Surgery of radiation: Is there really a choice for early prostate cancer

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 11-27

  Van Erps, Peter ^a   Van Den Weyngaert, Danielle ^b   Denis, Louis ^a  

^a ANTWERP UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^b NONE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIANDROGEN; FLUTAMIDE; GOSERELIN; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CRYOSURGERY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MALE; PROSTATE CANCER; PROSTATECTOMY; REVIEW; TUMOR VOLUME;

EID: 17644430611     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1040-8428(97)10005-1     Document Type: Article

References (146)

1. [1] Parker LS, Tong T, Balden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 1996;46:5.
2. [2] Jensen OM. Cancer in the European Community and its member states. Eur J Cancer 1990;26:1167-256.
3. [3] Schmie HP. Natural follow-up of prostate cancer and consequences for early detection. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1993;82:1239.
4. [4] Schroder FH, Hermanek P, Denis L, Fair WR, Gospodarowicz MK, Pavone-Macaluso M. The TNM classification of prostate cancer. Prostate 1992;4 (Suppl):129.
5. [5] Zagars GK, Geara FB, Pollack A, von Eschenbach AC. The T classification of clinically localised prostate cancer. Cancer 1904;73:1994.
6. [6] Stillwell TJ, Malek RS, Engen DE, Farrow GM. Incidental adenocarcinoma after open prostatectomy. J Urol 1989;141:76.
7. [7] Sheldon CA, Williams RD, Fraley EE. Incidental carcinoma of the prostate:review of the litterature and critical reappraisal of classification. J Urol 1980;124:626.
8. [8] Franks LM. Etiology,epidemiology, and pathology of prostatic cancer. Cancer 1973;32:1092.
9. [9] McNeal JE. Origin and development of carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 1969;23:24.
10. [10] Franks LM. Latent carcinoma of the prostate. J Pathol Bacteriol 1954;68:603-16.
11. [11] McNeal JE, Bostwick DG, Kindrachuk RA, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Patterns of progression in prostate cancer. Lancet 1986;1:60.
12. [12] Stamey TA, Freiha FS, McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Whittemore AS, Schmid HP. Localised prostate cancer. Relationship of tumour volume to clinical significance for treatment of prostate cancer. Cancer 1993;71:933.
13. [13] Ohori M, Wheeler TM, Dunn JK, Stamey TA, Scardino PT. The pathological features and prognosis of prostate cancers detectable with current diagnostic tests. J Urol 1994;152:1714-20.
14. [14] Epstein JI, et al. Small high grade adenocarcinoma of the prostate in radical prostatectomy specimens performed for nonpalpable disease: pathogenetic and clinical implications. J Urol 1994;151:1587-92.
15. [15] Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al. Measurement of prostate specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 1991;324:1156.
16. [16] Schröder FH, et al. European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer: progress report of Antwerp and Rotterdam pilot studies. Cancer 1995;76:129-34.
17. [17] Smith DS, Catalona WJ. The nature of prostate cancer detected through prostate specific antigen based screening. J Urol 1994;152:1732-6.
18. [18] McNeal JE, Price HM, Redwine EA, et al. Stage A versus stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate: morphological comparison and biological significance. J Urol 1988;139:61.
19. [19] McNeal JE, Villers A, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Capsular penetration in prostate cancer. Significance for natural history and treatment. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14(3):240-7.
20. [20] McNeal JE, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TS. Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma with histologic pattern and direction of spread. Am J Surg Pathol 1988;12:897.
21. [21] Rosen MA, Goldstone L, Lapin S, Wheeler T, Scardino PT. Frequency and location of extracapsular extension and positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. J Urol 1992;148:331.
22. [22] Greene DR, et al. Relationship between clinical stage and histologic zone of origin in early prostate cancer: morphometric analysis. Br J Urol 1991;68:499-509.
23. [23] Schmie HP. Natural follow-up of prostate cancer and consequences for early detection. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1993;82:1239.
24. [24] McNeal JE, Villers A, Redwine EA, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Capsular penetration in prostate cancer. Significance for natural history and treatment. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14(3):240-7.
25. [25] Thompson IM, Zeidman EJ. Extended follow-up of stage A1 carcinoma of prostate. Urology 1989;33:455.
