Social system of Microcebus berthae, the world's smallest primate

International Journal of Primatology

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 407-435

  Dammhahn, Melanie ^a   Kappeler, Peter M ^a,b  

^a Abteilung Verhaltensokologie and Soziobiologie   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Kirindy; Mating system; Microcebus berthae; Sleeping associations; Social structure; Social system; Solitary primate

Indexed keywords

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION;

LEMURIDAE; MICROCEBUS; MICROCEBUS BERTHAE; MICROCEBUS MURINUS; MUS MINUTOIDES; PRIMATES; STREPSIRHINI;

EID: 17444413783     PISSN: 01640291     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10764-005-2931-z     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods. Behaviour 49: 227-267.
2. Atsalis, S. (1999). Seasonal fluctuations in body fat and activity levels in a rain-forest species of mouse lemur, Microcebus rufus. Int. J. Primatol. 20: 883-910.
3. Atsalis, S. (2000). Spatial distribution and population composition of the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus) in Ranomafana national park, Madagascar, and its implications for social organization. Am. J. Primatol. 51: 61-78.
4. Aujard, F., Foucard, J., and Perret, M. (2002). Nest-sharing pattern and health status in captive male gray mouse lemurs, Microcebus murinus: evidence for an important role of a social network during diurnal sleep. In Mammalian Society of China (ed.), Caring for primates. Abstracts of the XIXTH congress. The international primatological society, Beijing, p. 347.
5. Avise, J. C. (1994). Molecular Markers, Natural History and Evolution. Chapman and Hall, New York.
6. Bearder, S. K. (1987). Loris, bushbabies, and tarsiers: diverse societies in solitary foragers. In Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., and Struhsaker, T. T. (eds.), Primate Societies. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 11-24.
7. Bednekoff, P. A., and Lima, S. L. (1998). Re-examining safety in numbers: interactions between risk dilution and collective detection depend upon predator targeting behaviour. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 2021-2026.
8. Birkhead, T. R., and Parker, G. A. (1997). Sperm competition and mating systems. In Krebs, J. R., and Davies, N. B. (eds.), Behavioural Ecology. An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 121-153.
9. Boinski, S. (1987). Habitat use by Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedi) in Costa Rica. Folia primatol. 49: 151-167.
10. Buesching, C. D., Heistermann, M., Hodges, J. K., and Zimmermann, E. (1998). Multimodal oestrus advertisment in a small nocturnal prosimian, Microcebus murinus. Folia primatol. 69: 295-308.
11. Charles-Dominique, P. (1974). Aggression and territoriality in nocturnal prosimians. In Holloway, R. L. (ed.), Primate Aggression, Territoriality and Xenophobia. A Comparative Perspective. Academic Press, New York.
12. Charles-Dominique, P. (1977). Ecology and Behaviour of Nocturnal Primates. Prosimians of Equatorial West Africa. Duckworth, London.
13. Charles-Dominique, P. (1978). Solitary and gregarious prosimians: evolution of social structures in primates. In Chivers, D. J., and Joysey, K. A. (eds.), Recent Advances in Primatology. Vol. 3, Evolution. Academic Press, London, pp. 139-149.
14. Charles-Dominique, P., and Martin, R. D. (1970). Evolution of lorises and lemurs. Nature 227: 257-260.
15. Cheney, D. L., and Wrangham, R. W. (1987). Predation. In Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., and Struhsaker, T. T. (eds.), Primate Societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 227-239.
16. Clark, A. B. (1985). Sociality in a nocturnal "solitary" prosimian: Galago crassicaudatus. Int. J. Primatol. 6: 581-600.
17. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1972). Feeding and Ranging Behaviour of the Red Colobus Monkey. Dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
18. Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1974). Primate social organization and ecology. Nature 250: 539-542.
19. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Harvey, P. H., and Rudder, B. (1977). Sexual dimorphism, socioeconomic sex ratio and body weight in primates. Nature 269: 797-800.
20. Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Iason, G. (1986). Sex ratio variation in mammals. Q. Rev. Bio. 61: 339-374.
21. Cockburn, A., Legge, S., and Double, M. C. (2002). Sex ratios in birds and mammals: can the hypotheses be disentangled? In Hardy, I. C. W. (ed.), Sex Ratios. Concepts and Research Methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 266-286.
22. Colas, S. (1999). Evidence for sex-biased behavioural maternal investment in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Int. J. Primatol. 20: 911-926.
23. Crook, J. H., and Gartlan, J. S. (1966). Evolution of primate societies. Nature 210: 1200-1203.
24. Curtsinger, J. W. (1991). Sperm competition and the evolution of multiple mating. Am. Nat. 138: 93-102.
25. Dunbar, R. I. M. (1987). Demography and reproduction. In Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., and Struhsaker, T. T. (eds.), Primate Societies. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 240-249.
26. Eberle, M., and Kappeler, P. M. (2001). Males and female mating strategies in gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus): who decides? Primate Rep. 60-1: 19-20.
27. Eberle, M., and Kappeler, P. M. (2002). Mouse lemurs in space and time: a test of the socioecological model. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 51: 31-139.
28. Eberle, M., and Kappeler, P. M. (2004a). Selected polyandry: Female choice and inter-sexual conflict in a small nocturnal solitary primate (Microcebus murinus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 57: 91-100.
29. Eberle, M., and Kappeler, P. M. (2004b). Sex in the dark: Determinants and consequences of mixed male mating tactics in Microcebus murinus, a small solitary nocturnal primate. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 57: 77-90.
30. Eisenberg, J. F. (1981). The Mammalian Radiations. An Analysis of Trends in Evolution, Adaptation, and Behaviour. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
31. Eisenberg, J. F., Muckenhirn, N. A., and Rudran, R. (1972). The relation between ecology and social structure in primates. Science 176: 863-874.
32. Emlen, S. T., and Oring, L. W. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197: 215-223.
33. Erlinge, S., and Sandell, M. (1986). Seasonal changes in the social organization of male stoats, Mustela erminea: an effect of shifts between two decisive resources. Oikos 47: 57-62.
34. Fietz, J. (1998). Body mass in wild Microcebus murinus over the dry season. Folia primatol. 69: 183-190.
35. Fietz, J. (1999a). Mating system of Microcebus murinus. Am. J. Primatol. 48: 27-133.
36. Fietz, J. (1999b). Monogamy as a rule rather than exception in nocturnal lemurs: the case of the fat-tailed dwarf lemur, Cheirogaleus medius. Ethology 105: 259-272.
37. Fietz, J., Zischler, H., Schwiegk, C., Tomiuk, J., Dausmann, K. H., and Ganzhorn, J. U. (2000). High rates of extra-pair young in the pair-living fat-tailed lemur, Cheirogaleus medius. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 49: 8-17.
38. Fisher, D. O., and Lara, M. C. (1999). Effect of body size and home range on access to mates and paternity in male bridlednailtail wallabies. Anim. Behav. 58: 121-130.
39. Ganzhorn, J. U. (1995). Low-level forest disturbance effects on primary production, leaf chemistry, and lemur populations. Ecology 76: 2084-2096.
40. Ganzhorn, J. U., and Kappeler, P. M. (1996). Lemurs of the Kirindy forest. Primate Rep. 46: 257-274.
41. Gehrt, S. D., and Fritzell, E. K. (1998). Resource distribution, female home range dispersion and male spatial interactions: group structure in a solitary carnivore. Anim. Behav. 55: 1211-1227.
42. Girman, D. J., Mills, M. G. L., Geffen, E., and Wayne, R. K. (1997). A molecular genetic analysis of social structure, dispersal and interpack relationships in African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 40: 187-198.
