"Wasty ways": Stories of American settlement

Environmental History

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1998, Pages

  Taylor, Alan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 17544397323     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3985181     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. James Fenimore Cooper, The Pioneers, or The Sources of the Susquehanna (crit. ed. of New York, 1823; reprint, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1980), 244-52, 259-66.
2. For the majority view on the early American republic, see Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 38-43; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill & Wang, 1983), 159-70. For an attempt to redeem environmental rhetoric and history from elitism, see William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1996), especially the essays by Cronon and Richard White.
3. For the majority view on the early American republic, see Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 38-43; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill & Wang, 1983), 159-70. For an attempt to redeem environmental rhetoric and history from elitism, see William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1996), especially the essays by Cronon and Richard White.
4. For the majority view on the early American republic, see Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 38-43; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill & Wang, 1983), 159-70. For an attempt to redeem environmental rhetoric and history from elitism, see William Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1996), especially the essays by Cronon and Richard White.
5. Leading examples of such environmental narratives include Cronon, Changes in the Land; Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Timothy Silver, A New Face On the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). For an analysis of narration in environmental history, see William Cronon, "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative," Journal of American History 78 (1992): 1347-79. For an attempt to break the narrative orthodoxy, see Richard White, The Organic Machine (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995).
6. Leading examples of such environmental narratives include Cronon, Changes in the Land; Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Timothy Silver, A New Face On the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). For an analysis of narration in environmental history, see William Cronon, "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative," Journal of American History 78 (1992): 1347-79. For an attempt to break the narrative orthodoxy, see Richard White, The Organic Machine (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995).
7. Leading examples of such environmental narratives include Cronon, Changes in the Land; Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Timothy Silver, A New Face On the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). For an analysis of narration in environmental history, see William Cronon, "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative," Journal of American History 78 (1992): 1347-79. For an attempt to break the narrative orthodoxy, see Richard White, The Organic Machine (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995).
8. Leading examples of such environmental narratives include Cronon, Changes in the Land; Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Timothy Silver, A New Face On the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). For an analysis of narration in environmental history, see William Cronon, "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative," Journal of American History 78 (1992): 1347-79. For an attempt to break the narrative orthodoxy, see Richard White, The Organic Machine (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995).
9. Leading examples of such environmental narratives include Cronon, Changes in the Land; Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Pantheon, 1985); Timothy Silver, A New Face On the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). For an analysis of narration in environmental history, see William Cronon, "A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative," Journal of American History 78 (1992): 1347-79. For an attempt to break the narrative orthodoxy, see Richard White, The Organic Machine (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995).
10. During the early twentieth century, environmental historians tended to dwell on the initial weakness and difficulties of settlers, rather than on their power. Leading examples of this older perspective include Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (Boston: Ginn, 1931); James C. Malin, The Grassland of North America: Prolegomena to Its History (Lawrence, Kans.: n.p., 1956). By focusing on the settlers' hardships in framing their behavior, I do not mean to deny the importance of larger ideological and structural considerations (for example, the settlers' Judeo-Christian and capitalist commitments to mastering and commodifying nature).
11. During the early twentieth century, environmental historians tended to dwell on the initial weakness and difficulties of settlers, rather than on their power. Leading examples of this older perspective include Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (Boston: Ginn, 1931); James C. Malin, The Grassland of North America: Prolegomena to Its History (Lawrence, Kans.: n.p., 1956). By focusing on the settlers' hardships in framing their behavior, I do not mean to deny the importance of larger ideological and structural considerations (for example, the settlers' Judeo-Christian and capitalist commitments to mastering and commodifying nature).
12. Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 196; William Wyckoff, The Developer's Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 104-5; Stuart Bruchey and Jim Potter, "Social and Economic Developments After the Revolution," in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 566; David Paul Davenport, "The Yankee Settlement of New York, 1783-1820," Genealogical Journal 17 (1988-1989): 63-88; David Maldwyn Ellis, "The Rise of the Empire State, 1790-1820," New York History 56 (1975): 5-6; James Macauley, The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, vol. 1 (New York: William Gould & Co., 1829), 417-18; Franklin B. Hough, ed., The New York Civil List From 1777 to 1860 (Albany: Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1860), 2.
13. Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 196; William Wyckoff, The Developer's Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 104-5; Stuart Bruchey and Jim Potter, "Social and Economic Developments After the Revolution," in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 566; David Paul Davenport, "The Yankee Settlement of New York, 1783-1820," Genealogical Journal 17 (1988-1989): 63-88; David Maldwyn Ellis, "The Rise of the Empire State, 1790-1820," New York History 56 (1975): 5-6; James Macauley, The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, vol. 1 (New York: William Gould & Co., 1829), 417-18; Franklin B. Hough, ed., The New York Civil List From 1777 to 1860 (Albany: Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1860), 2.
14. Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 196; William Wyckoff, The Developer's Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 104-5; Stuart Bruchey and Jim Potter, "Social and Economic Developments After the Revolution," in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 566; David Paul Davenport, "The Yankee Settlement of New York, 1783-1820," Genealogical Journal 17 (1988-1989): 63-88; David Maldwyn Ellis, "The Rise of the Empire State, 1790-1820," New York History 56 (1975): 5-6; James Macauley, The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, vol. 1 (New York: William Gould & Co., 1829), 417-18; Franklin B. Hough, ed., The New York Civil List From 1777 to 1860 (Albany: Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1860), 2.
15. Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 196; William Wyckoff, The Developer's Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 104-5; Stuart Bruchey and Jim Potter, "Social and Economic Developments After the Revolution," in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 566; David Paul Davenport, "The Yankee Settlement of New York, 1783-1820," Genealogical Journal 17 (1988-1989): 63-88; David Maldwyn Ellis, "The Rise of the Empire State, 1790-1820," New York History 56 (1975): 5-6; James Macauley, The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, vol. 1 (New York: William Gould & Co., 1829), 417-18; Franklin B. Hough, ed., The New York Civil List From 1777 to 1860 (Albany: Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1860), 2.
16. Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 196; William Wyckoff, The Developer's Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 104-5; Stuart Bruchey and Jim Potter, "Social and Economic Developments After the Revolution," in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 566; David Paul Davenport, "The Yankee Settlement of New York, 1783-1820," Genealogical Journal 17 (1988-1989): 63-88; David Maldwyn Ellis, "The Rise of the Empire State, 1790-1820," New York History 56 (1975): 5-6; James Macauley, The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, vol. 1 (New York: William Gould & Co., 1829), 417-18; Franklin B. Hough, ed., The New York Civil List From 1777 to 1860 (Albany: Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1860), 2.
17. Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 196; William Wyckoff, The Developer's Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 104-5; Stuart Bruchey and Jim Potter, "Social and Economic Developments After the Revolution," in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 566; David Paul Davenport, "The Yankee Settlement of New York, 1783-1820," Genealogical Journal 17 (1988-1989): 63-88; David Maldwyn Ellis, "The Rise of the Empire State, 1790-1820," New York History 56 (1975): 5-6; James Macauley, The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, vol. 1 (New York: William Gould & Co., 1829), 417-18; Franklin B. Hough, ed., The New York Civil List From 1777 to 1860 (Albany: Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1860), 2.
18. Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 196; William Wyckoff, The Developer's Frontier: The Making of the Western New York Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), 104-5; Stuart Bruchey and Jim Potter, "Social and Economic Developments After the Revolution," in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, ed. Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991), 566; David Paul Davenport, "The Yankee Settlement of New York, 1783-1820," Genealogical Journal 17 (1988-1989): 63-88; David Maldwyn Ellis, "The Rise of the Empire State, 1790-1820," New York History 56 (1975): 5-6; James Macauley, The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, vol. 1 (New York: William Gould & Co., 1829), 417-18; Franklin B. Hough, ed., The New York Civil List From 1777 to 1860 (Albany: Weed, Parsons, & Co., 1860), 2.
19. Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, By a Lady (New York: Putnam, 1850), 190-91; Wallace, Death and Rebirth of the Seneca, 24; Carolyn Merchant, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 87.
20. Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, By a Lady (New York: Putnam, 1850), 190-91; Wallace, Death and Rebirth of the Seneca, 24; Carolyn Merchant, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 87.
21. Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, By a Lady (New York: Putnam, 1850), 190-91; Wallace, Death and Rebirth of the Seneca, 24; Carolyn Merchant, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 87.
22. William Cooper, A Guide in the Wilderness; Or, the History of the First Settlements in the Western Counties of New York, with Useful Instructions to Future Settlers (Dublin, 1810; reprint, Cooperstown: New York State Historical Association, 1986), 50; Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 23-41; Merchant, Ecological Revolutions, 101-2; Lester H. Cohen, "Eden's Constitution: The Paradisiacal Dream and Enlightenment Values in Late Eighteenth-Century Literature of the American Frontier," Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies 3 (1977): 83-109. For greater emphasis on the few promoters prone to Edenic description, see Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), 146-50.
23. William Cooper, A Guide in the Wilderness; Or, the History of the First Settlements in the Western Counties of New York, with Useful Instructions to Future Settlers (Dublin, 1810; reprint, Cooperstown: New York State Historical Association, 1986), 50; Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 23-41; Merchant, Ecological Revolutions, 101-2; Lester H. Cohen, "Eden's Constitution: The Paradisiacal Dream and Enlightenment Values in Late Eighteenth-Century Literature of the American Frontier," Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies 3 (1977): 83-109. For greater emphasis on the few promoters prone to Edenic description, see Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), 146-50.
24. William Cooper, A Guide in the Wilderness; Or, the History of the First Settlements in the Western Counties of New York, with Useful Instructions to Future Settlers (Dublin, 1810; reprint, Cooperstown: New York State Historical Association, 1986), 50; Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 23-41; Merchant, Ecological Revolutions, 101-2; Lester H. Cohen, "Eden's Constitution: The Paradisiacal Dream and Enlightenment Values in Late Eighteenth-Century Literature of the American Frontier," Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies 3 (1977): 83-109. For greater emphasis on the few promoters prone to Edenic description, see Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), 146-50.
25. William Cooper, A Guide in the Wilderness; Or, the History of the First Settlements in the Western Counties of New York, with Useful Instructions to Future Settlers (Dublin, 1810; reprint, Cooperstown: New York State Historical Association, 1986), 50; Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 23-41; Merchant, Ecological Revolutions, 101-2; Lester H. Cohen, "Eden's Constitution: The Paradisiacal Dream and Enlightenment Values in Late Eighteenth-Century Literature of the American Frontier," Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies 3 (1977): 83-109. For greater emphasis on the few promoters prone to Edenic description, see Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), 146-50.
26. William Cooper, A Guide in the Wilderness; Or, the History of the First Settlements in the Western Counties of New York, with Useful Instructions to Future Settlers (Dublin, 1810; reprint, Cooperstown: New York State Historical Association, 1986), 50; Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 23-41; Merchant, Ecological Revolutions, 101-2; Lester H. Cohen, "Eden's Constitution: The Paradisiacal Dream and Enlightenment Values in Late Eighteenth-Century Literature of the American Frontier," Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies 3 (1977): 83-109. For greater emphasis on the few promoters prone to Edenic description, see Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950), 146-50.
27. Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, Speech of Fr. Adr. Van der Kemp, at a Meeting . . . at Whitestown for the Institution of a Society of Agriculture (Whitesboro, N.Y.: Oliver P. Easton, 1795), 6; William Cooper, A Guide in the Wilderness, 17.
28. Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, Speech of Fr. Adr. Van der Kemp, at a Meeting . . . at Whitestown for the Institution of a Society of Agriculture (Whitesboro, N.Y.: Oliver P. Easton, 1795), 6; William Cooper, A Guide in the Wilderness, 17.
29. Josiah Priest, Stories of Early Settlers in the Wilderness; Embracing the Life of Mrs. Priest, Late of Otsego County, N.Y. (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1837), 28; Isaac Lyman (who had moved to central New York), quoted in Chilton Williamson Jr., Vermont in Quandary: 1763-1825 (Montpelier, Vt.: n.p., 1949), 256.