26. [26] Lowe BA, Liström MB. Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: an analysis of the predictors of progression. J Urol 1988;140:1340-4.
27. [27] Johansson JE. Expectant management of early stage prostate cancer: Swedish experience. J Urol 1994;152:1753-6.
28. [28] Ohori M, Wheeler TM, Dunn JK, Stamey TA, Scardino PT. The pathological features and prognosis of prostate cancers detectable with current diagnostic tests. J Urol 1994;152:1714-20.
29. [29] Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, Brendler CB. Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage T1c) prostate cancer. J Am Med Assoc 1994;271:192.
30. [30] Madsen P, Graversen PH, Gasser TC, Corle DK. Treatment of localized prostatic cancer. Radical prostatectomy versus placebo. A 15-year follow-up. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1988;110 (Suppl):95.
31. [31] Chodak GW, Thisted RA, Gerber GS, et al. Results of conservative management of clinically localized prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 1994;330:242.
32. [32] Partin AW, Pound CR, Clemens JQ, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Prostate-specific antigen after anatomic radical prostatectomy: the Johns-Hopkins experience after 10 years. Urol Clin North Am 1993;20:713.
33. [33] Adolfsson J. Deferred treatment of low grade stage T3 prostate cancer without distant metastases. J Urol 1993;149:326-9.
34. [34] Fleming C, Wasson JH, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ, Wennberg JE. A decision analysis of alternative treatment strategies for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Am Med Assoc 1993;269:2650.
35. [35] Adolfsson J. Deferred treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1995;21:333-40.
36. [36] Bagshaw MA. Radiation therapy for cancer of the prostate. In: Skinner DG, Liekovsky G, editors. Management of Genitourinary Cancer. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1988:425-45.
37. [37] Bluestein DL, Bostwick DG, Bergstrahl EJ, Oesterling JE. Eliminating the need for bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy in selected patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 1994;151:1315.
38. [38] Donohue RE, et al. Stage D1 adenocarcinoma of prostate. Urology 1984;23(2):118-21.
39. [39] Danella JF, deKernion JB, Smith RB, Steckel J. The contemporary incidence of lymphnodes metastases in prostate cancer: implications for laparoscopic lymphnode dissection. J Urol 1993;149:1488.
40. [40] Petros JA, Catalona WJ. Lower incidence of unsuspected lymphnode metastases in 521 consecutive patients with clinically localised prostate cancer. J Urol 1992;147:1574.
41. [41] Alexander RB, Maguire MG, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Pathological stage is higher in older men with clinical stage B1 adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1990;141:880.
42. [42] Goldmann L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, et al. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. New Engl J Med 1977;297:845.
43. [43] Pedersen T, Eliasen K, Henriksen E. A prospective study of mortality associated with anaesthesia and surgery: risk indicators of mortality in hospital. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1990;34:179.
44. [44] Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, Basler JW. Detection of organ-confined prostate cancer is increased through prostate-specific antigen based screening. J Am Med Assoc 1993;270:948.
45. [45] Partin AW, Yoo JK, Carter HB, et al. The use of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage and Gleason score to predict pathological stage in men with localized prostate cancer. J Urol 1993;150:110.
46. [46] Van den Ouden D, et al. Radical prostatectomy as amonotherapy for locally advanced (stage T3) prostate cancer. J Urol 1994;151:646-51.
47. [47] Reiner WG, Walsh PC. An anatomical approach to the surgical management of the dorsal vein and Santorini's plexus during radical retropubic surgery. J Urol 1979;121:198.
48. [48] Walsh PC, Donker PJ. Impotence following radical prostatectomy: insight into etiology and prevention. J Urol 1982;128:492.
49. [49] Walsh PC, Lepor H, Eggleston JC. Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: anatomical and pathological considerations. Prostate 1983;4:473.
50. [50] Walsh PC, Epstein JI, Lowe FC. Potency following radical prostatectomy with wide unilateral excision of the neurovascular bundle. J Urol 1983;138:823.
51. [51] Paulson DF, Frazier HA. Radical prostatectomy. In: Krane RJ, Siroky MB, Fitzpatrick JM, editors. Clinical Urology. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott, 1994:1030.