43. Goodman, S. M., O'Connor, S., and Langrand, O. (1993). A review of predation on lemurs: implications for the evolution of social behaviour in small mammals. In Kappeler, P. M., and Ganzhorn, J. U. (eds.), Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 51-66.
44. Gursky, S. (2000a). Effect of seasonality on the behavior of an insectivorous primate, Tarsius spectrum. Int. J. Primatol. 21: 477-495.
45. Gursky, S. (2000b). Sociality in the spectral tarsier, Tarsius spectrum. Am. J. Primatol. 51: 89-101.
46. Gursky, S. (2002). Determinants of gregariousness in the spectral tarsier (Prosimian: Tarsius spectrum). J. Zool. Lond. 256: 401-410.
47. Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour.I, II. J. Theor. Biol. 7: 1-52.
48. Hapke, A., Eberle, M., and Zischler, H. (2003). Isolation of new microsatellite markers and application in four species of mouse lemurs (Microcebus sp.). Molecular Ecology Notes 3: 205-208.
49. Harcourt, A. H., Harvey, P. H., Larson, S. G., and Short, R. V. (1981). Testis weight, body weight and breeding system in primates. Nature 293: 55-57.
50. Harcourt, C. (1987). Brief trap/retrap study of the brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus). Folia primatol. 49: 209-211.
51. Harcourt, C., and Nash, L. T. (1986). Social organization of galagos in Kenyan coastal forests: I. Galago zanzibaricus. Am. J. Primatol. 10: 339-355.
52. Harvey, P. H., and Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1981). Primate home-range size and metabolic needs. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 8: 151-155.
53. Hladik, C. M., Charles-Dominique, P., and Petter, J. J. (1980). Feeding strategies of five nocturnal prosimians in the dry forest of the west coast of Madagascar. In Charles-Dominique, P., Cooper, H. M., Hladik, A., Hladik, C. M., Pages, E., Pariente, G. F., Petter-Rousseaux, A., and Schilling, A. (eds.), Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. Academic Press, New York, pp. 41-73.
54. Hooge, P. N., Eichenlaub, W., and Solomon, E. K. (1999). The animal movement extension to Arc View Version 1.1. Alaska Science Office, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage.
55. Hrdy, S. B. (1981). The Woman That Never Evolved. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
56. Ishibashi, Y., Saitoh, T., Abe, S., and Yoshia, M. C. (1999). Sex-related spatial kin structure in a spring population of grey-sides voles Clethrionomys rufocanus as revealed by mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA analysis. Mol. Ecol. 6: 63-71.
57. Janson, C. H., and Goldsmith, M. L. (1995). Predicting group size in primates: foraging costs and predation risks. Behav. Ecol. 6: 326-336.
58. Jenkins, P. F., and Albrecht, G. (1991). Sexual dimorphism and sex ratios in Malagasy prosimians. Am. J. Primatol. 24: 1-14.
59. Jolly, A. (1984). The puzzle of female feeding priority. In Small, M. F. (ed.), Female Primates: Studies by Woman Primatologists. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 197-215.
60. Kappeler, P. M. (1990a). Female dominance in Lemur catta: more than just female feeding priority? Folia primatol. 55: 92-95.
61. Kappeler, P. M. (1990b). The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in prosimian primates. Am. J. Primatol. 21: 201-214.
62. Kappeler, P. M. (1991). Patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates. Folia primatol. 57: 132-146.
63. Kappeler, P. M. (1993a). Female dominance in primates and other mammals. In Bateson, P. P. G., Klopfer, P. H., and Thompson, N. S. (eds.), Perspectives in Ethology, Volume 10: Behaviour and Evolution. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 143-158.
64. Kappeler, P. M. (1993b). Sexual selection and lemur social systems. In Kappeler, P. M., and Ganzhorn, J. U. (eds.), Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 223-240.
65. Kappeler, P. M. (1996). Intrasexual selection and phylogenetical constrains in the evolution of canine dimorphism in strepsirrhine primates. J. Evol. Biol. 9: 43-65.
