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Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 187-208

Hydra's heads: PAGAD and responses to the PAGAD phenomenon in a Cape Muslim community

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION; ISLAMISM; SOCIAL MOVEMENT; VIOLENCE;

EID: 17444365103     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057070500035919     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (22)

References (196)
  • 1
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    • The arrests were reported in the Cape Times, the Cape Argus and Die Burger, the main local newspapers, on 6 and 7 November, 2000. See 6 November
    • The arrests were reported in the Cape Times, the Cape Argus and Die Burger, the main local newspapers, on 6 and 7 November, 2000. See 'New Bomb Bust', Cape Argus, 6 November 2000.
    • (2000) Cape Argus
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    • 'Arrests a 'Breakthrough in Urban Terror''
    • 7 November
    • 'Arrests a 'Breakthrough in Urban Terror'', Cape Times, 7 November 2000.
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  • 3
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    • 'Tight Security at Bomb Hearings', Cape Argus, 7 November 2000.
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  • 4
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    • and 7 November
    • and 'Vier in Hof ná Gefnuikte Bomaanval', Die Burger, 7 November 2000.
    • (2000) Die Burger
  • 5
    • 0003733919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The doyen of post-September 11 'terrorism experts', Rohan Gunaratna, is undoubtedly in a league of his own in implying that PAGAD represents (New York, Berkley Books,), South African government officials, such as the late Minister of Safety and Security, Steve Tshwete, and Minister of Justice, Penuell Maduna, came close, however, by raising the spectre of 'an Algerian situation' and in implying that PAGAD members 'had been trained in Libya and had links with the Lebanese Hizbollah'
    • The doyen of post-September 11 'terrorism experts', Rohan Gunaratna, is undoubtedly in a league of his own in implying that PAGAD represents evidence of Al Qaeda's influence in South Africa. See R. Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror (New York, Berkley Books, 2002), p. 212. South African government officials, such as the late Minister of Safety and Security, Steve Tshwete, and Minister of Justice, Penuell Maduna, came close, however, by raising the spectre of 'an Algerian situation' and in implying that PAGAD members 'had been trained in Libya and had links with the Lebanese Hizbollah'.
    • (2002) Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror , pp. 212
    • Gunaratna, R.1
  • 6
    • 17444401289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Pagad en G-Force is Enigste Verdagtes'
    • See 12 September
    • See 'Pagad en G-Force is Enigste Verdagtes', Die Burger, 12 September 2000
    • (2000) Die Burger
  • 7
    • 17444363703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'SA looks to Algeria for Advice on Terror'
    • 17 September
    • 'SA looks to Algeria for Advice on Terror', Sunday Times, 17 September 2000.
    • (2000) Sunday Times
  • 8
    • 17444388839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Maduna: Libyan-Trained Guerrillas Behind Bombings'
    • 14 September
    • 'Maduna: Libyan-Trained Guerrillas Behind Bombings', Cape Times, 14 September 2000.
    • (2000) Cape Times
  • 9
    • 17444425651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Tshwete is Barking up Wrong Tree'
    • For analytical comments see T. Leggett, 'Tshwete is Barking up Wrong Tree', Mail & Guardian, 15 September 2000.
    • (2000) Mail & Guardian
    • Leggett, T.1
  • 10
    • 17444416643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Don't Blame all Muslims for Actions of a Few'
    • and 6 October
    • and Z. Jaffer, 'Don't Blame all Muslims for Actions of a Few', Cape Times, 6 October 2000.
    • (2000) Cape Times
    • Jaffer, Z.1
  • 11
    • 17444366128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Covering the East - Veils and Masks: Orientalism in South African Media'
    • Gabeeba Baderoon provides a Saidian analysis of the local South African media's visual and verbal portrayal of PAGAD, in which she links the local media's portrayal of PAGAD to international Orientalist discourses. However, Baderoon understates the extent to which there was already a South African Orientalist discourse linking Islam and violence long before the advent of PAGAD, namely in the 1980s. in H. Wassermann and S. Jacobs (eds), Social Identities South Africa Series (Cape Town, Kwela Books,), esp. pp
    • Gabeeba Baderoon provides a Saidian analysis of the local South African media's visual and verbal portrayal of PAGAD, in which she links the local media's portrayal of PAGAD to international Orientalist discourses. However, Baderoon understates the extent to which there was already a South African Orientalist discourse linking Islam and violence long before the advent of PAGAD, namely in the 1980s. G. Baderoon, 'Covering the East - Veils and Masks: Orientalism in South African Media', in H. Wassermann and S. Jacobs (eds), Shifting Selves: Post-Apartheid Essays on Mass Media, Culture and Identity, Social Identities South Africa Series (Cape Town, Kwela Books, 2003), esp. pp. 329-332.
