Atatürk and the kurds

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1-25

  Mango, Andrew ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 17544387252     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263209908701284     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Atatürk's Children: Turkey and the Kurds (London, 1996), p.11. The book was reviewed in Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.30, No.1 (January 1997), pp.155-6.
2. Atatürk's Children: Turkey and the Kurds (London, 1996), p.11. The book was reviewed in Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.30, No.1 (January 1997), pp.155-6.
3. Milliyet, 30 June 1998, p.8.
4. 'Güneydoǧu Sorunu' [The Problem of the South-East] in Milliyet, 10 August 1998, p.19.
5. Details in Celâl Erikan, Komutan Atatürk [Atatürk as a Commander] (Ankara, 1972), pp.184-217.
6. Extracts in Uluǧ İǧdemir, Atatürk'ün Yaşamt [Atatürk's Life], Türk Tarih Kurumu (Ankara, 1980), pp.79-87.
7. İzzettin Çalişlar, Atatürk'le İkibuçuk Yil [Two and a half years with Atatürk] (Istanbul, 1993).
8. Çalişlar, op. cit., p.102.
9. Çalişlar, op. cit., p.134.
10. Çalişlar, op. cit., p.130.
11. ATASE [Military History Dept. of Turkish General Staff], Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katilan Tümen ve Doha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanlarin Biyografileri [Biographies of Divisional and More Senior Commanders in the Turkish War of Independence], 2nd ed. (Ankara, 1989), pp.113-15.
12. Fahrettin Altay, On Yil Savaş (1912-1922) ve Sonrasi [Ten Years of War (1912-1922) and After] (Istanbul, 1970), p.29ff.
13. Altay, op. cit., p.53.
14. Altay, op. cit., p.57.
15. Altay, op. cit., p.70.
16. Selim Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains (London, 1998), pp.101-4.
17. Ana Britannica, 1st ed. (Istanbul, 1986-87), Vol.II, p.471.
18. Quoted by Masami Arai, Turkish Nationalism in the Young Turk Era (Leiden, 1992), p.3.
19. Afetinan, Atatürk Hakkinda Hâtiralar ve Belgeler [Reminiscences and Documents Concerning Atatürk] (Istanbul, 1984), pp.43-51.
20. Text of letter in Salih Bozok, Hep Atatürk'ün Yaninda [Ever at Atatürk's Side] (Istanbul, 1985), pp.182-3.
21. David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (London, 1996), p.121.
22. Ibid., p.123; Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1958), Vol.I, p.871; Ana Britannica, Vol.XIV, p.185.
23. Ibid., p.123; Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1958), Vol.I, p.871; Ana Britannica, Vol.XIV, p.185.
24. Ibid., p.123; Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (Leiden, 1958), Vol.I, p.871; Ana Britannica, Vol.XIV, p.185.
25. McDowall, op. cit., p.122.
26. McDowall, op. cit., pp.121-3.
27. ATASE, Atatürk Özel Arşivinden Seçmeler [Extracts from Atatürk's Private Archive], Vol.IV, Genelkurmay Basimevi [General Staff Press] (Ankara, 1996). Ahmet Cevdet's first report on pp.1-8.
28. Mahmut Goloǧlu, Siivas Kongresi [The Sivas Congress] (Ankara, 1969), p.120.
29. Full list of delegates in Mahmut Goloǧlu, Erzurum Kongresi [The Erzurum Congress] (Ankara, 1968), pp.78-80.
30. Text in Goloǧlu, Erzurum Kongresi, pp.201-2.
31. Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk: Vesikalar [Speech: Documents], Atatürk Kultur, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Atatürk Araştirma Merkezi, Ankara 1991, Document No.41, p.643.
32. Mazhar Müfit Kansu, Erzurum'dan Ölümüne Kadar Atatürk'le Beraber [At Atatürk's Side from the Erzurum Congress to His Death] (Ankara, 1988), Vol.II, pp.112-13.
33. Erikan, Komutan Atatürk, p.585.
34. Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Tek Adam [The Only Man] (Istanbul, 1984), Vol.II, p.89; Mazhar Müfit Kansu, pp.198-203.