66. Kappeler, P. M. (1997a). Intrasexual selection and testis size in strepsirrhine primates. Behav. Ecol. 8: 10-19.
67. Kappeler, P. M. (1997b). Intrasexual selection in Mirza coquereli: evidence for scramble competition polygyny in a solitary primate. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 45: 115-127.
68. Kappeler, P. M. (1998). Nests, tree holes, and the evolution of primate life histories. Am. J. Primatol. 46: 7-33.
69. Kappeler, P. M. (2000a). Causes and consequences of unusual sex ratios among lemurs. In Kappeler, P. M. (ed.), Primate Males. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 55-63.
70. Kappeler, P. M. (2000b). Ecologie des microcèbes. Primatologie 3: 145-171.
71. Kappeler, P. M., and van Schaik, C. P. (2002). Evolution of primate social systems. Int. J. Primatol. 23: 707-740.
72. Kappeler, P. M., Wimmer, B., and Tautz, D. (2000). Genetic and social structure of a polygynuos nocturnal lemur (Mirza coquereli, Primates: Cheirogaleidae). Zoology 103 (Suppl.): 44.
73. Kappeler, P. M., Wimmer, B., Zinner, D., and Tautz, D. (2002). The hidden matrilineal structure of a solitary lemur: implications for primate social evolution. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269: 1755-1763.
74. Kenagy, G. J., and Trombulak, S. C. (1986). Size and function of mammalian testes in relation to body size. J. Mammal. 67: 1-22.
75. Kerth, G., Mayer, F., and König. B. (2000). Mitochondral DNA (mtDNA) reveals that female Bechstein's bats live in closed societies. Mol. Ecol. 9: 793-800.
76. Lurz, P. W. W., Garson, P. J., and Wauters, L. (2000). Effects of temporal and spatial variation in food supply on the space and habitat use of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris L.). J. Zool. Lond. 251: 167-178.
77. Marshall, T. C., Slate, J., Kruuk, L. E. B., and Pemberton, J. M. (1998). Statistical confidence for likelihood-based paternity inference in natural. Mol. Ecol. 7: 639-655.
78. Martin, R. D. (1972). A preliminary field-study of the lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus J. F. Miller, 1977). In Charles-Dominique, P., and Martin, R. D. (eds.), Behaviour and Ecology of Nocturnal Prosimians. Field Studies in Gabon and Madagascar. Paul Parey, Berlin, pp. 43-85.
79. Martin, R. D. (1973). A review of the behaviour and ecology of the lesser mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus J. F. Miller 1777). In Michael, R. P., and Crook, J. H. (eds.), Comperative Ecology and Behaviour of Primates. Academic Press, London, pp. 1-68.
80. Mittermeier, R. A., Tattersall, I., Konstant, W. R., Meyers, D. M., and Mast, R. B. (1994). Lemurs of Madagascar. Washington, DC, Conservation International.
81. Müller, A. E. (1998). A preliminary report on the social organisation of Cheirogaleus medius (Cheirogaleidae; Primates) in north-west Madagascar. Folia primatol. 69: 160-166.
82. Müller, A. E. (1999). The Social Organization of the Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemur, Cheirogaleus medius (Lemuriformes; Primates). Dissertation, University of Zürich, Zürich.
83. Müller, A. E., and Thalmann, U. (2000). Origin and evolution of primate social organization: a reconstruction. Biol. Rev. 75: 405-435.
84. Ortmann, S., Heldmaier, G., Schmid, J., and Ganzhorn, J. U. (1997). Spontaneous daily torpor on a Malagasy mouse lemur. Naturwissenschaften 84: 28-32.
85. Ortmann, S., Schmid, J., Ganzhorn, J. U., and Heldmaier, G. (1996). Body temperature and torpor in a Malagasy small primate, the mouse lemur. In Geiser, F., Hulbert, A. J., and Nicol, S. C. (eds.), Adaptations to the Cold: Tenth International Hibernation Symposium. University of New England Press, Armidale, pp. 55-61.