52. [52] Paulson DF, Moul JW, Walther PJ, Robertson JE. Post-operative radiotherapy of the prostate for patients undergoing radical postatectomy with positive margins, seminal vesicle involvement and/or penetration through the capsule. J Urol 1990;143:1178.
53. [53] Oesterling JE, Chan DW, Epstein JI, et al. Prostate-specific antigen in the pre-operative and post-operative evaluation of localized prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1988;139:766.
54. [54] Takayama T, Krieger JN, True LD, Lange PH. Recurrent prostate-cancer despite undetectable prostate-specific antigen. J Urol 1992;148:1541.
55. [55] Lightner DJ, Lange PH, Reddy PK, Moore L. Prostate-specific antigen and local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1990;144:921.
56. [56] Paulson DF. Impact of radical prostatectomy in the management of clinically localized disease. J Urol 1826;152:1994.
57. [57] Borland NC, Wolsh PC. The management of rectal injury during radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 1992;147:905.
58. [58] Igel TC, Barrett DM, Rife CC. Comparison of techniques for vesicourethral anastomosis: simple direct versus modified Vest traction sutures. Urology 1988;31:474.
59. [59] Geary ES, Dendinger TE, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Incontinence and vesical neck strictures following radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 1995;45:1000.
60. [60] Catalona WJ, Basler JW. Return of erections and urinary continence followin nerve sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 1993;150:905.
61. [61] Kaufman JJ, Smith RB, Raz S. Radiation therapy in carcinoma of the prostate: a contributing cause of urinary incontinence. J Urol 1984;132:998.
62. [62] Steiner MS, Morton RA, Walsh PC. Impact of anatomical radical prostatectomy on urinary incontinence. J Urol 1991;145:512.
63. [63] Myers RP, Goellner JR, Cahill DR. Prostate shape, external striated urethral sphincter and radical prostatectomy: the apical dissection. J Urol 1987;138:543.
64. [64] Steiner MS, Morton RA, Walsh PC. Impact of anatomical radical prostatectomy on urinary incontinence. J Urol 1991;145:512.
65. [65] Fowler JE Jr, Barry MJ, Lu-Yao G, Roman A, Wasson J, Wennberg JE. Patient reported complications and follow-up treatment after radical prostatectomy. The national Medicare experience: 1988-1990 (updated June 1993). Urology 1993;42:622.
66. [66] Walsh PC, Donker PJ. Impotence following radical prostatectomy: insight into etiology and prevention. J Urol 1982;128:492.
67. [67] Quinlan DM, Epstein JI, Carter BS, Walsh PC. Sexual function following radical prostatectomy: influence of preservation of neurovascular bundles. J Urol 1991;145:998.
68. [68] Geary ES, Dendinger TE, Freiha FS, Stamey TA. Nerve sparing radical prostatectomy: a different view. J Urol 1995;154:145.
69. [69] Zincke H, Oesterling JE, Blute ML, Bergstralh EJ, Myers RP, Barrett DM. Long-term (15 years) results after radical prostatectomy for clinically localised (stage T2c or lower) prostate cancer. J Urol 1850;152:1994.
70. [70] Andriole GL, Smith DS, Rao G, Goodnough L, Catalona WJ. Early comlications of contemporary anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol 1858;152:1994.
71. [71] Catalona WJ, Bigg SW. Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Evaluation of results after 250 patients. J Urol 1990;143:538.
72. [72] Stamey TA, Villers AA, McNeal JE, et al. Positive surgical margins at radcal prostatectomy: importance of the apical dissection. J Urol 1990;143:1166.
73. [73] McNeal JE, Villers AA, Redwine EA, et al. Capsular penetration in prostate cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14(3):240-7.
74. [74] Van Den Ouden D, Bentvelsen FM, Boeve ER, et al. Positive margins after radical prostatectomy: correlation with local recurrence and distant progression. Br J Urol 1993;72:489-94.
75. [75] Paulson DF, Robertson JE, Daubert LM, et al. Radical prostatectomy in stage A prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1988;140:535-9.
76. [76] Anscher MS, Prosnitz LR. Multivariate analysis of factors predicting local relapse after radical prostatectomy - possible indication for post-opertaive radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;21:941-7.