30. Josiah Priest, Stories of Early Settlers in the Wilderness; Embracing the Life of Mrs. Priest, Late of Otsego County, N.Y. (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1837), 28; Isaac Lyman (who had moved to central New York), quoted in Chilton Williamson Jr., Vermont in Quandary: 1763-1825 (Montpelier, Vt.: n.p., 1949), 256.
31. James Kent, "Journal of a Northern Tour," June 1803, Reel 6, James Kent Papers, Library of Congress. For other testimony on the prevalence of poverty among upstate New York's early settlers, see Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon, vol. 2 (New Haven, Conn., 1821; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 321; Levi Beardsley, Reminiscences: Personal and Other Incidents; Early Settlement of Otsego County (New York: Charles Vinten, 1852), 25; Helen L. Fairchild, ed., Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 1752-1829: An Autobiography (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1903), 86; David M. Ellis, Landlords and Farmers in the Hudson-Mohawk Region, 1790-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1946), 67-68; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 17 ; Griffith Evans, "Journal of Griffith Evans, 1784-1785," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 65 (1941): 216.
32. James Kent, "Journal of a Northern Tour," June 1803, Reel 6, James Kent Papers, Library of Congress. For other testimony on the prevalence of poverty among upstate New York's early settlers, see Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon, vol. 2 (New Haven, Conn., 1821; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 321; Levi Beardsley, Reminiscences: Personal and Other Incidents; Early Settlement of Otsego County (New York: Charles Vinten, 1852), 25; Helen L. Fairchild, ed., Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 1752-1829: An Autobiography (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1903), 86; David M. Ellis, Landlords and Farmers in the Hudson-Mohawk Region, 1790-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1946), 67-68; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 17 ; Griffith Evans, "Journal of Griffith Evans, 1784-1785," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 65 (1941): 216.
33. James Kent, "Journal of a Northern Tour," June 1803, Reel 6, James Kent Papers, Library of Congress. For other testimony on the prevalence of poverty among upstate New York's early settlers, see Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon, vol. 2 (New Haven, Conn., 1821; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 321; Levi Beardsley, Reminiscences: Personal and Other Incidents; Early Settlement of Otsego County (New York: Charles Vinten, 1852), 25; Helen L. Fairchild, ed., Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 1752-1829: An Autobiography (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1903), 86; David M. Ellis, Landlords and Farmers in the Hudson-Mohawk Region, 1790-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1946), 67-68; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 17 ; Griffith Evans, "Journal of Griffith Evans, 1784-1785," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 65 (1941): 216.
34. James Kent, "Journal of a Northern Tour," June 1803, Reel 6, James Kent Papers, Library of Congress. For other testimony on the prevalence of poverty among upstate New York's early settlers, see Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon, vol. 2 (New Haven, Conn., 1821; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 321; Levi Beardsley, Reminiscences: Personal and Other Incidents; Early Settlement of Otsego County (New York: Charles Vinten, 1852), 25; Helen L. Fairchild, ed., Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 1752-1829: An Autobiography (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1903), 86; David M. Ellis, Landlords and Farmers in the Hudson-Mohawk Region, 1790-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1946), 67-68; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 17 ; Griffith Evans, "Journal of Griffith Evans, 1784-1785," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 65 (1941): 216.
35. James Kent, "Journal of a Northern Tour," June 1803, Reel 6, James Kent Papers, Library of Congress. For other testimony on the prevalence of poverty among upstate New York's early settlers, see Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon, vol. 2 (New Haven, Conn., 1821; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 321; Levi Beardsley, Reminiscences: Personal and Other Incidents; Early Settlement of Otsego County (New York: Charles Vinten, 1852), 25; Helen L. Fairchild, ed., Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 1752-1829: An Autobiography (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1903), 86; David M. Ellis, Landlords and Farmers in the Hudson-Mohawk Region, 1790-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1946), 67-68; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 17 ; Griffith Evans, "Journal of Griffith Evans, 1784-1785," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 65 (1941): 216.
36. James Kent, "Journal of a Northern Tour," June 1803, Reel 6, James Kent Papers, Library of Congress. For other testimony on the prevalence of poverty among upstate New York's early settlers, see Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon, vol. 2 (New Haven, Conn., 1821; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 321; Levi Beardsley, Reminiscences: Personal and Other Incidents; Early Settlement of Otsego County (New York: Charles Vinten, 1852), 25; Helen L. Fairchild, ed., Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 1752-1829: An Autobiography (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1903), 86; David M. Ellis, Landlords and Farmers in the Hudson-Mohawk Region, 1790-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1946), 67-68; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 17 ; Griffith Evans, "Journal of Griffith Evans, 1784-1785," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 65 (1941): 216.
37. James Kent, "Journal of a Northern Tour," June 1803, Reel 6, James Kent Papers, Library of Congress. For other testimony on the prevalence of poverty among upstate New York's early settlers, see Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, ed. Barbara Miller Solomon, vol. 2 (New Haven, Conn., 1821; reprint, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 321; Levi Beardsley, Reminiscences: Personal and Other Incidents; Early Settlement of Otsego County (New York: Charles Vinten, 1852), 25; Helen L. Fairchild, ed., Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 1752-1829: An Autobiography (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1903), 86; David M. Ellis, Landlords and Farmers in the Hudson-Mohawk Region, 1790-1850 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1946), 67-68; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 17 ; Griffith Evans, "Journal of Griffith Evans, 1784-1785," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 65 (1941): 216.
38. "Tax List of Hosack District, Pursuant to the Tax Law of the 11th April 1787," Gilbert Lansing Papers, New York State Library, Albany; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790, New York (Washington, D.C., 1908; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1966), 30-31, 112-13; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 14. In 1790, Otsego township included all the lands west of Lake Otsego and the Susquehanna as far as the Unadilla (most of what would become Otsego County a year later). Apparently, the presence or absence of kin within Hoosick also played a role in the decision to stay or go. Almost half of the Otsego migrants (10 of 21) were the only adults with their surname on the town's tax list. By contrast, almost three-fifths of the persisters bore the same surname as someone else in town. In addition to the 21 migrants and the 241 holdovers, the remaining 98 had either died or moved somewhere other than Otsego.