    • (2003) Shifting Selves: Post-Apartheid Essays on Mass Media, Culture and Identity , pp. 329-332
    • Baderoon, G.1
  • 12
    • 17444371610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In line with contemporary scholarly practice, I have opted not to put designations of population groups such as Coloured, white and black African in inverted commas, even if it remains a fact that they are essentially socially constructed - if not necessarily completely arbitrary - categories.
  • 14
    • 0242389883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Prime Suspects? The Metamorphosis of PAGAD'
    • H. Boshoff, A. Botha, M. Schönteich, Institute for Security Studies Monograph no. 63 (Cape Town & Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies)
    • A. Botha, 'The Prime Suspects? The Metamorphosis of PAGAD', in H. Boshoff, A. Botha, M. Schönteich, Fear in the City: Urban Terrorism in South Africa, Institute for Security Studies Monograph no. 63 (Cape Town & Pretoria, Institute for Security Studies, 2001).
    • (2001) Fear in the City: Urban Terrorism in South Africa
    • Botha, A.1
  • 16
    • 17444393918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'PAGAD and Islamic Radicalism: Taking on the State?'
    • F. Esack, 'PAGAD and Islamic Radicalism: Taking on the State?', Indicator S.A., 13, 4 (1997), pp. 7-11.
    • (1997) Indicator S.A. , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 7-11
    • Esack, F.1
  • 19
    • 17444387024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance in the Western Cape, South Africa'
    • K. King (ed.), (Edinburgh, Centre for African Studies)
    • S. Jeppie,'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance in the Western Cape, South Africa', in K. King (ed.), Development in Africa, Africa in Development (Edinburgh, Centre for African Studies, 2000).
    • (2000) Development in Africa, Africa in Development
    • Jeppie, S.1
  • 21
    • 17444432556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'People Against Gangsterism, and Drugs - (PAGAD)'
    • C. J. B. Le Roux, 'People Against Gangsterism, and Drugs - (PAGAD)', Journal for Contemporary History, 22, 1 (1997), pp. 51-80.
    • (1997) Journal for Contemporary History , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-80
    • Le Roux, C.J.B.1
  • 22
    • 17444427652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'PAGAD: A Vehicle for Radical Islamic Fundamentalism in South Africa or an Organisation of Concerned Citizens?'
    • (Unpublished manuscript presented at the Conference on Theopolitics, Durban, 27-28 March)
    • C. J. B. Le Roux, 'PAGAD: A Vehicle for Radical Islamic Fundamentalism in South Africa or an Organisation of Concerned Citizens?', (Unpublished manuscript presented at the Conference on Theopolitics, Durban, 27-28 March 1998).
    • (1998)
    • Le Roux, C.J.B.1
  • 23
    • 17444394424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Globalization, Identity and the Politics of Good and Evil: Representing Gangsters and PAGAD'
    • (Unpublished M.A Thesis, Bellville, University of the Western Cape)
    • S. Pillay, 'Globalization, Identity and the Politics of Good and Evil: Representing Gangsters and PAGAD' (Unpublished M.A Thesis, Bellville, University of the Western Cape, 1998).
    • (1998)
    • Pillay, S.1
  • 25
    • 17444390019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Problematising the Making of Good and Evil: Gangs and PAGAD'
    • S. Pillay 'Problematising the Making of Good and Evil: Gangs and PAGAD', Critical Arts, 16, 2 (2003), pp. 38-75.