35. Date in Diary of Major Noel (Basra, 1919), p.19. Charge mentioned in Ahmet Cevdet's telegram of 12 September to Grand Vizier, copy 3rd Corps in Sivas (ATASE, p.78).
36. Date in Diary of Major Noel (Basra, 1919), p.19. Charge mentioned in Ahmet Cevdet's telegram of 12 September to Grand Vizier, copy 3rd Corps in Sivas (ATASE, p.78).
37. Diary of Major Noel, p.1.
38. Diary of Major Noel, p.21.
39. Goloǧlu, Sivas Kongresi, pp.74, 124.
40. Mahmut Goloǧlu, Sivas Kongresi, p.110.
41. Text in Goloǧlu, Sivas Kongresi, pp.232-4.
42. ATASE, p.79.
43. The Diary of Major Noel, p.24.
44. Recep Zühtü's telegrams to 3rd corps in Sivas in ATASE, pp.91-7.
45. Sina Akşin, İstanbul Hükûmetleri ve Millî Mücadele [The Istanbul Governments and the National Struggle] (Istanbul, 1992), Vol.1, p.589.
46. İlhan Tekeli and Selim İlkin, 'Kurtuluş Savaşinda Talat Paşa ile Mustafa Kemal'in Mektuplaşmalari' [Correspondence between Talat Paşa and Mustafa Kemal during the Liberation Struggle], Belleten (Ankara, 1980), Vol.XLIV, No. 174, p.321.
47. Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri (ASD) [Atatürk's Speeches and Declarations], Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Atatürk Araştirma Merkezi (Ankara, 1989), Vol.I, p.30.
48. ASD, Vol.I, pp.74-5.
49. ASD, Vol.I, p.236.
50. ASD, Vol.II, pp.37, 39.
51. Original wording of the text in Rona Aybay, Karşilaştirmali 1961 Anayasasi [Comparative (Text) of 1961 Constitution] (Fakülteler Matbaasi, Istanbul, 1963), p. 199.
52. ATASE, p.69.
53. TBMM Gizli Celse Zabitlari [Minutes of Secret Sessions of the Grand National Assembly] (Ankara, 1985), Vol.III, p.551.
54. ATASE, p.69.
55. TBMM Gizli Celse Zabitlari, Vol.II, p.270.
56. TBMM Gizli Celse Zabitlari, Vol.II, p.630.
57. Kâzim Karabekir, İstiklâl Harbimiz [Our War of Independence] (Istanbul, 1969), pp.978-9.
58. Robert Olson, The Emergence pf Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925 (Austin, TX, 1989), pp.38-9.
59. McDowall, pp.187-8.
60. TEMM Gizli Celse Zabitlari, pp.248-80. The context shows that the word müstakil (independent) refers to müstakil sancak or liva (separate district or province) rather than full state independence.
61. TBMM Gizli Celse Zabitlari, Vol.II, p.623.
62. TBMM Gizli Celse Zabitlari, Vol.III, p.559.
63. Doǧu Perinçek (ed.), Mustafa Kemal: Eskişehir-İzmit Konuşmalari (1923) [Mustafa Kemal: Speeches in Eskişehir and İzmit (1923)] (Istanbul, 1993), p.104.
64. Stephen Evans, The Slow Rapprochement: Britain and Turkey in the Age of Kemal Atatürk, 1919-38(Walkington, England, 1982), pp.85-6.
65. Eskişehir-İzmit Konuşmalari, pp.94-6.
66. Sadi Borak (ed.), Atatürk'ün Resmi Yayinlara Girmemiş Söylev, Demeç, Yazişma ve Söyleşileri [Atatürk's Speeches, Declarations, Correspondence and Interviews Which Have Not Been Included in Official Publications] (Istanbul, 1997), p.225.
67. Mahmut Gologlu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 1923 [The Republic of Turkey: 1923], p.94.
68. Eskişehir-İzmit Konuşmalan, p.13.
69. ASD, I, 337, 338.
70. Sabiha Sertel, Roman Gibi [Like a Novel] (Istanbul, 1969), pp.68-78.
71. Sabiha Sertel calls this article 4 of the draft. In fact it was article 4 of the 1921 constitution (see Aybay, op. cit., p.99).