86. Pagès-Feuillade, E. (1988). Modalités de l'occupation de l'espace et relations interindividuelles chez un prosimien nocturne malgache (Microcebus murinus). Folia primatol. 50: 204-220.
87. Parker, G. A. (1970). Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects. Biol. Rev. 45: 525-567.
88. Pereira, M. E. (1991). Asynchrony within estrous synchrony among ringtailed lemurs (Primates: Lemuridae). Physiol. Behav. 49: 47-52.
89. Pereira, M. E., Kaufmann, R., Kappeler, P. M., and Overdorff, D. J. (1990). Female dominance does not characterize all of the Lemuridae. Folia primatol. 55: 96-103.
90. Perret, M. (1990). Influence of social factors on sex ratio at birth, maternal investment and young survival in a prosimian primate. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 27: 447-454.
91. Perret, M. (1996). Manipulation of sex ratio at birth by urinary cues in a prosimian primate. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 38: 259-266.
92. Peters, C., Sarikaya, Z., Radespiel, U., and Zimmermann, E. (2000). Reproductive strategies in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) in north-west Madagascar. Folia primatol. 71: 237-238.
93. Petter, J. J., Albignac, R., and Rumpler, Y. (1977). Faune De Madagascar. Orstrom CNRS, Paris.
94. Petter-Rousseaux, A. (1980). Seasonal activity rhythms, reproduction, and body weight variation in five sympatric nocturnal prosimians, in simulated light and climatic conditions. In Charles-Dominique, P., Cooper, H. M., Hladik, A., Hladik, C. M., Pages, E., Pariente, G. F., Petter-Rousseaux, A., and Schilling, A. (eds.), Nocturnal Malagasy Primates. Academic Press, New York, pp. 137-152.
95. Pochron, S. T., Fitzgerald, J., Gilbert, C. C., Lawrence, D., Grgas, M., Rakotonirina, G., Ratsimbazafy, R., Rakotosoa, R., and Wright, P. C. (2003). Patterns of female dominance in Propithecus diadema edwardsi of Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 61: 173-185.
96. Pullen, S. L., Bearder, S. K., and Dixon, A. F. (2000). Preliminary observations on sexual behavior and the mating system in free-ranging lesser galagos (Galago moholi). Am. J. Primatol. 51: 79-88.
97. Queller, D. C., and Goodnight, K. F. (1989). Estimating relatedness using genetic makers. Evolution 43: 258-275.
98. Radespiel, U. (1998). Die Soziale Organisation des Grauen Mausmakis (Microcebus Murinus, J. F. Miller, 1977). Eine freilandökologische und laborexperimentelle Studie. Dissertation, University of Hannover, Hannover.
99. Radespiel, U. (2000a). Female dominance in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Folia primatol. 71: 207.
100. Radespiel, U. (2000b). Sociality in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) in northwest Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 51: 21-40.
101. Radespiel, U., Cepok, S., Zietemann, V., and Zimmermann, E. (1998). Sex-specific usage patterns of sleeping sites in grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) in northwestern Madagascar. Am. J. Primatol. 46: 77-84.
102. Radespiel, U., Dal Secco, V., Drögemüller, C., Braune, P., Labes, E., and Zimmermann, E. (2002). Sexual selection, multiple mating and paternity in gray mouse lemurs, Microcebus murinus. Anim. Behav. 63: 259-268.
103. Radespiel, U., Ehresmann, P., and Zimmermann, E. (2001a). Contest versus scramble competition for mates: the composition and spatial structure of a population of gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) in north-west Madagascar. Primates 42: 207-220.
104. Radespiel, U., Sarikaya, Z., and Zimmermann, E. (2001b). Sociogenetic structure in a free-living nocturnal primate population: sex-specific differences in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 50: 493-502.
105. Radespiel, U., and Zimmermann, E. (2000). Oestrus synchrony in grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Folia primatol. 71: 239.
