Cognitive responses to favor requests from different social targets in a Confucian society

Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 283-294

  Han, Kuei Hsiang ^a   Li, Mei Chih ^a   Hwang, Kwang Kuo ^b  

^a NATIONAL CHENGCHI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Cognitive frame; Confucian ethics; Favor request; Heterogeneous culture; Horizontal relationship; Vertical relationship

Indexed keywords

EID: 17644388867     PISSN: 02654075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0265407505050952     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
2. Chadwick-Jones, J. K. (1976). Distributive justice, injustice and reciprocity. In Social exchange theory: Its structure and influence in social psychology (pp. 242-276). New York: Academic Press.
3. Choiu, J. (2001). Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism among college students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. Journal of Social Psychology, 141, 667-678.
4. Emerson, R. (1981). Social exchange. In M. Rosenberg & R. Turner (Eds.), Social psychology: Sociological perspectives (pp. 30-65). New York: Basic Books.
5. Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations. New York: Free Press.
6. Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of society: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99, 688-723.
7. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
8. Greenberg, M. S. (1980). A theory of indebtedness. In K. Gergen, M. Greenberg, & R. Wills (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 3-26). New York: Plenum.
9. Greenberg, M. S., Block, M. W., & Silverman, M. A. (1971). Determinants of helping behavior: Person's rewards versus other's costs. Journal of Personality, 39, 79-93.
10. Greenberg, M. S., & Frisch, D. M. (1972). Effect of intentionality on willingness to reciprocate a favor. Journal of Experimental Social Personality, 8, 99-111.
11. Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1999). Cultural, self-discrepancies, and self-satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 915-925.
12. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794.
13. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in marked-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
14. Homans, G. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
15. Hong, Y. Y., & Chiu, C. Y. (2001). Toward a paradigm shift: From cross-cultural differences in social cognition to social-cognitive mediation of cultural differences. Social Cognition, 19, 181-196.
16. Hong, Y. Y., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C. Y., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55, 709-720.
17. Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and favor: Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 944-974.
18. Hwang, K. K. (2000). Chinese relationalism: Theoretical construction and methodological considerations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30, 155-178.
19. Hwang, K. K. (2001). The deep structure of Confucianism: A social psychological approach. Asian Philosophy, 11(3), 179-204.
20. Kashima, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Kim, U., Choi, S., Gelfand, M. J., & Yuki, M. (1995). Culture, gender, and self: A perspective from Individualism-Collectivism research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 925-937.
21. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, U. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: Self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1245-1267.
22. Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (1984). The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 793-804.
23. Li, M. C. (1993). From research results of fairness - Judgment to see the boundaries of Chinese self and others. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 1, 267-300 [in Chinese].
24. Liu, I. (1986). Chinese cognition. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The psychology of the Chinese people (pp.73-105). New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
26. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). A collective fear of the collective: Implications for selves and theories of selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 568-579.
27. Miller, J. G. (2002). Bringing culture to basic psychological theory - Beyond individualism and collectivism: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 97-109.
28. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72.
29. Roloff, M. E. (1987). Communication and reciprocity within intimate relationships. In M. E. Roloff & G. R. Miller (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 11-38). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
30. Sampson, E. E. (1988). The debate on individualism: Indigenous psychologies of the individual and their role in personal and societal functioning. American Psychologist, 43, 15-22.
31. Spencer-Oatey, H. (1997). Unequal relationships in high and low power distance societies: A comparative study of tutor-student role relations in Britain and China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 284-302.
32. Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley.
33. Trafimow, D., Silverman, E. S., Fan, R. M., & Law, J. S. (1997). The effects of language and priming on the relative accessibility of the private self and the collective self. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 107-123.
34. Trafimow, D., Triandis, H. C., & Goto, S. G. (1991). Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 649-655.
35. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in different cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
36. Wei, C. F., & Hwang, K. K. (1998). Positive duties and negative duties: A cross-cultural comparison of moral judgment between Taiwanese and American college students. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 40, 137-153 [in Chinese].
37. Yang, K. S. (1992). Social orientation of Chinese: A perspective from social interaction. In K. S. Yang & A. B. Yu (Eds.), The psychology and behavior of the Chinese - Conceptions and methods (pp. 87-142). Taipei, Taiwan: Kuei-Kuan [in Chinese].
38. Yang, K. S. (1996). The psychological transformation of the Chinese people as a result of societal modernization. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp.479-498). Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
39. Zhang, Z., & Yang, C. (1998). Beyond distributive justice: The reasonableness norm in Chinese reward allocation. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 253-269.