39. "Tax List of Hosack District, Pursuant to the Tax Law of the 11th April 1787," Gilbert Lansing Papers, New York State Library, Albany; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790, New York (Washington, D.C., 1908; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1966), 30-31, 112-13; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 14. In 1790, Otsego township included all the lands west of Lake Otsego and the Susquehanna as far as the Unadilla (most of what would become Otsego County a year later). Apparently, the presence or absence of kin within Hoosick also played a role in the decision to stay or go. Almost half of the Otsego migrants (10 of 21) were the only adults with their surname on the town's tax list. By contrast, almost three-fifths of the persisters bore the same surname as someone else in town. In addition to the 21 migrants and the 241 holdovers, the remaining 98 had either died or moved somewhere other than Otsego.
40. "Tax List of Hosack District, Pursuant to the Tax Law of the 11th April 1787," Gilbert Lansing Papers, New York State Library, Albany; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790, New York (Washington, D.C., 1908; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1966), 30-31, 112-13; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 14. In 1790, Otsego township included all the lands west of Lake Otsego and the Susquehanna as far as the Unadilla (most of what would become Otsego County a year later). Apparently, the presence or absence of kin within Hoosick also played a role in the decision to stay or go. Almost half of the Otsego migrants (10 of 21) were the only adults with their surname on the town's tax list. By contrast, almost three-fifths of the persisters bore the same surname as someone else in town. In addition to the 21 migrants and the 241 holdovers, the remaining 98 had either died or moved somewhere other than Otsego.
41. John Lorain, "Observations on the Comparative Value of Soils, &c." Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, Memoirs, vol. 3 (1814): 101; Henry Clarke Wright, Human Life Illustrated in My Individual Experience as a Child, a Youth, and a Man (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1849), 26; Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 4, 16, 35, 38.
42. John Lorain, "Observations on the Comparative Value of Soils, &c." Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, Memoirs, vol. 3 (1814): 101; Henry Clarke Wright, Human Life Illustrated in My Individual Experience as a Child, a Youth, and a Man (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1849), 26; Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 4, 16, 35, 38.
43. John Lorain, "Observations on the Comparative Value of Soils, &c." Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, Memoirs, vol. 3 (1814): 101; Henry Clarke Wright, Human Life Illustrated in My Individual Experience as a Child, a Youth, and a Man (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1849), 26; Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 4, 16, 35, 38.
44. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 55; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 14; Willard V. Huntington, "Old Time Notes," New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, N.Y. (hereafter NYSHA), 707; Priest, Stories of the Early Settlers, 36;
45. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 55; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 14; Willard V. Huntington, "Old Time Notes," New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, N.Y. (hereafter NYSHA), 707; Priest, Stories of the Early Settlers, 36;
46. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 55; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 14; Willard V. Huntington, "Old Time Notes," New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, N.Y. (hereafter NYSHA), 707; Priest, Stories of the Early Settlers, 36;
47. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 55; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 14; Willard V. Huntington, "Old Time Notes," New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, N.Y. (hereafter NYSHA), 707; Priest, Stories of the Early Settlers, 36;
48. Benjamin Gilbert to Daniel Gilbert, 18 July 1786, in A Citizen-Soldier in the American Revolution: The Diary of Benjamin Gilbert in Massachusetts and New York, ed. Rebecca D. Symmes (Cooperstown: New York State Historical Association, 1980), 81;
49. Benjamin Gilbert, "Diary," 12 May 1786, 18 May 1786, NYSHA.
50. On the wheat blast, see also E. L. Jones, "Creative Disruptions in American Agriculture, 1620-1820," Agricultural History 48 (1974): 520-21.
51. Benjamin Gilbert to Daniel Gilbert, 18 July 1786, in Symmes, Citizen-Soldier, 81; Benjamin Gilbert, "Diary," 12 May 1786, 18 May 1786, NYSHA; Otsego Herald, 30 August 1798.
52. Benjamin Gilbert to Daniel Gilbert, 18 July 1786, in Symmes, Citizen-Soldier, 81; Benjamin Gilbert, "Diary," 12 May 1786, 18 May 1786, NYSHA; Otsego Herald, 30 August 1798.
53. Benjamin Gilbert to Daniel Gilbert, 18 July 1786, in Symmes, Citizen-Soldier, 81; Benjamin Gilbert, "Diary," 12 May 1786, 18 May 1786, NYSHA; Otsego Herald, 30 August 1798.
54. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 20, 22-23, 35; Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 707-8, 1064; Fairchild, Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 86.
55. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 20, 22-23, 35; Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 707-8, 1064; Fairchild, Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 86.
56. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 20, 22-23, 35; Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 707-8, 1064; Fairchild, Francis Adrian Van Der Kemp, 86.
57. Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 22-23, 35; Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 1064; J. F. Cooper, The Pioneers, 251-66, 274; Edmund E. Lynch, "Fishing on Otsego Lake" (master's thesis, State University of New York at Oneonta, 1965), 20; De Witt Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, Or the Otsego Basse, In a Letter to John W. Francis, M.D. (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1822), 3-4.
58. Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 22-23, 35; Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 1064; J. F. Cooper, The Pioneers, 251-66, 274; Edmund E. Lynch, "Fishing on Otsego Lake" (master's thesis, State University of New York at Oneonta, 1965), 20; De Witt Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, Or the Otsego Basse, In a Letter to John W. Francis, M.D. (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1822), 3-4.
59. Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 22-23, 35; Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 1064; J. F. Cooper, The Pioneers, 251-66, 274; Edmund E. Lynch, "Fishing on Otsego Lake" (master's thesis, State University of New York at Oneonta, 1965), 20; De Witt Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, Or the Otsego Basse, In a Letter to John W. Francis, M.D. (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1822), 3-4.
60. Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 22-23, 35; Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 1064; J. F. Cooper, The Pioneers, 251-66, 274; Edmund E. Lynch, "Fishing on Otsego Lake" (master's thesis, State University of New York at Oneonta, 1965), 20; De Witt Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, Or the Otsego Basse, In a Letter to John W. Francis, M.D. (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1822), 3-4.
61. Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 22-23, 35; Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 1064; J. F. Cooper, The Pioneers, 251-66, 274; Edmund E. Lynch, "Fishing on Otsego Lake" (master's thesis, State University of New York at Oneonta, 1965), 20; De Witt Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, Or the Otsego Basse, In a Letter to John W. Francis, M.D. (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1822), 3-4.
62. William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 16; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 20 July 1815.
63. William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 16; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 20 July 1815.
64. William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 16; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 20 July 1815.
65. William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 11 February 1790, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Otsego Herald, 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 27; Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, 18, 20, 31-32; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 242-43; Ralph Birdsall, Fenimore Cooper's Grave and Christ Churchyard (New York: privately printed, 1911), 53-54.
66. William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 11 February 1790, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Otsego Herald, 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 27; Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, 18, 20, 31-32; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 242-43; Ralph Birdsall, Fenimore Cooper's Grave and Christ Churchyard (New York: privately printed, 1911), 53-54.
67. William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 11 February 1790, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Otsego Herald, 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 27; Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, 18, 20, 31-32; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 242-43; Ralph Birdsall, Fenimore Cooper's Grave and Christ Churchyard (New York: privately printed, 1911), 53-54.
68. William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 11 February 1790, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Otsego Herald, 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 27; Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, 18, 20, 31-32; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 242-43; Ralph Birdsall, Fenimore Cooper's Grave and Christ Churchyard (New York: privately printed, 1911), 53-54.
69. William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 11 February 1790, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Otsego Herald, 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 27; Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, 18, 20, 31-32; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 242-43; Ralph Birdsall, Fenimore Cooper's Grave and Christ Churchyard (New York: privately printed, 1911), 53-54.
70. William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 11 February 1790, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Otsego Herald, 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 27; Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, 18, 20, 31-32; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 242-43; Ralph Birdsall, Fenimore Cooper's Grave and Christ Churchyard (New York: privately printed, 1911), 53-54.
71. William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 11 February 1790, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Otsego Herald, 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; Priest, Stones of Early Settlers, 20, 27; Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, 18, 20, 31-32; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 242-43; Ralph Birdsall, Fenimore Cooper's Grave and Christ Churchyard (New York: privately printed, 1911), 53-54.
72. Isaac Weld Jr., Travels Through the States of North America . . . During the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, vol. 1 (London, 1807; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968), 40; Metchie J. E. Budka, ed., "Journey to Niagara, 1805: From the Diary of Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz," New York Historical Society Quarterly 44 (1960): 86; George Peck, The Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, D.D., Written by Himself (New York: Carleton and Porter, 1874), 34.
73. Isaac Weld Jr., Travels Through the States of North America . . . During the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, vol. 1 (London, 1807; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968), 40; Metchie J. E. Budka, ed., "Journey to Niagara, 1805: From the Diary of Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz," New York Historical Society Quarterly 44 (1960): 86; George Peck, The Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, D.D., Written by Himself (New York: Carleton and Porter, 1874), 34.
74. Isaac Weld Jr., Travels Through the States of North America . . . During the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, vol. 1 (London, 1807; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1968), 40; Metchie J. E. Budka, ed., "Journey to Niagara, 1805: From the Diary of Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz," New York Historical Society Quarterly 44 (1960): 86; George Peck, The Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, D.D., Written by Himself (New York: Carleton and Porter, 1874), 34.
75. Otsego Herald, 4 May 1797; 25 December 1800; 24 April 1806.
76. Otsego Herald, 4 May 1797; 25 December 1800; 24 April 1806.
77. Otsego Herald, 4 May 1797; 25 December 1800; 24 April 1806.
78. Lorain, "Observations on the Comparative Value of Soils," 106-7; Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 38; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 407-15, 425; Susan Fenimore Cooper, "Small Family Memories," in Correspondence of James Fenimore Cooper, ed. James Fenimore Cooper, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922), 18.
79. Lorain, "Observations on the Comparative Value of Soils," 106-7; Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 38; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 407-15, 425; Susan Fenimore Cooper, "Small Family Memories," in Correspondence of James Fenimore Cooper, ed. James Fenimore Cooper, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922), 18.
80. Lorain, "Observations on the Comparative Value of Soils," 106-7; Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 38; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 407-15, 425; Susan Fenimore Cooper, "Small Family Memories," in Correspondence of James Fenimore Cooper, ed. James Fenimore Cooper, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922), 18.
81. Lorain, "Observations on the Comparative Value of Soils," 106-7; Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 38; J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 407-15, 425; Susan Fenimore Cooper, "Small Family Memories," in Correspondence of James Fenimore Cooper, ed. James Fenimore Cooper, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922), 18.
82. J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 41-45, 100-101; Wright, Human Life, 25; Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805.
83. J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 41-45, 100-101; Wright, Human Life, 25; Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805.
84. J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 41-45, 100-101; Wright, Human Life, 25; Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805.
85. J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 41-45, 100-101; Wright, Human Life, 25; Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805.
86. J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 41-45, 100-101; Wright, Human Life, 25; Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805.
87. J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 41-45, 100-101; Wright, Human Life, 25; Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805.
88. J. F. Cooper, Pioneers, 41-45, 100-101; Wright, Human Life, 25; Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805.
89. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
90. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
91. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
92. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
93. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
94. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
95. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
96. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
97. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
98. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
99. Wright, Human Life, 44; Otsego Herald, 12 May 1796; 17 April 1797; 4 May 1797; 10 April 1800; 25 September 1800; 25 December 1800; 23 July 1801; 18 October 1804; 19 September 1805; 24 April 1806.
100. Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; Peck, Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, 35; Wright, Human Life, 44.
101. Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; Peck, Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, 35; Wright, Human Life, 44.
102. Otsego Herald, 10 April 1800; Peck, Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, 35; Wright, Human Life, 44.
103. Deborah Beach, quoted in Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 27; Peck, Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, 24, 26; Otsego Herald, 27 September 1804.
104. Deborah Beach, quoted in Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 27; Peck, Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, 24, 26; Otsego Herald, 27 September 1804.
105. Deborah Beach, quoted in Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 27; Peck, Life and Times of Rev. George Peck, 24, 26; Otsego Herald, 27 September 1804.
106. Reverend John Taylor, quoted in Ellis, Landlords and Farmers, 17; William Strickland, Journal of a Tour in the United States of America, 1794-1795 (New York: New York Historical Society, 1971), 96; Michel-Guillaume St. Jean de Crevecoeur, Journey Into Northern Pennsylvania and the State of New York, ed. Clarissa Spencer Bostelmann (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964), 486.
107. Reverend John Taylor, quoted in Ellis, Landlords and Farmers, 17; William Strickland, Journal of a Tour in the United States of America, 1794-1795 (New York: New York Historical Society, 1971), 96; Michel-Guillaume St. Jean de Crevecoeur, Journey Into Northern Pennsylvania and the State of New York, ed. Clarissa Spencer Bostelmann (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964), 486.
108. Reverend John Taylor, quoted in Ellis, Landlords and Farmers, 17; William Strickland, Journal of a Tour in the United States of America, 1794-1795 (New York: New York Historical Society, 1971), 96; Michel-Guillaume St. Jean de Crevecoeur, Journey Into Northern Pennsylvania and the State of New York, ed. Clarissa Spencer Bostelmann (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964), 486.
109. Robert Campbell, "School Notes," 1797-1799, Box 1, Robert Campbell Papers, NYSHA; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 42-45; Rev. Whiting Griswold, A Sermon Delivered January 1st, 1811, at the Dedication of the Presbyterian Meeting-House, in Hartwick, Otsego County (Cooperstown, N.Y.: J. H. Prentiss, 1815), 20-21. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 46-47; Wright, Human Life, 41-42. "Bear Battle," Otsego Herald, 22 June 1797; "Defeat of the Wolves," Otsego Herald, 19 September 1799; "Daring Feat," Otsego Herald, 9 June 1803; "A Second Putnam," Otsego Herald, 3 October 1805.
110. Robert Campbell, "School Notes," 1797-1799, Box 1, Robert Campbell Papers, NYSHA; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 42-45; Rev. Whiting Griswold, A Sermon Delivered January 1st, 1811, at the Dedication of the Presbyterian Meeting-House, in Hartwick, Otsego County (Cooperstown, N.Y.: J. H. Prentiss, 1815), 20-21. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 46-47; Wright, Human Life, 41-42. "Bear Battle," Otsego Herald, 22 June 1797; "Defeat of the Wolves," Otsego Herald, 19 September 1799; "Daring Feat," Otsego Herald, 9 June 1803; "A Second Putnam," Otsego Herald, 3 October 1805.
111. Robert Campbell, "School Notes," 1797-1799, Box 1, Robert Campbell Papers, NYSHA; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 42-45; Rev. Whiting Griswold, A Sermon Delivered January 1st, 1811, at the Dedication of the Presbyterian Meeting-House, in Hartwick, Otsego County (Cooperstown, N.Y.: J. H. Prentiss, 1815), 20-21. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 46-47; Wright, Human Life, 41-42. "Bear Battle," Otsego Herald, 22 June 1797; "Defeat of the Wolves," Otsego Herald, 19 September 1799; "Daring Feat," Otsego Herald, 9 June 1803; "A Second Putnam," Otsego Herald, 3 October 1805.
112. Robert Campbell, "School Notes," 1797-1799, Box 1, Robert Campbell Papers, NYSHA; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 42-45; Rev. Whiting Griswold, A Sermon Delivered January 1st, 1811, at the Dedication of the Presbyterian Meeting-House, in Hartwick, Otsego County (Cooperstown, N.Y.: J. H. Prentiss, 1815), 20-21. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 46-47; Wright, Human Life, 41-42. "Bear Battle," Otsego Herald, 22 June 1797; "Defeat of the Wolves," Otsego Herald, 19 September 1799; "Daring Feat," Otsego Herald, 9 June 1803; "A Second Putnam," Otsego Herald, 3 October 1805.
113. Robert Campbell, "School Notes," 1797-1799, Box 1, Robert Campbell Papers, NYSHA; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 42-45; Rev. Whiting Griswold, A Sermon Delivered January 1st, 1811, at the Dedication of the Presbyterian Meeting-House, in Hartwick, Otsego County (Cooperstown, N.Y.: J. H. Prentiss, 1815), 20-21. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 46-47; Wright, Human Life, 41-42. "Bear Battle," Otsego Herald, 22 June 1797; "Defeat of the Wolves," Otsego Herald, 19 September 1799; "Daring Feat," Otsego Herald, 9 June 1803; "A Second Putnam," Otsego Herald, 3 October 1805.
114. Robert Campbell, "School Notes," 1797-1799, Box 1, Robert Campbell Papers, NYSHA; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 42-45; Rev. Whiting Griswold, A Sermon Delivered January 1st, 1811, at the Dedication of the Presbyterian Meeting-House, in Hartwick, Otsego County (Cooperstown, N.Y.: J. H. Prentiss, 1815), 20-21. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 46-47; Wright, Human Life, 41-42. "Bear Battle," Otsego Herald, 22 June 1797; "Defeat of the Wolves," Otsego Herald, 19 September 1799; "Daring Feat," Otsego Herald, 9 June 1803; "A Second Putnam," Otsego Herald, 3 October 1805.