77. [77] Rosen MA, Goldstone L, Lapin S, et al. Frequency and location of extracapsular extension and positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. J Urol 1992;148:331.
78. [78] Van Poppel H, Ridder DD, Elmagal A, et al. Neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy before radical prostatectomy decreases the number of positive surgical margins in stage T2 prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective randomised trial. J Urol 1995;154:429-34.
79. [79] Schulman CC, Sassine M. Neo-adjuvant hormonal therapy of locally advanced prostate cancer. Does it make sense? Clin Invest Med 1993;16:523.
80. [80] Mc Farlane MT, Abi-Aad A, Stein A, Danella J, Belldegrum A, deKernion JB. Neo-adjuvant hormonal deprivation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 1993;150:132.
81. [81] Labrie F, Cusan L, Gomez J-L, et al. Downstaging of early stage prostate cancer before radical prostatectomy: the first randomised trial of neo-adjuvant combination therapy with flutamide and a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist. Urology 1994;44:37.
82. [82] Kava BR, Stroumbakis N, Dalbagni G, et al. Prospective randomised clinical trial comparing primary therapy with Zoladex plus flutamide and radical prostatectomy versus radical prostatectomy alone in patients with clinically localised prostate cancer. Urology 1997;157:253A.
83. [83] Soloway MS, Hachiya T, Civantos F, Murphy WM, Gomez CC, Ruis HE. Androgen deprivation prior to radical prostatectomy for T2b and T3 prostate cancer. Urology 1994;43:52.
84. [84] Gleave ME, Goldenberg LS, Jones E, Bruchovsky N, Sullivan L. Biochemical and pathological effects of 8 months of neo-adjuvant androgen withdrawal therapy - an update on 125 consecutive patients. J Urol 1997;157:390A.
85. [85] McCarthy JF, Catalona WJ, Hudson MA. The effect of radiation on detectable serum PSA levels following radical prostatectomy: early versus delayed treatment. J Urol 1994;151:1575.
86. [86] Cheng WS, Frydenberg M, et al. Radical prostatectomy for pathologic stage C prostate cancer: influence of pathologic variables and adjuvant treatment on disease outcome. Urology 1993;42(3):283-91.
87. [87] Andriole G, Block N, Boake R, et al. Two years of treatment with finasteride after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1994;151:435A.
88. [88] Bagshaw MA, Kaplan HS, Sagerman RH. Linear accelerator supervoltage therapy. Carcinoma of the prostate. Radiology 1965;85:121.
89. [89] Perez CA, Hanks GE, Leibel SA, Zietman AL, Fuks Z, Lee WR. Localized carcinoma of the prostate (stages T1b, T1c, T2 and T3). Review of management with external beam radiation therapy. Cancer 1993;72:3156.
90. [90] Hanks GE, Asbell S, Krall JM, et al. Outcome for lymphnode dissection negative T1-b, T2 (A-2,B) prostate cancer treated with external beam radiation therapy in RTOG 77-06. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;21:1099.
91. [91] Leibel SA, Kutcher GJ, Mohan R, et al. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Semin Radiat Oncol 1992;2:274.
92. [92] Leibel SA, Zelefsky MJ, Kutcher GJ, Burman CM, Kelson S, Fuks Z. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy in localized carcinoma of the prostate: intereim report of a phase 1 dose-escalation study. J Urol 1994;152:1792.
93. [93] Stamey TA, Graves HCB, Wehner N, Ferrari M, Freiha F. Early detection of residual prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy by an ultrasensitive assay for prostate specific antigen. J Urol 1993;149:787-92.
94. [94] Willett CG, Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Coen JJ. The effect of pelvic radiation therapy on serum levels of prostate specific antigen. J Urol 1994;151:1579.
95. [95] Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Wallner KE, Whitmore WF Jr, Fuks Z. The significance of normal serum PSA in the follow-up after definitive radiation therapy for prostatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:459.
96. [96] Crook J, Perry G, Robertson S, Esche B. Radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: assessment of results by systematic biopsy and PSA. Can J Urol 1996;3(1):195-201.
97. 125I implant or external beam radiation therapy. J Urol 1987;137:897.
98. [98] Scardino PT, Wheeler TM. Local control of prostate cancer with radiotherapy: frequency and prognostic significance of positive results of post-irradiation prostate biopsy. NCI Monogr 1988;7:95.