    • (2003) Critical Arts , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 38-75
    • Pillay, S.1
  • 26
    • 33646003133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters: Problematising Public Discourse on a Post-Apartheid Showdown'
    • Wasserman and Jacobs (eds)
    • S. Pillay 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters: Problematising Public Discourse on a Post-Apartheid Showdown', in Wasserman and Jacobs (eds), Shifting Selves, pp. 283-313.
    • Shifting Selves , pp. 283-313
    • Pillay, S.1
  • 27
    • 17444375244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Jihad Against Drugs in Cape Town: A Discourse-Centred Analysis'
    • A. Tayob, 'Jihad Against Drugs in Cape Town: A Discourse-Centred Analysis', Social Dynamics, 22, 2 (1996), pp. 23-29.
    • (1996) Social Dynamics , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 23-29
    • Tayob, A.1
  • 28
    • 70349925960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Revisiting PAGAD: Machoism or Islamism?'
    • See 11 February
    • See also, S. Bangstad, 'Revisiting PAGAD: Machoism or Islamism?, ISIM Newsletter, 11 February 2002, p. 11.
    • (2002) ISIM Newsletter , pp. 11
    • Bangstad, S.1
  • 29
    • 0027865077 scopus 로고
    • 'Islamism: Digesting Modernity the Islamic Way'
    • Like many others, Utvik renders sharī' a as 'Islamic Law', but this is inaccurate, as sharī' a covers a wider range of meanings than 'law' normally does
    • B. O. Utvik, 'Islamism: Digesting Modernity the Islamic Way', Forum for Development Studies, 2 (1993), p. 197. Like many others, Utvik renders sharī' a as 'Islamic Law', but this is inaccurate, as sharī' a covers a wider range of meanings than 'law' normally does.
    • (1993) Forum for Development Studies , vol.2 , pp. 197
    • Utvik, B.O.1
  • 30
    • 17444361866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Muslim Jurists' Quest for the Normative Basis of Shari' a'
    • See (Leiden, ISIM)
    • See M. K. Masud, 'Muslim Jurists' Quest for the Normative Basis of Shari' a' (Leiden, ISIM, 2001), p. 2.
    • (2001) , pp. 2
    • Masud, M.K.1
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    • 'The Challenge of Inclusion in the Middle East'
    • (January)
    • A. R. Norton, 'The Challenge of Inclusion in the Middle East', Current History (January 1995), p. 3.
    • (1995) Current History , pp. 3
    • Norton, A.R.1
  • 35
    • 17444364785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whilst admitting that 'PAGAD's Islamist discourse was...[...]...fraught with deep contradictions and...[... ... subject to appropriation and challenges by the traditions of Cape Town', Tayob repeatedly refers to PAGAD as an instance of Islamic fundamentalism and/or Islamism. See
    • Whilst admitting that 'PAGAD's Islamist discourse was...[...]...fraught with deep contradictions and...[... ... subject to appropriation and challenges by the traditions of Cape Town', Tayob repeatedly refers to PAGAD as an instance of Islamic fundamentalism and/or Islamism. See Tayob, 'Jihad Against Drugs', pp. 27 and 28.
    • 'Jihad Against Drugs' , pp. 27-28
    • Tayob1
  • 36
    • 17444373858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance'
    • '...the PAGAD phenomenon is neither about fundamentalism nor an international Islamist project'
    • '...the PAGAD phenomenon is neither about fundamentalism nor an international Islamist project'. Jeppie, 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', p. 221.
    • Jeppie1
  • 37
    • 17444399634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Pillay, 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters', p. 283: 'The argument of this article is that, firstly, the identity of the gangster in Cape Town - as derivative of poverty, as anti-social, as a result of the Group Areas Act - and that of PAGAD - as representative of a homogeneous Islam and as the incarnation of a global "Islamic threat"-obscures their particularity and specificity'.
  • 38
    • 17444373858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance'
    • See for instance
    • See, for instance, Jeppie, 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', pp. 222-223.
    • Jeppie1
  • 39
    • 17444373858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance'
    • for instance
    • Ibid., p. 221.
    • Jeppie, A.1
  • 40
    • 17444386643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters'
    • Pillay, 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters', p. 304.