115. Robert Campbell, "School Notes," 1797-1799, Box 1, Robert Campbell Papers, NYSHA; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 42-45; Rev. Whiting Griswold, A Sermon Delivered January 1st, 1811, at the Dedication of the Presbyterian Meeting-House, in Hartwick, Otsego County (Cooperstown, N.Y.: J. H. Prentiss, 1815), 20-21. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 46-47; Wright, Human Life, 41-42. "Bear Battle," Otsego Herald, 22 June 1797; "Defeat of the Wolves," Otsego Herald, 19 September 1799; "Daring Feat," Otsego Herald, 9 June 1803; "A Second Putnam," Otsego Herald, 3 October 1805.
116. Robert Campbell, "School Notes," 1797-1799, Box 1, Robert Campbell Papers, NYSHA; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 42-45; Rev. Whiting Griswold, A Sermon Delivered January 1st, 1811, at the Dedication of the Presbyterian Meeting-House, in Hartwick, Otsego County (Cooperstown, N.Y.: J. H. Prentiss, 1815), 20-21. Beardsley, Reminiscences, 46-47; Wright, Human Life, 41-42. "Bear Battle," Otsego Herald, 22 June 1797; "Defeat of the Wolves," Otsego Herald, 19 September 1799; "Daring Feat," Otsego Herald, 9 June 1803; "A Second Putnam," Otsego Herald, 3 October 1805.
117. Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 139; Weld, Travels Through the States of North America, vol. 1, 39-41. The anecdote also appears in Crevecoeur, Journey Into Northern Pennsylvania, 181.
118. Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 139; Weld, Travels Through the States of North America, vol. 1, 39-41. The anecdote also appears in Crevecoeur, Journey Into Northern Pennsylvania, 181.
119. Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 139; Weld, Travels Through the States of North America, vol. 1, 39-41. The anecdote also appears in Crevecoeur, Journey Into Northern Pennsylvania, 181.
120. Budka, "Journey to Niagara, 1805," 91; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 138, 146, 170; Simon Desjardins, "Castorland Journal," trans. Franklin B. Hough, New York State Library, 46; Samuel L. Mitchell, "Address," Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures, Instituted in the State of New York, Transactions, vol. 1 (Albany, 1801), 213.
121. Budka, "Journey to Niagara, 1805," 91; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 138, 146, 170; Simon Desjardins, "Castorland Journal," trans. Franklin B. Hough, New York State Library, 46; Samuel L. Mitchell, "Address," Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures, Instituted in the State of New York, Transactions, vol. 1 (Albany, 1801), 213.
122. Budka, "Journey to Niagara, 1805," 91; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 138, 146, 170; Simon Desjardins, "Castorland Journal," trans. Franklin B. Hough, New York State Library, 46; Samuel L. Mitchell, "Address," Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures, Instituted in the State of New York, Transactions, vol. 1 (Albany, 1801), 213.
123. Budka, "Journey to Niagara, 1805," 91; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 138, 146, 170; Simon Desjardins, "Castorland Journal," trans. Franklin B. Hough, New York State Library, 46; Samuel L. Mitchell, "Address," Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures, Instituted in the State of New York, Transactions, vol. 1 (Albany, 1801), 213.
124. "Wolf Hunt!" Otsego Herald, 22 November 1798; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 45-47.
125. "Wolf Hunt!" Otsego Herald, 22 November 1798; Beardsley, Reminiscences, 45-47.
126. Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 1331; "Great Slaughter," Freeman's Journal, 5 June 1820; W. W. Munsell, History of Delaware County, New York (New York: Munsell & Co., 1880), 179.
127. Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 1331; "Great Slaughter," Freeman's Journal, 5 June 1820; W. W. Munsell, History of Delaware County, New York (New York: Munsell & Co., 1880), 179.
128. Huntington, "Old Time Notes," 1331; "Great Slaughter," Freeman's Journal, 5 June 1820; W. W. Munsell, History of Delaware County, New York (New York: Munsell & Co., 1880), 179.
129. Jeptha R. Simms, Trappers of New York, or a Biography of Nicholas Stoner & Nathaniel Foster (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1850), 255; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New-York, vol. 1, 449; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 147; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 44; William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 3 November 1791, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; William Cooper and Richard R. Smith, "Storebooks," I and II, 1790-1792, William Cooper Papers, Hartwick College Archives, Oneonta, N.Y.; James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans, Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1828; reprint, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1963), 241.
130. Jeptha R. Simms, Trappers of New York, or a Biography of Nicholas Stoner & Nathaniel Foster (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1850), 255; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New-York, vol. 1, 449; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 147; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 44; William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 3 November 1791, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; William Cooper and Richard R. Smith, "Storebooks," I and II, 1790-1792, William Cooper Papers, Hartwick College Archives, Oneonta, N.Y.; James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans, Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1828; reprint, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1963), 241.
131. Jeptha R. Simms, Trappers of New York, or a Biography of Nicholas Stoner & Nathaniel Foster (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1850), 255; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New-York, vol. 1, 449; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 147; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 44; William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 3 November 1791, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; William Cooper and
132. Jeptha R. Simms, Trappers of New York, or a Biography of Nicholas Stoner & Nathaniel Foster (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1850), 255; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New-York, vol. 1, 449; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 147; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 44; William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 3 November 1791, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; William Cooper and Richard R. Smith, "Storebooks," I and II, 1790-1792, William Cooper Papers, Hartwick College Archives, Oneonta, N.Y.; James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans, Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1828; reprint, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1963), 241.
133. Jeptha R. Simms, Trappers of New York, or a Biography of Nicholas Stoner & Nathaniel Foster (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1850), 255; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New-York, vol. 1, 449; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 147; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 44; William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 3 November 1791, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; William Cooper and Richard R. Smith, "Storebooks," I and II, 1790-1792, William Cooper Papers, Hartwick College Archives, Oneonta, N.Y.; James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans, Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1828; reprint, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1963), 241.