99. [99] Kuban DA, El-Mahdi AM, Schellhammer P. The significance of post-irradiation prostate biopsy with long-term follow-up. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;21:191A.
100. [100] Shipley WU, Zietman AL, Hanks GE, et al. Treatment-related sequelae following external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer: a review with update in patients with T1-2 tumours. J Urol 1994;152:1799.
101. [101] Bagshaw MA, Cox RS, Ray GR. Status of radiation treatment of prostate cancer at Stanford University. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1988;7:47.
102. [102] Banker FL. The preservation of potency after external beam irradiation for prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991;15:219.
103. [103] Fransson P, Widmark A. Self-assessed sexual function after pelvic irradiation for prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 1996;78:1066-78.
104. [104] Vijakumar S, Awan A, Kavuson T, et al. Acute toxicity during external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: comparison of different treatment techniques. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;25:359-64.
105. [105] Soffen EM, Hanks GE, Hunt MA, Epstein BE. Conformal static field radiation therapy treatment of early prostate cancer versus non-conformal techniques: a reduction in acute morbidity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;24:485-8.
106. [106] Zagars GK, Pollack A. Radiation therapy for T1 and T2 prostate cancer: PSA and the outcome. Urology 1995;45:476.
107. [107] Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Wallner KE, Whitmore WF, Fuks Z. Significance of normal serum prostate-specific antigen in the follow-up period after definitive radiation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:459.
108. [108] Freedman GM, Hanlon AL, Lee WR, Hanks GE. Young patients with prostate cancer have an outcome justifying their treatment with external beam irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;35:243.
109. [109] Colvett KT, Zietman AL, Shipley WU. Radiation therapy for patients with T1 and T2a (B1) prostate cancer. Selection yields high success rates maintained more than 10 years after treatment. In: Khoury S, Murphy GP, Denis L, editors. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Urological Cancer. Paris: Med Edition, 1995:214-20.
110. [110] Lee RJ, Sause WT. Surgically staged patients with prostate carcinoma treated with definitive radiation therapy: 15-year results. Urology 1994;43:640.
111. [111] Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Coen JJ, Shipley JW, Althausen AF. Long-term outcome for men with prostate cancer treated with radiation as sole therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;30:113A.
112. [112] Bagshaw MA, Cox RS, Hancock SL. Control of prostate cancer with radiotherapy. Long-term results. J Urol 1994;152:1781.
113. [113] Poen J, Hancock SL, Cox RS, Bradshaw MA. Early stage prostate cancer in younger men: durable tumour control in favorable prognosis patients after external beam radiation at age 60 years or less. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;32:99A.
114. [114] Paulson DF, et al. External field radiation therapy versus delayed hormonal therapy in node positive prostatic adenocarcinoma. J Urol 1982;127:935-7.
115. [115] Katcher J, Klein E, Kupelian P. Outcome after radiation vs surgery for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer in patients with minimum 5-year follow-up. J Urol 1997;157:418A.
116. 125I in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1972;108:1918-20.
117. 125I implantation for carcinoma of the prostate. Urology 1982;11:591-8.
118. 125I interstitial implantation for prostate cancer. What have we learned 10 years later? Cancer 1989;63:12.
119. 125I seed implantation in prostate cancer guided by transrectal ultrasound. J Urol 1983;130:283-6.
120. 125I. Radiobiologic considerations based on L-Q model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;23:81-7.
121. [121] Ragde H, Blasko JC, Grimm PD, Kenny G, Hoak DC, Cavanagh W. Brachytherapy in the management of clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. Presented at First International Consultation on Prostate Cancer. Monaco, 1996.
122. [122] Pollack A, Zagars GK, Kopplin S. Radiation therapy and androgen ablation for clinically localized high risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;32(1):13-20.
123. [123] Pipelich MV, Krall JM, Al-Sarraf M, et al. Androgen deprivation with radiation therapy alone for locally advanced prostatic carcinoma: A randomised comparative trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Urology 1995;45:616.
124. [124] Gomez JL, LaVerdier J, Cusan L, et al. Impact of neo-adjuvant and adjuvant anti-androgen therapy associated with curative radiation therapy in early stage prostate cancer. Preliminary report of a randomised study. J Urol 1996;55:397A.