106. Radespiel, U., and Zimmermann, E. (2001). Female dominance in captive mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Am. J. Primatol. 54: 181-192.
107. Ralls, K. (1976). Mammals in which females are larger than males. Q. Rev. Biol. 51: 245-276.
108. Rasoloarison, R. M., Goodman, S. M., and Ganzhorn, J. U. (2000). Taxonomic revision of mouse lemurs (Microcebus) in the western portions of Madagascar. Int. J. Primatol. 21: 963-1019.
109. Rasoloarison, R. M., Rasoloandrasana, B. P. N., Ganzhorn, J. U., and Goodman, S. M. (1995). Predation on vertebrates in the Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar. Ecotropica 1: 59-65.
110. Rensing, S. (1999). Immobilization and anesthesia of nonhuman primates. Primate Rep. 55: 33-38.
111. Richard, A. F., and Dewar, R. E. (1991). Lemur ecology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 145-175.
112. Sarikaya, Z., and Kappeler, P. M. (1997). Nest building behavior of coquerel's dwarf lemur (Mirza coquereli). Primate Rep. 47: 3-9.
113. Schmelting, B. (2000). Saisonale Aktivität and Reproduktionsbiologie von Grauen Mausmaki-Männchen (Microcebus Murinus, J. F. Miller 1777) in Nordwest-Madagaskar. Dissertation, University of Hannover, Hannover.
114. Schmid, J. (1996). Oxygen consumption and torpor in mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus and M. myoxinus): Preliminary results of a study in western Madagascar. In Geiser, F., Hulbert, A. J., and Nicol, S. C. (eds.), Adaptations to the Cold: Thenth International Hibernation Symposium. University of New England, Armidale, pp. 47-54.
115. Schmid, J. (1997). Torpor beim Grauen Mausmaki (Microcebus murinus) in Madagaskar: Energetische Konsequenzen und ökologische Bedeutung. Dissertation, University of Tübingen, Tübingen.
116. Schmid, J. (1998). Tree holes used for resting by gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) in Madagascar: insulation capacities and energetic consequences. Int. J. Primatol. 19: 797-809.
117. Schmid, J. (1999). Sex-specific differences in activity patterns and fattening in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) in Madagascar. J. Mammal. 80: 749-757.
118. Schmid, J., and Kappeler, P. M. (1994). Sympatric mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in western Madagascar. Folia primatol. 63: 162-170.
119. Schmid, J., and Kappeler, P. M. (1998). Fluctuating sexual dimorphism and differential hibernation by sex in a primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 43: 125-132.
120. Schmid, J., Ruf, T., and Heldmaier, G. (2000). Metabolism and temperature regulation during daily torpor in the smallest primate, the pygmy mouse lemur (Microcebus myoxinus) in Madagascar. J. Comp. Physiol. B 170: 59-68.
121. Schülke, O. (2003). To breed or not to breed - food competition and other factors involved in female breeding decisions in the pair-living nocturnal fork-marked lemur (Phaner furcifer). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 55: 11-21.
122. Schülke, O., and Kappeler, P. M. (2003). So near and yet so far: territorial pairs but low cohesion between pair partners in a nocturnal lemur, Phaner furcifer. Anim. Behav. 65: 331-343.
123. Schülke, O., Kappeler, P. M., and Zischler, H. (2004). Small testes size despite high extra-pair paternity in the pair-living nocturnal primate Phaner furcifer. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 55: 293-301.
124. Schülke, O., Zischler, H., and Kappeler, P. M. (2001). The potential for sexual selection in a pair-living nocturnal primate. Primate Rep. 60-1: 39.
125. Schulte-Hostedde, A. I., and Millar, J. S. (2004). Intraspecific variation of testis size and sperm length in the yellow-pine chipmunk (Tamias amoenus): implications for sperm competition and reproductive success. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 55: 272-277.
126. Schwab, D. (2000). A preliminary study of spatial distribution and mating system of the pygmy mouse lemur (Microcebus cf myoxinus). Am. J. Primatol. 51: 41-60.
127. Schwab, D., and Ganzhorn, J. U. (2004). Distribution, population structure and habitat use of Microcebus berthae compared to those of other sympatric cheirogalids. Int. J. Primatol. 25: 307-330.
128. Schwagmeyer, P. L. (1988). Scramble-competition polygyny in an asocial mammal: male mobility and mating success. Am. Nat. 131: 885-892.
129. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W., and Struhsaker, T. T. (1987). Primate Societies, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
130. Sorg, J. P., Ganzhorn, J. U., and Kappeler, P. M. (2003). Forestry and research in the Kirindy Forest/Centre de Formation Professionnelle Forestière. In Goodman, S. M., and Benstead, J. P. (eds.), The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 1512-1519.
131. Sorg, J. P., and Rohner, U. (1996). Climate and tree phenology of the dry deciduous forest of the Kirindy Forest. In Ganzhorn, J. U., and Sorg, J. P. (eds.), Ecology and Economy of a Tropical Dry Forest in Madagascar. Erich Goltze GmbH and Co KG, Göttingen, pp. 57-80.
132. Stockley, P., Searle, J. B., Macdonald, D. W., and Jones, C. S. (1994). Alternative reproductive tactics in male common shrews: relationship between mate-searching behaviour, sperm production, and reproductive success as revealed by DNA fingerprinting. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34: 71-78.
133. Tattersall, I. (1982). The Primates of Madagascar. Columbia University Press, New York.
134. Tew, T. E., and Macdonald, D. W. (1994). Dynamics of space use and male vigour amongst wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus, in the cereal ecosystem. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34: 337-345.
135. van Schaik, C. P., and de Visser, J. A. G. M. (1990). Fragile sons and harassed daughters? Sex-biased mortality among juvenile primates. Folia primatol. 55: 10-23.
136. van Schaik, C. P., and Hrdy, S. B. (1991). Intensity of locale resource competition shapes the relationship between maternal rank and sex ratio at birth in cercopithecine primates. Am. Nat. 138: 1555-1562.
137. Vickery, W. L., and Millar, J. S. (1984). The energetics of huddling by endotherms. Oikos 43: 88-93.
138. Warren, R. D., and Crompton, R. H. (1997). A comperative study of the ranging behaviour, activity rhythms and sociality of Lepilemur edwardsi (Primates, Lepilemuridae) and Avahi occidentalis (Primates, Indriidae) at Ampijoroa, Madagascar. J. Zool. Lond. 243: 397-415.
139. Weidt, A., Hagenah, N., Randrianambinina, B., Radespiel, U., and Zimmermann, E. (2004). Social organization of the Golden brown mouse lemur (Microcebus ravelobensis). Am. J. Physi. Anthropol. 123: 40-51.
140. Wimmer, B., Tautz, D., and Kappeler, P. M. (2002). The genetic population structure of the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), a basal primate from Madagascar. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 52: 166-175.
141. Worthington Wilmer, J., Moritz, C., Hall, L., and Toop, J. (1994). Extreme population structuring in the threatened ghost bat, Macroderma gigas: evidence from mitochondrial DNA. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 257: 193-198.
142. Yoder, A. D., Rasoloarison, R. M., Goodman, S. M., Irwin, J. A., Atsalis, S., Ravosa, M. J., and Ganzhorn, J. U. (2000). Remarkable species diversity in Malagasy mouse lemurs (primates, Microcebus). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 97: 11325-11330.
143. Young, A. L., Richard, A. F., and Aiello, L. C. (1990). Female dominance and maternal investment in strepsirhine primates. Am. Nat. 135: 473-488.
144. Zinner, D., Hilgartner, R., Kappeler, P. M., Pietsch, T., and Ganzhorn, J. U. (2003). Social organization of Lepilemur ruficaudatus. Int. J. Primatol. 24: 869-888.