72. Sabiha Sertel calls this article 4 of the draft. In fact it was article 4 of the 1921 constitution (see Aybay, op. cit., p.99).
73. Aybay, op. cit., p.99.
74. Goloǧlu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, p.320.
75. She probably means Fevzi (Pirinççi), deputy for Diyarbekir (Goloǧlu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, p.320).
76. Sabiha Sertel, p.76.
77. Goloǧlu, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, p.324.
78. Goloǧlu, Üçüncü Meşrutiyet [The Third Constitution(al Period)], gives the tribal affiliations of three deputies from Dersim (p.328), one from Erzincan (p.329) and one from Van (p.343).
79. Suna Kili, Assembly Debates on the Constitutions of 1924 and 1961, Robert College Research Center (Istanbul, 1971 ), p.60.
80. Feridun Kandemir, İzmir Suîkastinin İçyüzü [The Inside Story of the İzmir Assassination Attempt], Ekicigil Matbaasi (Istanbul, 1955), Vol.1, p.107.
81. Goloǧlu, Devrimler ve Tepkileri [Reforms and Reactions To Them] (Ankara, 1972), p.38.
82. Aybay, p.200.
83. Goloǧlu, Devrimler ve Tepkileri, p.49.
84. Goloǧlu, Devrimler ve Tepkileri, pp.37-8.
85. Mete Tunçay, T.C. 'de Tek-Parti Yönetimi'nin Kurulmast [The Establishment of the Single-Party Regime in the Turkish Republic] (Istanbul, 1981), p.108.
86. İsmail Göldaş, Takrir-i Sükûn Görüşmeleri [The Debates on the Maintenance of Order Law] (Istanbul, 1997), pp.470, 491.
87. ASD, IV, pp.562-3.
88. Karabekir, İstiklâl Harbimiz, p. 1034.
89. Rauf Orbay (ed. by İsmet Bozdaǧ), Cehennem Deǧirmeni: Siyasî Hatiralarim [The Mill of Hell: My Political Memoirs] (Istanbul, 1993), Vol.II, p. 190.
90. Sami Özerdim, Atatürk Devrimi Kronolojisi [Chronology of Atatürk's Reforms] (Ankara, 1996), p.93.
91. Nuran Tezcan (ed.), Atatürk'ün Yazdiǧi Yurttaşlik Bilgileri [Civics (Manual) Written by Atatürk] (Istanbul, 1994), p.23.
92. Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatlari [An Outline of Turkish History], reprinted in 1996 with an introduction by Doǧu Perinçek (Istanbul), p.289.
93. Law No.2510, published in Resmî Gazete [Official Gazette] on 21 June 1934.
94. ASD, Vol.II, p.328.
95. İhsan Sabri Çaǧlayangil, Anilarim [My Reminiscences] (Istanbul, 1990), pp.46-55.
96. Özel Şahingiray (ed.), Atatürk'ün Not Defteri [Atatürk's Logbook] (Ankara, 1955), pp.672-4.
97. ASD, Vol.IV, pp.678-9.
98. Asim Us, 1930-1950 Hatira Notlari [Notebooks 1930-1950] (Istanbul, 1966), p.234. İsmet İnönü says in his memoirs that, on the contrary, he had concentrated on education in Dersim and that by 1950, when he left the office of president, it had more primary schools than any other Turkish province. In the end, says İnönü, railways solved the problem of Dersim. Roads were later built to link the area to the rest of the country (İsmet İnönü, Hatiralar (Ankara, 1987), Vol.II, p.269.)
99. Asim Us, 1930-1950 Hatira Notlari [Notebooks 1930-1950] (Istanbul, 1966), p.234. İsmet İnönü says in his memoirs that, on the contrary, he had concentrated on education in Dersim and that by 1950, when he left the office of president, it had more primary schools than any other Turkish province. In the end, says İnönü, railways solved the problem of Dersim. Roads were later built to link the area to the rest of the country (İsmet İnönü, Hatiralar (Ankara, 1987), Vol.II, p.269.)