125. [125] Bolla M, Gonzalez D, Warde P, et al. Immediate hormone therapy improves loco-regional control and survival in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer: results of a randomised phase III clinical trial of the EORTC Radiotherapy and Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Groups. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:591A.
126. [126] Onik GM, Cohen JK, Reyes GD, Rubinsky B, Chang Z, Baust J. Transrectal ultrasound-guided percutaneous radical cryosurgical ablation of the prostate. Cancer 1993;72:1291-8.
127. [127] Wong WS, Chinn DO, Chinn M, Chinn J, Tom WL, Tom WL. Cryosurgery as a treatment for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1997;79:963-74.
128. [128] Rhee B, Shinohara K, Presti JC Jr, Carroll PR. The pattern of relapse after cryosurgical ablation of prostate cancer. J Urol 1997;157 (Suppl):94A.
129. [129] Cohen JK, Miller RJ, Rooker GM, Benoit R, Merlotti L. Four-year PSA and biopsy results after cryosurgical ablation of the prostate (CSAP) for localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1997;157:419A.
130. [130] Goldenberg SL, Klotz L, Jewett M, Barkin J. A randomized trial of neo-adjuvant androgen withdrawal therapy prior to radical prostatectomy: 24-month post-treatment PSA results. J Urol 1997;157:92A.
131. [131] Soloway M, Sharifi R, Wasjman Z, et al. Radical prostatectomy alone versus radical prostatectomy preceded by androgen blockade in cT2b prostate cancer - 24 months results. J Urol 1997;157:160A.
132. [132] Van Den Ouden D, Hop WCJ, Kranse R, Schröder FH. Tumour control according to pathological variables in patients treated by radical prostatectomy for clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Urol 1997;79:203-11.
133. [133] Cespedes RD, Pisters LL, Eschenbach AC, McGuire E. Long-term followup of incontinence and obstructrion after salvage cryosurgical ablation of the prostate: results in 143 patients. J Urol 1997;157:237-40.
134. [134] Cohen JK, Miller RJ Jr, Rooker GM, Shuman BA. Cryosurgical ablation of the prostate: two-year prostate-specific antigen and biopsy results. Urology 1996;47:395.
135. [135] Middleton RG, Thompson IM, Austenfield MS, et al. Prostae cancer clinical guidelines pannel summary reprot on the management of clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 1995;154:2144-8.
136. [136] The Medical Research Council Prostate Cancer Working Party Investigators Group. Immediate versus deferred treatment for advanced prostatic cancer: initial results of the Medical Research Council trial. Br J Urol 1997;79:235-46.
137. [137] Catalona WJ, Smith DJ. Five-year tumor recurrence rates after anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Urol 1837;152:1994.
138. [138] Ohori M, Goad JR, Wheeler TM, Eastmen JA, Thompson TC, Scardino PT. Can radical prostatectomy alter the progression of poorly differentiated prostate cancer? J Urol 1818;154:1994.
139. [139] Trapasso JG, DeKernion JB, Smith RB, Dorey F. The incidence and significance of detectable levels of serum PSA after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1821;152:1994.
140. [140] Zincke H, Oesterling JE, Blute ML, Bergstalh EJ, Myers RP, Barett DM. Long-term (15 years) results after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized (stage T2c or lower) prostate cancer. J Urol 1850;152:1994.
141. [141] Catalona WJ, Bigg SW. Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: evaluation of results after 250 patients. J Urol 1990;143:538.
142. [142] O'Donnell PD, Finan BF. Continence following nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1989;142:1227.
143. [143] Huggins C, Hogdes CV. Studies on prostatic cancer. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res 1941;1:293.
144. [144] Coffey DS, Peinta KJ. New concepts in studying the control of normal and cancer growth of the prostate. Prog Clin Biol Res 1987;239:1.
145. [145] Partin AW, Pound CR, Clemens Q, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Serum PSA after anatomic radical prostatectomy. The Johns-Hopkins experience after 10 years. Urol Clin North Am 1993;29:1.
146. [146] Zagars GK, Pollack A. Radiation therapy for T1 and T2 prostate cancer: prostate-specific antigen and disease outcome. Urology 1995;45:476.