    • Pillay, S.1
  • 41
    • 17444386643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters'
    • Ibid., p. 300.
    • Pillay, S.1
  • 42
    • 17444373858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance'
    • Jeppie, 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', p. 224.
    • Jeppie, A.1
  • 43
    • 0035170637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Of Islamists and Ballot Boxes: Rethinking the Relationship Between Islamisms and Electoral Politics'
    • V. Langohr, 'Of Islamists and Ballot Boxes: Rethinking the Relationship Between Islamisms and Electoral Politics', International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 33 (2001), pp. 591-592.
    • (2001) International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies , vol.33 , pp. 591-592
    • Langohr, V.1
  • 44
    • 27744477987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The State of the Economy: A Crisis of Unemployment'
    • in J. Daniel, A. Habib and R. Southall (eds),(Cape Town, Human Sciences Research Council Press) ff. 7
    • N. Nattrass, 'The State of the Economy: A Crisis of Unemployment', in J. Daniel, A. Habib and R. Southall (eds), State of the Nation: South Africa 2003-2004 (Cape Town, Human Sciences Research Council Press, 2003), ff. 7, p. 154.
    • (2003) State of the Nation: South Africa 2003-2004 , pp. 154
    • Nattrass, N.1
  • 45
    • 17244379817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The State of Employment and Unemployment in South Africa'
    • General unemployment increased from 28.6 per cent to 41.5 per cent from 1994 to 2001. In the 1990s, 'inter-racial inequality declined, but intra-racial inequality increased markedly', so much so that inequality in South Africa is 'increasingly a function of class, rather than race'.
    • General unemployment increased from 28.6 per cent to 41.5 per cent from 1994 to 2001. See M. Altman, 'The State of Employment and Unemployment in South Africa', in ibid., p. 160. In the 1990s, 'inter-racial inequality declined, but intra-racial inequality increased markedly', so much so that inequality in South Africa is 'increasingly a function of class, rather than race'.
    • (2003) State of the Nation: South Africa 2003-2004 , pp. 160
    • Altman, M.1
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    • 'Class, Distribution and Redistribution in Post-Apartheid South Africa'
    • 1 See
    • See J. Seekings and N. Nattrass, 'Class, Distribution and Redistribution in Post-Apartheid South Africa', Transformation, 50 (2002), pp. 1, 25.
    • (2002) Transformation , vol.50 , pp. 25
    • Seekings, J.1    Nattrass, N.2
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    • note
    • See Table 1 below.
  • 50
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    • 'Introduction: Who Needs Identity?'
    • S. Hall and P. du Gay (eds), (London, Sage)
    • S. Hall, 'Introduction: Who Needs Identity?', in S. Hall and P. du Gay (eds), Questions of Cultural Identity (London, Sage, 1996), p. 4.
    • (1996) Questions of Cultural Identity , pp. 4
    • Hall, S.1
  • 52
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    • 'New Hybridities, Old Concepts: The Limits of 'Culture'"
    • F. Anthias, 'New Hybridities, Old Concepts: The Limits of "Culture"', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24, 4 (2001), p. 621.
    • (2001) Ethnic and Racial Studies , vol.24 , Issue.4 , pp. 621
    • Anthias, F.1
  • 54
    • 17444414158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Here I draw upon the late Edward Said, perhaps the most ardent critic of the widespread Orientalist tendency to regard 'Islam' as socially and culturally determinative of Muslim identities and behaviour for analytical purposes. For critiques of this tendency, see, for instance, 3rd revised edition. (London, Vintage Books, )
    • Here I draw upon the late Edward Said, perhaps the most ardent critic of the widespread Orientalist tendency to regard 'Islam' as socially and culturally determinative of Muslim identities and behaviour for analytical purposes. For critiques of this tendency, see, for instance, E. Said, Covering Islam: How the Media and Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World, 3rd revised edition. (London, Vintage Books, 1997), p. xvi.
    • (1997) Covering Islam: How the Media and Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World
    • Said, E.1
  • 55
    • 17444405228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Gender, Culture and Capitalism: Women and the Remaking of "Tradition" in a Sudanese Village'
    • and p.
    • and V. Bernal, 'Gender, