und Studien zur Geschichte des Westfälischen Friedens (Münster, 1965) 12-15
11. Heinz Duchhardt, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte 1495-1806 (Stuttgart 1991) 181-187
12. Randelzhofer, Völkerrechtliche Aspekte, 54-56 and 297-300
13. Aretin, Das Alte Reich I, 17-18
14. Dietmar Willoweit, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Frankenreich bis Deutschlands zur Teilung Deutschlands (München, 1992) 139-144
15. See e.g.: Fritz Dickmann, Der Westfälische Frieden, 6
16. Andrea Rapisardi Mirabelli, 'Le congrès de Westphalie, ses négociations et ses résultats au point de vue de l'histoire du droit des gens,' Bibliotheca Visseriana Dissertationum Ius Internationale Illustrantium, XX (1929) 10 and 14. négociations et ses résultats au point de vue de l'histoire du droit des gens,' Bibliotheca Visseriana Dissertationum Ius Internationale Illustrantium, XX (1929) 10 and 14
17. Andreas Oslander, The States System of Europe 1640-1990. Peacemaking and International Stability the conditions of International Stability (Oxford, 1994) 82-89
18. See e.g.: Leo Gross, 'The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948,' American Journal of International Law, XLII (1948) 22-23
19. Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York, 1995) 64-66
20. Mirabelli, 'Le congrès de Westphalie,' 13
21. Henry Wheaton, History of the Law of Nations in Europe and America; from times to the Treaty of Washington, 1842 the earliest times to the Treaty of Washington, 1842 (New York, 1845) 69
22. See e.g.: Camilo Barcia Trelles, 'Westfalia, tres siglos despues,' Española de Derecho Internacional, I (1949) 303-339. Revista Española de Derecho Internacional, I (1949) 303-339
23. Kenneth Colegrove, 'Diplomatic Procedure Preliminary to the Congress of Westphalia,' American Journal of International Law XIII (1919) 481
24. Dickmann, Der Westfälische Frieden, 6-7
25. Gross, 'The Peace of Westphalia,' 24-26
26. Karl-Heinz Lingen, Internationale Schiedsgerichtbarkeit und Jus Publicum Europaeum 1648-1794 (Berlin, 1988) 22
27. Georges Livet, L'équilibre européen de la fin du XVe à la fin du XVIIIe siècle siècle à la fin du XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1976) 89-91
28. Mirabelli, 'Le congrès de Westphalie,' 7-10, 16-17 and 21-27
29. Heinz Duchhardt, 'Westfälischer Friede und internationale Régime Beziehungen im Ancien Régime,' Historische Zeitschrift CCXLIX (1989) 533-539
30. See also: Idem, 'Friedenssicherung im Jahrhundert nach dem Westfälischen Frieden,' in: Manfred Spieker, ed., Friedenssicherung III (Münster, 1989) 11-18
31. Idem, 'Münster/Osnabrück as a short-lived peace system,' in Albert P. van Goudoever, ed., Great Peace Congresses in History 1648-1990 (Utrecht, 1993) 13-19. Albert P. van Goudoever, ed., Great Peace Congresses in History 1648-1990 (Utrecht, 1993) 13-19
32. Osiander, The States System of Europe, 31-89
33. See also: Kalevi J. Holstieace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989 (Cambridge, 1991) 40
34. Konrad Repgen too warned for a Hineinterpretierung regarding the relevance of the Westphalia treaties for the development of the ideas of the balance of power: 'Der Westfälische Friede und die Ursprünge des europäischen Gleichgewichts,' Jahres- und Tagesbericht der Görres-Gesellschaft 1985 (Köln, 1986) 51-66. relevance of the Westphalia treaties for the development of the ideas of the balance of power: 'Der Westfälische Friede und die Ursprünge des europäischen Gleichgewichts,' Jahres- und Tagesbericht der Görres-Gesellschaft 1985 (Köln, 1986) 51-66
35. Also other major peace settlements, such as those of Nijmegen, Rijswijk Utrecht, Baden and the Quadruple Alliance of 1718, were mentioned. Treaty of 24 February 1656reamble. Parry IV, 44, La principale fin de cette Alliance doit être que toutes choses qui ont été reglées pour la Politiquear la Paix de Munster & de Osnabruch, demeurent dans le même état conformément aux Articles de la Paix, treaty of 14 April 1672 between France and Sweden, art. 3. Parry XII, 199, ut Pax Vvestphalica Osnabrugis die 24. Octobris anno 1648. sancita sit forma, basis, ac omnimoda norma hujus Pacificationis, treaty of 26 January 1679 between the Empire and Sweden, art. 3. Parry XV, 74. Treaty of 29 June 1679 between Brandenburg, France and Swedenreamble. Parry XV, 181. Treaty of 22 October 1682 between the Empire and Sweden, art. 3. Parry XVI, 275. Treaty of 1 April 1686 between Brandenburg and the emperor, art. 3. Parry XVII, 47 Utrecht, Baden and the Quadruple Alliance of 1718, were mentioned. Treaty of 24 February 1656reamble. Parry IV, 44. 'La principale fin de cette Alliance doit être que toutes choses qui ont été reglées pour la Politique...par la Paix de Munster & de Osnabruch, demeurent dans le même état conformément aux Articles de la Paix': treaty of 14 April 1672 between France and Sweden, art. 3. Parry XII, 199. 'ut Pax Vvestphalica Osnabrugis die 24. Octobris anno 1648. sancita sit forma, basis, ac omnimoda norma hujus Pacificationis': treaty of 26 January 1679 between the Empire and Sweden, art. 3. Parry XV, 74. Treaty of 29 June 1679 between Brandenburg, France and Swedenreamble. Parry XV, 181. Treaty of 22 October 1682 between the Empire and Sweden, art. 3. Parry XVI, 275. Treaty of 1 April 1686 between Brandenburg and the emperor, art. 3. Parry XVII, 475. League of Augsburg of 6 July 1686, art. 2. Parry XVIII, 25. Treaty of 30 October 1697 between France and the Empire, art. 3. Parry XXII, 10. Treaty of 6 March 1714 between the Emperor, France and Spain, art. 3. Parry XXIX, 5-6. Treaty of 26 June 1714 between Spain and the United Provinces, art. 10. Parry XXIX, 104. Treaty of 7 September 1714 between the Empire, France and Spain, art. 3. Parry XXIX, 145-146. Treaty of 29 September 1733 between France and Sardinia, art. 4. Parry XXXIV, 100. 'Pacis hujus basis et fundamentum sit pax Westphalica, Neomagensis, Ryswicensis, Badensis et foedus vulgo quadruplex nuncupatum: treaty of 18 November 1738 between the Empire and France, art. 3. Parry XXXV, 195-196. Treaty of 18 October 1748 between France, Great Britain and the United Provinces, art. 3. Parry XXXVIII, 305-306. Treaty of 12 February 1763 between France, Great Britainortugal and Spain, art. 2. Parry XLII, 284-285. See also: Karl-Heinz Ziegler, Völkerrechtsgeschichte. Ein Studienbuch (München, 1994) 187
36. Duchhardt, 'Westfälischer Friede,' 530-532
37. This article is primarily based on the analysis of some fifteen major European peace treaties from the period that stretches from the end of the Middle Ages around 1450 up to 1648. Three treaties of Amiens of 29 August 1475 between England and France, DM III, 1, 501-502, 502-504 and 504-505. Treaty of Arras of 23 December 1482 between Burgundy and France, DM III, 2, 100-107. Treaty of Etaples of 3 November 1492 between England and France, DM III, 2, 291-296. Treaty of Barcelona of 19 January 1493 between France and Spain, DM III, 2, 297-302. Treaty of Senlis of 23 May 1493 between the Empire and France, DM III, 2, 303-310. Treaty of Madrid of 14 January 1526 between France and Spain. P. Mariño, Tratados internacionales de España. Carlos V III-III (Madrid, 1986) 122-177 further referred to as Mariño, Treaty of Cambrai of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, DM IV, 2, 7-17. Treaty of Cambrai of 5 August b European peace treaties from the period that stretches from the end of the Middle Ages around 1450 up to 1648. Three treaties of Amiens of 29 August 1475 between England and France, DM III, 1, 501-502, 502-504 and 504-505. Treaty of Arras of 23 December 1482 between Burgundy and France, DM III, 2, 100-107. Treaty of Etaples of 3 November 1492 between England and France, DM III, 2, 291-296. Treaty of Barcelona of 19 January 1493 between France and Spain, DM III, 2, 297-302. Treaty of Senlis of 23 May 1493 between the Empire and France, DM III, 2, 303-310. Treaty of Madrid of 14 January 1526 between France and Spain. P. Mariño, Tratados internacionales de España. Carlos V III-III (Madrid, 1986) 122-177 (further referred to as Mariño). Treaty of Cambrai of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, DM IV, 2, 7-17. Treaty of Cambrai of 5 August between England and Spain, DM IV, 2, 42-48. Treaty of Crépy of 18 September 1544 between France and Spain, DM IV, 2, 305-308. Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis of 2 April 1559 between England and France, DM V, 1, 31-34. Treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis of 3 April 1559 between France and Spain, DM V, 1, 34-44. Treaty of Vervins of 2 May 1598 between France and Spain, DM V, 1, 561-573. Treaty of London of 18 August 1604 between France and Spain, DM V, 2, 32-36. Treaty of Madrid of 15 November 1630 between England and Spain, DM V, 2, 619-623. Treaty of Cherasco of 6 April 1631 between the Empire and France, DM VI, 1, 9-13. Treaty of Bromsebrö of 13 August 1645 between Denmark and Sweden, DM VI, 1, 314-321. Treaty of Münster van 30 January 1648 between Spain and the United Provinces. Parry I, 7-118
38. For my doctoral thesis, Rechtshistorische ontwikkeling (1453-1763) en recente evolutie van het klassieke, Europese statensysteem in vredes- en alliantieverdragen (2 vols., Leuven 1998), I studied more than a hundred peace treaties and truces and another hundred alliances for the period 1454-1648. recente evolutie van het klassieke, Europese statensysteem in vredes- en alliantieverdragen (2 vols., Leuven 1998), I studied more than a hundred peace treaties and truces and another hundred alliances for the period 1454-1648
39. Jörg Fisch, Krieg und Frieden in Friedensvertrag. Eine universalgeschichtliche Studie über Grundlagen und Formelemente des Friedensschlusses (Stuttgart, 1979) 536-537. Though of course his statement was based on the analysis of peace treaties he carried out for this doctoral thesis. universalgeschichtliche Studie über Grundlagen und Formelemente des Friedensschlusses (Stuttgart, 1979) 536-537. Though of course his statement was based on the analysis of peace treaties he carried out for this doctoral thesis
40. Art. 17ar. 1 and 12 IPO. Par. 119 and 128 IPM
41. Par. 65 IPM
42. Dickmann, Der Westfälischen Frieden, 490-491
43. See also: Böckenförde, 'Der Westfälische Frieden,' 452-453
44. E.g.: Treaty of 23 december 1482, art. 1. DM III, 2, 100. 'que de aqui adelante entre los dichos Señores Emperador e Rey Christianíssimo e sus heredes e suçessores e sus rreynos e tierras y señorí os, vassallos e súbditos, entiendra ser estableçida, concluyda e confirmadaaz, amistad, treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 1. Mariño III-III, 129-130. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 8, inter dictos Dominos Imperatorem, & Regem, eorumque heredes & Successores, Regnaatrias, Dominia, Terras, Vassallos & Subditos quoscumque, treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 43, entre lesdits Sieurs Rois, leurs Enfans nais & à naître, Hoirs, Successeurs & Heritiers, leurs Roiaumesaïs & Sujets, y aura bonneaix, treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 1. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 15 November adelante entre los dichos Señores Emperador e Rey Christianíssimo e sus heredes e suçessores e sus rreynos e tierras y señorí os, vassallos e súbditos...entiendra ser estableçida, concluyda e confirmada...paz, amistad...': treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 1. Mariño III-III, 129-130. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 8. 'inter dictos Dominos Imperatorem, & Regem, eorumque heredes & Successores, Regnaatrias, Dominia, Terras, Vassallos & Subditos quoscumque': treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 43. 'entre lesdits Sieurs Rois, leurs Enfans nais & à naître, Hoirs, Successeurs & Heritiers, leurs Roiaumesaïs & Sujets, y aura bonne...Paix': treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 1. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 1. DM V, 2, 621
45. Examples of co-ratification of peace and alliance treaties: treaty of Arras of 21 September 1435 between Burgundy and France, art. 30. DM II, 2, 314. Treaty of 19 October 1466 between Poland and the Teutonic Order, art. 18. DM III, 1, 353. Treaty of 26 February 1485 between Burgundy and France, DM III, 2, 144. Treaty of 3 November 1492, art. 17. DM III, 2, 294. Treaty of 23 May 1493 between Maximilian I and France, art. 39. DM III, 2, 307. Treaty of 23 March 1510 between England and France, art. 22-23. DM IV, 1, 127. Treaty of 7 August 1514 between England and France, art. 33-34. DM IV, 1, 187. Treaty of 30 August 1525 between England and France, art. 20. DM IV, 1, 439. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 26. DM IV, 2, 283 Arras of 21 September 1435 between Burgundy and France, art. 30. DM II, 2, 314. Treaty of 19 October 1466 between Poland and the Teutonic Order, art. 18. DM III, 1, 353. Treaty of 26 February 1485 between Burgundy and France, DM III, 2, 144. Treaty of 3 November 1492, art. 17. DM III, 2, 294. Treaty of 23 May 1493 between Maximilian I and France, art. 39. DM III, 2, 307. Treaty of 23 March 1510 between England and France, art. 22-23. DM IV, 1, 127. Treaty of 7 August 1514 between England and France, art. 33-34. DM IV, 1, 187. Treaty of 30 August 1525 between England and France, art. 20. DM IV, 1, 439. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 26. DM IV, 2, 283
46. Joceleyne Dickinson, The Congress of Arras, 1435. A Study in Medieval Diplomacy (Oxford, 1955) 194-197
47. Theodor Meron, 'The Authority to Make Treaties in the Late Middle Ages,' American Journal of International Law LXXXIX (1995) 3-13
48. Klaus Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge des Deutschen Ordens in Preussen Studien zur Diplomatie einer spätmittelalterlichen deutschen Territorialstaates 1230-1449. Studien zur Diplomatie einer spä tmittelalterlichen deutschen Territorialstaates (Köln, Wien, 1986) 266-275
49. Par. 123 IPM. 'Pax vero conclusa nihilominus in suo robore permaneat teneanturque omnes & singuli hujus Transactionis consortes universas & singulas Pacis Leges contra quencunque sine Religione distinctione tueri & protegere, & si quid eorum à quocunque violari contigerit, laesus laedentem imprimis quidem à via facti dehorteretur, Causâ ipsa vel amicabili compositioni, vel juris disceptationi submissâa.' teneanturque omnes & singuli hujus Transactionis consortes universas & singulas Pacis Leges contra quencunque sine Religione distinctione tueri & protegere, & si quid eorum à quocunque violari contigerit, laesus laedentem imprimis quidem à via facti dehorteretur, Causâ ipsa vel amicabili compositioni, vel juris disceptationi submissâa.'
50. E.g. the alliance of 30 August 1454 between Firenze, Milano and Venezia DM III, 1, 221-224. DM III, 1, 221-224
51. This one example prior to 1648 concerned the treaty of 12 May 1629 between the emperor and Denmark, art. 1. DM V, 2, 585. After 1648 more examples can be quoted: treaty of 15 August 1684 between France and the Empire, art. 19. Parry XVII, 134. Treaty of 26 January 1699 between the emperor and Turkye, art. 11. Parry XXII, 228. Treaty of 30 August 1721 between Russia and Sweden, art. 22. Parry XXXI, 352. Treaty of 7 August 1743 between Russia and Sweden, art. 19. Parry XXXVII, 173 between the emperor and Denmark, art. 1. DM V, 2, 585. After 1648 more examples can be quoted: treaty of 15 August 1684 between France and the Empire, art. 19. Parry XVII, 134. Treaty of 26 January 1699 between the emperor and Turkye, art. 11. Parry XXII, 228. Treaty of 30 August 1721 between Russia and Sweden, art. 22. Parry XXXI, 352. Treaty of 7 August 1743 between Russia and Sweden, art. 19. Parry XXXVII, 173
52. Treaty of 19 January 1493, art. 5-6. DM III, 2, 299. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 14. DM IV, 2, 285. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 17-18. DM V, 1, 36-37. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 24. DM V, 1, 563. September 1544, art. 14. DM IV, 2, 285. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 17-18. DM V, 1, 36-37. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 24. DM V, 1, 563
53. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 21. Parry I, 19-20
54. See also art. 17, 6 par. IPO or par. 124 IPM: 'Et nulli omnini Statuum liceat Jus suum vi vel armis persequi.' Imperii liceat Jus suum vi vel armis persequi.'
55. In art. 17ar. 4 IPO and par. 122 IPM any breach of the treaty is said to be punishable as a breach of the public peace. This is an internal constitutional regulation. Randelzhofer, Völkerrechtliche Aspekte, 219-223 and 254-259. to be punishable as a breach of the public peace. This is an internal constitutional regulation. See also: Randelzhofer, Vö lkerrechtliche Aspekte, 219-223 and 254-259
56. Mario Toscano, 'Sicurezza collettiva e garanzie internazionali nei trattati di Vestfalia,' Archivio Storico Italiano LVI (1939) 411
57. In art. 17ar. 5 IPO it was made very clear that the obligations of the paragraph extended to all signatories paragraph extended to all signatories
58. Mario Toscano thought that this clause would only apply for territories within the Empire. He argued that reference was made to imperial justice and the laws of the Empire. This however does not alter the fact that France - in case of a revocation of the concessions made in the Münster treaties to France - as a sovereign state could be - and would be - directly involved in the conflicts ruled by the article. And though the reference to the imperial justice might exclude France, it did not impede conflict resolution by friendly means. Toscano, 'Sicurezza collettiva,' 411. within the Empire. He argued that reference was made to imperial justice and the laws of the Empire. This however does not alter the fact that France - in case of a revocation of the concessions made in the Münster treaties to France - as a sovereign state could be - and would be - directly involved in the conflicts ruled by the article. And though the reference to the imperial justice might exclude France, it did not impede conflict resolution by friendly means. Toscano, 'Sicurezza collettiva,' 411
59. Par. 124 IPM
60. Its constitutional character is stressed by the art. 17ar. 7 IPO and par. 125 IPM concerning the restoration of the Kreitzen as a means of guaranteeing the peace. par. 125 IPM concerning the restoration of the Kreitzen as a means of guaranteeing the peace
61. See also: Duchhardt, 'Westfälischer Friede,' 533-537
62. Art. 1. DM III, 1, 222. On the Italian league: Nicolai Rubinstein, 'Das politische System Italiens in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts,' Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. Beiheft V (1988) 105-119. politische System Italiens in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts,' Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. Beiheft V (1988) 105-119
63. Treaty of 22 September 1504 between Burgundy, the Empire, France and Spain, art. 4. Mariño III-I (Madrid, 1982) 68. First treaty of 10 December 1508 between Burgundy, the Empire, France and Gelre, art. 18. Mariño III-I, 189-190. Treaty of 24 March 1515 between France and Spain, art. 12. Mariño III-II (Madrid, 1984) 21. Treaty of 22 May 1526 between Firenze, France, Milano, the Pope and Venezia, art. 18. DM IV, 1, 454. Spain, art. 4. Mariño III-I (Madrid, 1982) 68. First treaty of 10 December 1508 between Burgundy, the Empire, France and Gelre, art. 18. Mariño III-I, 189-190. Treaty of 24 March 1515 between France and Spain, art. 12. Mariño III-II (Madrid, 1984) 21. Treaty of 22 May 1526 between Firenze, France, Milano, the Pope and Venezia, art. 18. DM IV, 1, 454
64. Art. 22. Parry IV, 447. Other examples: Treaty of 23 April 1660 between Denmark and Sweden, art. 36. Parry VI, 45-46. Treaty of 19 January 1668 between France and the Empire, art. 9. Parry X, 391. Treaty of 15 April 1668 between England, France and the United Provinces, art. 7. Parry XI, 21. Treaty of 17 September 1678 between France and Spain, art. 31. Parry XIV, 473. Treaty of 18 November 1705 between Poland and Sweden, art. 10. Parry XXV, 372-373. Denmark and Sweden, art. 36. Parry VI, 45-46. Treaty of 19 January 1668 between France and the Empire, art. 9. Parry X, 391. Treaty of 15 April 1668 between England, France and the United Provinces, art. 7. Parry XI, 21. Treaty of 17 September 1678 between France and Spain, art. 31. Parry XIV, 473. Treaty of 18 November 1705 between Poland and Sweden, art. 10. Parry XXV, 372-373
65. Treaty of 22 July 1718 between the Emperor, France, Great Britain and the United Provinces, art. 5. Parry XXX, 426. Treaty of 22 July 1731 between Great Britain, Spain and the United Provinces, art. 5. Parry XXXIII, 370. Treaty of 3 October 1735 between the Emperor and France, art. 6. Parry XXXIV, 289. Treaty of 18 November 1738 between the Empire and France, art. 9 and 10. Parry XXXV, 203-206. Treaty of 28 May 1741 between Bavaria and Spain, art. 11. Parry XXXVI, 199. Treaty of 15 February 1763 between Austria and Prussia, art. 16. Parry XLII, 355. United Provinces, art. 5. Parry XXX, 426. Treaty of 22 July 1731 between Great Britain, Spain and the United Provinces, art. 5. Parry XXXIII, 370. Treaty of 3 October 1735 between the Emperor and France, art. 6. Parry XXXIV, 289. Treaty of 18 November 1738 between the Empire and France, art. 9 and 10. Parry XXXV, 203-206. Treaty of 28 May 1741 between Bavaria and Spain, art. 11. Parry XXXVI, 199. Treaty of 15 February 1763 between Austria and Prussia, art. 16. Parry XLII, 355
66. Treaty of 3 November 1492, art. 12. DM III, 2, 294. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 43. Mariño III-III, 169-170. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 43-45. DM IV, 2, 12-13. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 11. DM IV, 2, 44. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 21. DM IV, 2, 286. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 18. DM V, 1, 34. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 46. DM V, 1, 40-41. Treaty of 2 May 1598, final clauses, DM V, 1, 563-564. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 34-35. DM V, 2, 35-36. Treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 32-34. DM V, 2, 623. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 72. Parry I, 86. On the Italian origins of the system: Giovanni Soranzo, Collegati, raccomandati, aderenti negli Stati italiani dei secoli XIV e XV, Archivio Storico Italiano XCIX (1941) 3-35 1526, art. 43. Mariño III-III, 169-170. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 43-45. DM IV, 2, 12-13. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 11. DM IV, 2, 44. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 21. DM IV, 2, 286. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 18. DM V, 1, 34. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 46. DM V, 1, 40-41. Treaty of 2 May 1598, final clauses, DM V, 1, 563-564. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 34-35. DM V, 2, 35-36. Treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 32-34. DM V, 2, 623. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 72. Parry I, 86. On the Italian origins of the system: Giovanni Soranzo, 'Collegati, raccomandati, aderenti negli Stati italiani dei secoli XIV e XV,' Archivio Storico Italiano XCIX (1941) 3-35
67. Randall Lesaffer, 'Tussen respublica Christiana en ius publicum van de Europese rechtsordening in alliantieverdragen van de vroege Nieuwe Tijd Handelingen van het XVde Belgisch-Nederlandse Rechtshistorisch Congres. Katholieke Universiteit Brabant. Tilburg, 24 en 25 januari 1997 europaeum: de ontwikkeling van de Europese rechtsordening in alliantieverdragen van de vroege Nieuwe Tijd (1450-1600),' in: Beatrix Jacobs (ed.), De rechtspraktijk in beeld. Van Justinianus tot de Duitse bezetting. Handelingen van het XVde Belgisch-Nederlandse Rechtshistorisch Congres. Katholieke Universiteit Brabant. Tilburg, 24 en 25 januari 1997 (Tilburg 1997) 110-118
68. About the concept of interstate friendship see my contribution to the the Conference organized at the Law Faculty of the Catholic University of Leuven on lus Commune op Nieuwe Wegen? Recente tendenzen in de Studie van de receptie van het Romeins Recht (K. U. Leuven, Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid, 24 maart 1997) that will be published in 1998: 'The concept of Amicitia in Renaissance Peace and Alliance Treaties Acts of the Conference organized at the Law Faculty of the Catholic University of Leuven on lus Commune op Nieuwe Wegen? Recente tendenzen in de Studie van de receptie van het Romeins Recht (K. U. Leuven, Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid, 24 maart 1997) that will be published in 1998: 'The concept of Amicitia in Renaissance Peace and Alliance Treaties.'
69. 'Pax sit Christiana, univeraliserpetua': art. 1 IPO and par. 1 IPM
70. Fisch, Krieg und Frieden im Friedensvertrag, 355-366
71. Par. 71 and 73-75 IPM
72. Art. 10 IPO
73. Art. 11-15 IPO
74. Art. 4 IPO. Par. 12-36 and 50-61 IPM
75. Art. 6 IPO. Par. 63 IPM
76. 'Hunc Ducatum Pomeraniae, Rugiaeque principatum, una cum ditionibus locisque annexis, omnibusque et singulis ad ea pertinentibus, territoriisraefecturis, urbibus, castellis, oppidis, vicisagis, hominibus, feudis, fluminibus, insulis, lacubus, littoribusortubus, stationibus, antiquis vectigalibus et reditibus, ac quibuscunque aliis ecclesiasticis ac secularibus bonis, nec non titulis, dignitatibusraeeminentiis, immunitatibus et praerogativis, caeterisque omnibus ac singulis ecclesiasticis et secularibus iuribus ac privilegiis, quibus antecessores Pomeraniae Duces ea habueruni, art. 10ar. 1 IPO, Tertio, Imperator pro se totaque Serenissima Domo Austriacâ, itemque Imperium, cedunt omnibus juribusroprietatibus, dominusossessionibus ac jurisdictionibus, quae hactenus sibi, Imperio & Familiae Austriacae competebant in Oppidum Brisacumar. 73 IPM locisque annexis, omnibusque et singulis ad ea pertinentibus, territoriisraefecturis, urbibus, castellis, oppidis, vicisagis, hominibus, feudis, fluminibus, insulis, lacubus, littoribusortubus, stationibus, antiquis vectigalibus et reditibus, ac quibuscunque aliis ecclesiasticis ac secularibus bonis, nec non titulis, dignitatibusraeeminentiis, immunitatibus et praerogativis, caeterisque omnibus ac singulis ecclesiasticis et secularibus iuribus ac privilegiis, quibus antecessores Pomeraniae Duces ea habueruni': art. 10ar. 1 IPO. 'Tertio, Imperator pro se totaque Serenissima Domo Austriacâ, itemque Imperium, cedunt omnibus juribusroprietatibus, dominusossessionibus ac jurisdictionibus, quae hactenus sibi, Imperio & Familiae Austriacae competebant in Oppidum Brisacum...': par. 73 IPM
77. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 3. Mariño III-III, 132-133. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 6 and 9. DM IV, 2, 9-10. Treaty of 2 April 1559 between England and France, art. 7. DM V, 1, 32. Treaty of 3 April 1559 between France and Spain, art. 12. DM V, 1, 36. of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 6 and 9. DM IV, 2, 9-10. Treaty of 2 April 1559 between England and France, art. 7. DM V, 1, 32. Treaty of 3 April 1559 between France and Spain, art. 12. DM V, 1, 36
78. Exceptionally there was a provision on how to solve future conflicts over borders, but there were no preventive settlements. The solution came down to the nomination of commissionaries by both parties. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 21. DM V, 1, 37. borders, but there were no preventive settlements. The solution came down to the nomination of commissionaries by both parties. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 21. DM V, 1, 37
79. Art. 10ar. 1 and 4 and art. 13ar. 1 IPO. Par. 80 IPM. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 3. Marino III-III, 133. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 7. DM IV, 2, 7. January 1526, art. 3. Marino III-III, 133. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 7. DM IV, 2, 7
80. Art. 13ar. 11 IPO. Par. 76 and 79 IPM. See also: Treaty of 14 January 5. Marino III-III, 136. 1526, art. 5. Marino III-III, 136
81. Jörg Fisch, Die europäische Expansion und das Völkerrecht Auseinandersetzungen um den Status der überseeischen Gebiete vom 15. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart Die Auseinandersetzungen um den Status der überseeischen Gebiete vom 15. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart (Stuttgart, 1984) 75-81
82. Wilhelm G. Grewe, Epochen der Völkerrechtsgeschichte (Baden Baden 1984) 273-294
83. First treaty of 22 September 1504 between the emperor and France, art. 3 Mariño III-I, 59-60. Treaty of 13 October 1516 between France and Spain, art. 1. Mariño III-II, 88. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 22. Mariño III-III, 147-148. Mariño III-I, 59-60. Treaty of 13 October 1516 between France and Spain, art. 1. Mariño III-II, 88. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 22. Mariño III-III, 147-148
84. Art. 4ar. 21, 28, 40 and 55 IPO. Par. 48 IPM
85. Treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 82. DM III, 2, 106. Treaty of 19 January 1493 between France and Spain, art. 5-6. DM III, 2, 299. Treaty of 23 May 1493, art. 4. DM III, 2, 304. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 2. DM IV, 2, 8. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 14. DM IV, 2, 285. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 17. DM V, 1, 36-37. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 23. DM V, 1, 563. 1493 between France and Spain, art. 5-6. DM III, 2, 299. Treaty of 23 May 1493, art. 4. DM III, 2, 304. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 2. DM IV, 2, 8. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 14. DM IV, 2, 285. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 17. DM V, 1, 36-37. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 23. DM V, 1, 563
86. Par. 66 IPM
87. Par. 97-103 IPM
88. The most important examples are the French-Spanish agreement on the settlement of the war between France and Savoye in the treaty of 2 May 1598 (art. 24. DM V, 1, 563) and the treaty of Cherasco of 6 April 1631 as a whole. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 20-21. Marino III-III, 145-146. settlement of the war between France and Savoye in the treaty of 2 May 1598 (art. 24. DM V, 1, 563) and the treaty of Cherasco of 6 April 1631 as a whole. See also: Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 20-21. Marino III-III, 145-146
89. Par. 127 IPM
90. See also: Fritz Dickmann, 'Rechtsgedanke und Machtpolitik bei Richelieu Quellen Studien an neu entdeckten Quellen,' Historische Zeitschrift CXCVI (1963) 265-319
91. 'absolution totale, rapel de tous bans, defauts & contumaces au d'une party & d'autre, de quelconques cas, delits, crimes, ou offenses que l'on pourrait leur imposer, treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 42. DM III, 2, 103. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 1. Marin̄o III-III, 130, demeurant dés maintenant à toûjours toutes causes & occasions d'inimitié éteintes, & de tout en tout abolies, treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 280, oubliant toutes choses ci-devant mal passées, quelles qu'elles soient, qui demeureront abolies & eteintes, sans qu 'à jamais ils en fassent ressentiment quelconque, treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 2. DM V, 1, 35. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 2. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 2. DM V, 2, 33, omnium abolitio fit & censeatur facta ab hodie in antea, omnisque actio extincta habeatur, treat Sujets d'une party & d'autre, de quelconques cas, delits, crimes, ou offenses que l'on pourrait leur imposer': treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 42. DM III, 2, 103. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 1. Marin̄o III-III, 130. 'demeurant dés maintenant à toûjours toutes causes & occasions d'inimitié éteintes, & de tout en tout abolies': treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 280. 'oubliant toutes choses ci-devant mal passées, quelles qu'elles soient, qui demeureront abolies & eteintes, sans qu 'à jamais ils en fassent ressentiment quelconque': treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 2. DM V, 1, 35. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 2. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 2. DM V, 2, 33. 'omnium abolitio fit & censeatur facta ab hodie in antea, omnisque actio extincta habeatur': treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 2. DM V, 2, 621. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 22. DM VI, 1, 318. 'amnestia offensionum & damnorum': treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 4. Parry I, 12. See about those amnesty clauses in early modern treaty practice: Fisch, Krieg und Frieden in Friedensvertrag, 92-112
92. See also: Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge des Deutschen Ordens, 381-386
93. 'Sit utrinque parte oblivio et Amnestia omnium rerum, quae ab initio moluum, quocunque loco modove, ab una vel ab altera parte ultro citroque hostiliter facta sunt; ita ut nee eorum, nee ullius alterius rei caussa vel praetextu alter alteri posthac quicquam hostilitatis aut inimicitiae, molestiae vel impedimenti, quoad personas, statum, bona vel securitatemer se vel per alios, clam aut palam, directe vel indirecte, specie iuris aut via facti, in Imperium aut uspiam extra illud, inferat vel inferri faciat aut patiatur; Sed omnes et singulae hinc inde, tarn ante bellum, quam in bello, verbis, scriptis aut factis illatae iniuriae, violentiae, hostilitates, damna, expensae, absque omni personarum rerumve respectu, ita penitus abolitae sint, ut quicquid alter adversus alterum praetendere posseterpetua sit oblivione sepultum, art. 2 IPO and par. 2 IPM horum moluum, quocunque loco modove, ab una vel ab altera parte ultro citroque hostiliter facta sunt; ita ut nee eorum, nee ullius alterius rei caussa vel praetextu alter alteri posthac quicquam hostilitatis aut inimicitiae, molestiae vel impedimenti, quoad personas, statum, bona vel securitatemer se vel per alios, clam aut palam, directe vel indirecte, specie iuris aut via facti, in Imperium aut uspiam extra illud...inferat vel inferri faciat aut patiatur; Sed omnes et singulae hinc inde, tarn ante bellum, quam in bello, verbis, scriptis aut factis illatae iniuriae, violentiae, hostilitates, damna, expensae, absque omni personarum rerumve respectu, ita penitus abolitae sint, ut quicquid alter adversus alterum praetendere posseterpetua sit oblivione sepultum': art. 2 IPO and par. 2 IPM
94. Art. 1. DM V, 1, 350
95. Treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 24, 43, 44, 49-53 and 59-60. DM III, 2 102-105. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 29. Marin̄o III-III, 159-163. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 31. DM IV, 2, 13. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 7, 9-10 and 42. DM V, 1, 35-36 and 40. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 7-10. DM V, 1, 562. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 31. DM V, 2, 35. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 21, 22 and 36. DM VI, 1, 317 and 319. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 24. Parry I, 21-22. Regulations regarding the monarchs themselves or some high nobles or clergymen: treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 54-57 and 73. DM III, 2, 104 and 106. Treaty of 23 May 1493, art. 10, 21-22, 24-27 and 31. DM III, 2, 304-306. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 27. Mariño III-III, 157. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 35. DM IV, 2, 13-14. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 8-10 and 15 102-105. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 29. Marin̄o III-III, 159-163. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 31. DM IV, 2, 13. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 7, 9-10 and 42. DM V, 1, 35-36 and 40. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 7-10. DM V, 1, 562. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 31. DM V, 2, 35. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 21, 22 and 36. DM VI, 1, 317 and 319. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 24. Parry I, 21-22. Regulations regarding the monarchs themselves or some high nobles or clergymen: treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 54-57 and 73. DM III, 2, 104 and 106. Treaty of 23 May 1493, art. 10, 21-22, 24-27 and 31. DM III, 2, 304-306. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 27. Mariño III-III, 157. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 35. DM IV, 2, 13-14. Treaty of 18 September 1544, art. 8-10 and 15. DM IV, 2, 283 and 285. See also: Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge des Deutschen Ordens, 411-412 and 453-462
96. Par. 12-34 and 50 IPM
97. Art. 3 IPO. Par. 6 IPM
98. Art. 4ar. 54 IPO. Par. 47 IPM
99. Treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 42. DM III, 2, 103. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 28. Mariño III-III, 157-158. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 7. DM V, 1, 35. Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge des Deutschen Ordens, 416-417. 1526, art. 28. Mariño III-III, 157-158. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 7. DM V, 1, 35. See also: Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge des Deutschen Ordens, 416-417
100. Par. 44 IPM
101. Par. 45 IPM
102. E.g. of criminals: treaty of 19 January 1493, art. 7. DM III, 2, 300 Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 28. Mariño III-III, 157-158. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 28. Mariño III-III, 157-158
103. Par. 68 IPM
104. Par. 38-39 IPM
105. Such settlements could differ a lot from treaty to treaty. The treaty of 23 December 1482 contained stipulations both for mortgages and for personal indebtments, art. 44-45. DM III, 2, 104. treaty of 23 May 1493, art. 24-25 and 28. DM III, 2, 306. For another settlement: treaty of 19 January 1493, art. 17. DM III, 2, 299. 23 December 1482 contained stipulations both for mortgages and for personal indebtments, art. 44-45. DM III, 2, 104. See also treaty of 23 May 1493, art. 24-25 and 28. DM III, 2, 306. For another settlement: treaty of 19 January 1493, art. 17. DM III, 2, 299
106. Par. 41 IPM. The regulations of other treaties amounted to much the same effect: treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 29. Mariño III-III, 160. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 24. DM VI, 1, 316. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 22. Parry I, 21. effect: treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 29. Mariño III-III, 160. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 24. DM VI, 1, 316. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 22. Parry I, 21
107. 'Et quia publice interest, ut facta pace commercia vicissim reflorescant ideo conventum est, ut, quae eorum praeiudicio, et contra utilitatem publicam hinc inde per Imperium belli occasione noviterropria auctoritate, contra iurarivilegia et sine consensu Imperatoris atque Electorum Imperii invecta sunt vectigalia et telonia, ut et abusus Bullae Brabantinae indeque natae repressaliae et arresta, cum inductis peregrinis certificationibus, exactionibus, detentionibus, itemque immoderata postarum omniaque alia inusitata onera et impedimenta, quibus commerciorum el navigationis usus deterior redditus estenitus tollantur, art. 9 IPO. Also par. 69 IPM. Treaty of 9 April 1454 between Florence, Milan and Venice, art. 21. DM III, 1, 204. Third treaty of 29 August 1475, art. 3. DM III, 1, 504. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 31. Marino III-III, 161-162. Treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 24. DM VI, 1, 622. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art ideo conventum est, ut, quae eorum praeiudicio, et contra utilitatem publicam hinc inde per Imperium belli occasione noviterropria auctoritate, contra iurarivilegia et sine consensu Imperatoris atque Electorum Imperii invecta sunt vectigalia et telonia, ut et abusus Bullae Brabantinae indeque natae repressaliae et arresta, cum inductis peregrinis certificationibus, exactionibus, detentionibus, itemque immoderata postarum omniaque alia inusitata onera et impedimenta, quibus commerciorum el navigationis usus deterior redditus estenitus tollantur': art. 9 IPO. Also par. 69 IPM. Treaty of 9 April 1454 between Florence, Milan and Venice, art. 21. DM III, 1, 204. Third treaty of 29 August 1475, art. 3. DM III, 1, 504. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 31. Marino III-III, 161-162. Treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 24. DM VI, 1, 622. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 11. Parry I, 16. Leo Gross held the opinion that the Westphalia peace treaties were innovative on this point. This was not correct. Gross, 'The Peace of Westphalia,' 25-26
108. Art. 16ar. 4 IPO. Par. 110 IPM. Treaty of 3 November 1492, art. 7. DM III, 2, 293. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 33. DM IV, 2, 13. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 20. DM V, 1, 563. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 30. DM V, 2, 35. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 31. DM VI, 1, 319. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 63. Parry I, 35-36. III, 2, 293. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 33. DM IV, 2, 13. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 20. DM V, 1, 563. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 30. DM V, 2, 35. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 31. DM VI, 1, 319. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 63. Parry I, 35-36
109. Third treaty of 29 August 1475, art. 2. DM III, 1, 504. Treaty of 3 November 1492, art. 6. DM III, 2, 293. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 8. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 2. DM IV, 2, 43. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 2-3. DM V, 1, 32. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 1. DM V, 1, 35. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 2. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 3-2. DM V, 2, 32. Treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 3 and 5. DM V, 2, 621. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 35. DM VI, 1, 320. November 1492, art. 6. DM III, 2, 293. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 8. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 2. DM IV, 2, 43. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 2-3. DM V, 1, 32. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 1. DM V, 1, 35. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 2. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 3-2. DM V, 2, 32. Treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 3 and 5. DM V, 2, 621. Treaty of 13 August 1645, art. 35. DM VI, 1, 320
110. Third treaty of 29 August 1475, art. 4. DM III, 1, 502. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 28. Mariño III-III, 157-158. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 7-8. DM IV, 2, 44. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 4. DM V, 1, 30. Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge des Deutschen Ordens, 442-446. January 1526, art. 28. Mariño III-III, 157-158. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 7-8. DM IV, 2, 44. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 4. DM V, 1, 30. See also: Neitmann, Die Staatsverträge des Deutschen Ordens, 442-446
111. Par. 3 IPM. These specifications were also to be found in some of the previous treaties mentioned in note 81. previous treaties mentioned in note 81
112. Third treaty of 29 August 1475, art. 2. DM III, 1, 504. Treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 19. DM III, 2, 102. Treaty of 3 November 1492, art. 3. DM III, 2, 293. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 2. Marino III-III, 130-131. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 43. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 5. DM V, 1, 32. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 4. DM V, 1, 35. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 2. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 15 November 1635, art. 7. DM V, 2, 621. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 4 and 30. Parry I, 12 and 24. December 1482, art. 19. DM III, 2, 102. Treaty of 3 November 1492, art. 3. DM III, 2, 293. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 2. Marino III-III, 130-131. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 1. DM IV, 2, 43. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 5. DM V, 1, 32. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 4. DM V, 1, 35. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 2. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 15 November 1635, art. 7. DM V, 2, 621. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 4 and 30. Parry I, 12 and 24
113. Treaty of 14 January 1526, art. 2. Mariño III-III, 130-131. Treaty of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 6. DM IV, 2, 44. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 5. DM V, 1, 35. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 4. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 6. DM V, 2, 32. of 5 August 1529 between England and Spain, art. 6. DM IV, 2, 44. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 5. DM V, 1, 35. Treaty of 2 May 1598, art. 4. DM V, 1, 561. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 6. DM V, 2, 32
114. Treaty of 15 November 1630, art. 25. DM V, 2, 623. In art. 20 of the Spanish-Dutch treaty of Münster of 30 January 1648 was agreed that no confiscations would be enacted, even not in case of war. Parry I, 19. Spanish-Dutch treaty of Münster of 30 January 1648 was agreed that no confiscations would be enacted, even not in case of war. Parry I, 19
115. 'et provinciisortubus, fluminibus quibuscunque sua pristina securilas iurisdictio et ususrout ante hos motus bellicos a plurimis retro annis fuit, restituantur et inviolabi liter conserventur.' note 79. The article contained the abolition of all wartime impediments to trade, including reprisals. iurisdictio et ususrout ante hos motus bellicos a plurimis retro annis fuit, restituantur et inviolabi liter conserventur.' See also note 79. The article contained the abolition of all wartime impediments to trade, including reprisals
116. 'turn ut plena sit commerciorum libertas et transitus ubique locorum terra marique tutus, adeoque ea omnibus et singulis utriusque partis foederatorum Vasallis, subditis clientibus et incolis, eundi, negociandi, redeundique potestas data sit.' terra marique tutus, adeoque ea omnibus et singulis utriusque partis foederatorum Vasallis, subditis clientibus et incolis, eundi, negociandi, redeundique potestas data sit.'
117. 'quos etiam magistratus utrinque contra iniustas oppressiones et violentias instar propriorum subditorum defendere ac protegere teneantur; hac conventione, ut et iure legeque cuiusque loci per omnia salvis.' violentias instar propriorum subditorum defendere ac protegere teneantur; hac conventione, ut et iure legeque cuiusque loci per omnia salvis.'
118. Treaty of 23 December 1482, art. 80-81. DM III, 2, 106. Treaty of 3 November 1492, art. 11. DM III, 2, 293-294. Treaty of 23 May 1493, art. 38. DM III, 2, 307. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 4. DM V, 1, 32. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 2 and 29. DM V, 2, 32 and 35. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 60. Parry I, 35. November 1492, art. 11. DM III, 2, 293-294. Treaty of 23 May 1493, art. 38. DM III, 2, 307. Treaty of 2 April 1559, art. 4. DM V, 1, 32. Treaty of 18 August 1604, art. 2 and 29. DM V, 2, 32 and 35. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 60. Parry I, 35
119. Par. 83 and 84 IPM
120. Art. 16ar. 17 IPO. Par. 118 IPM
121. Concerning fortifications: Treaty of 2 April 1559 between England and Scotland, art. 5. DM V, 1, 29. Treaty of 2 April 1559 between England and France, art. 14. DM V, 1, 33. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 13, 22 and 37. DM V, 1, 36-37 and 39. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 58. Parry I, 34. Concerning troops: treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 4. DM IV, 2, 10. Scotland, art. 5. DM V, 1, 29. Treaty of 2 April 1559 between England and France, art. 14. DM V, 1, 33. Treaty of 3 April 1559, art. 13, 22 and 37. DM V, 1, 36-37 and 39. Treaty of 30 January 1648, art. 58. Parry I, 34. Concerning troops: treaty of 5 August 1529 between France and Spain, art. 4. DM IV, 2, 10
122. Some very distinct clauses only concerned the international dimension, as those of art. 1, 2 and art. 17ar. 7-8 IPO or par. 1, 2, 3 and 127 IPM. those of art. 1, 2 and art. 17ar. 7-8 IPO or par. 1, 2, 3 and 127 IPM
123. It was explicitly agreed that the liberty of movement of persons and of trade would also apply to the allies of the signatories of the Westphalia treaties. These rights were traditionally understood to be included in the amicitia-concept trade would also apply to the allies of the signatories of the Westphalia treaties. These rights were traditionally understood to be included in the amicitia-concept