134. Jeptha R. Simms, Trappers of New York, or a Biography of Nicholas Stoner & Nathaniel Foster (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1850), 255; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New-York, vol. 1, 449; Strickland, Journal of a Tour, 147; William Cooper, Guide in the Wilderness, 44; William Cooper to Henry Drinker, 3 November 1791, Correspondence Box 1741-1792, Henry Drinker Papers, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; William Cooper and Richard R. Smith, "Storebooks," I and II, 1790-1792, William Cooper Papers, Hartwick College Archives, Oneonta, N.Y.; James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans, Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1828; reprint, New York: Frederick Ungar, 1963), 241.
135. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 23; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New York, vol. 1, 109; Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, 4-5; Shaw T. Livermore, A Condensed History of Cooperstown (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1862), 125; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann, The Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1896), 465; Elihu Phinney, "Fish and Fishing in Otsego Lake," in A Centennial Offering, Being a Brief History of Cooperstown, ed. S. M. Shaw (Cooperstown, N.Y.: Freeman's Journal Press, 1886), 185; Jay Bloomfield, ed., Lakes of New York State, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1978-1980), 119-23; New York (State) Conservation Department, A Biological Survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna Watersheds: Supplemental to the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1935 (Albany: State of New York, 1936), 49-53, 113-18.
136. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 23; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New York, vol. 1, 109; Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, 4-5; Shaw T. Livermore, A Condensed History of Cooperstown (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1862), 125; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann, The Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1896), 465; Elihu Phinney, "Fish and Fishing in Otsego Lake," in A Centennial Offering, Being a Brief History of Cooperstown, ed. S. M. Shaw (Cooperstown, N.Y.: Freeman's Journal Press, 1886), 185; Jay Bloomfield, ed., Lakes of New York State, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1978-1980), 119-23; New York (State) Conservation Department, A Biological Survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna Watersheds: Supplemental to the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1935 (Albany: State of New York, 1936), 49-53, 113-18.
137. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 23; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New York, vol. 1, 109; Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, 4-5; Shaw T. Livermore, A Condensed History of Cooperstown (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1862), 125; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann, The Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1896), 465; Elihu Phinney, "Fish and Fishing in Otsego Lake," in A Centennial Offering, Being a Brief History of Cooperstown, ed. S. M. Shaw (Cooperstown, N.Y.: Freeman's Journal Press, 1886), 185; Jay Bloomfield, ed., Lakes of New York State, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1978-1980), 119-23; New York (State) Conservation Department, A Biological Survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna Watersheds: Supplemental to the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1935 (Albany: State of New York, 1936), 49-53, 113-18.
138. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 23; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New York, vol. 1, 109; Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, 4-5; Shaw T. Livermore, A Condensed History of Cooperstown (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1862), 125; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann, The Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1896), 465; Elihu Phinney, "Fish and Fishing in Otsego Lake," in A Centennial Offering, Being a Brief History of Cooperstown, ed. S. M. Shaw (Cooperstown, N.Y.: Freeman's Journal Press, 1886), 185; Jay Bloomfield, ed., Lakes of New York State, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1978-1980), 119-23; New York (State) Conservation Department, A Biological Survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna Watersheds: Supplemental to the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1935 (Albany: State of New York, 1936), 49-53, 113-18.
139. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 23; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New York, vol. 1, 109; Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, 4-5; Shaw T. Livermore, A Condensed History of Cooperstown (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1862), 125; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann, The Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1896), 465; Elihu Phinney, "Fish and Fishing in Otsego Lake," in A Centennial Offering, Being a Brief History of Cooperstown, ed. S. M. Shaw (Cooperstown, N.Y.: Freeman's Journal Press, 1886), 185; Jay Bloomfield, ed., Lakes of New York State, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1978-1980), 119-23; New York (State) Conservation Department, A Biological Survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna Watersheds: Supplemental to the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1935 (Albany: State of New York, 1936), 49-53, 113-18.
140. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 23; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New York, vol. 1, 109; Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, 4-5; Shaw T. Livermore, A Condensed History of Cooperstown (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1862), 125; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann, The Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1896), 465; Elihu Phinney, "Fish and Fishing in Otsego Lake," in A Centennial Offering, Being a Brief History of Cooperstown, ed. S. M. Shaw (Cooperstown, N.Y.: Freeman's Journal Press, 1886), 185; Jay Bloomfield, ed., Lakes of New York State, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1978-1980), 119-23; New York (State) Conservation Department, A Biological Survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna Watersheds: Supplemental to the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1935 (Albany: State of New York, 1936), 49-53, 113-18.
141. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 23; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New York, vol. 1, 109; Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, 4-5; Shaw T. Livermore, A Condensed History of Cooperstown (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1862), 125; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann, The Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1896), 465; Elihu Phinney, "Fish and Fishing in Otsego Lake," in A Centennial Offering, Being a Brief History of Cooperstown, ed. S. M. Shaw (Cooperstown, N.Y.: Freeman's Journal Press, 1886), 185; Jay Bloomfield, ed., Lakes of New York State, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1978-1980), 119-23; New York (State) Conservation Department, A Biological Survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna Watersheds: Supplemental to the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1935 (Albany: State of New York, 1936), 49-53, 113-18.
142. Priest, Stories of Early Settlers, 23; Macauley, The Natural . . . History of the State of New York, vol. 1, 109; Clinton, Account of the Salmo Otsego, 4-5; Shaw T. Livermore, A Condensed History of Cooperstown (Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell, 1862), 125; David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann, The Fishes of North and Middle America (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1896), 465; Elihu Phinney, "Fish and Fishing in Otsego Lake," in A Centennial Offering, Being a Brief History of Cooperstown, ed. S. M. Shaw (Cooperstown, N.Y.: Freeman's Journal Press, 1886), 185; Jay Bloomfield, ed., Lakes of New York State, vol. 3 (New York: Academic Press, 1978-1980), 119-23; New York (State) Conservation Department, A Biological Survey of the Delaware and Susquehanna Watersheds: Supplemental to the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, 1935 (Albany: State of New York, 1936), 49-53, 113-18.
143. Cronon, "A Place for Stories," 1349-79;
144. David Carr, "Narrative and the Real World: An Argument for Continuity," History and Theory 25 (1986): 117.
145. Susan Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours, 240-44.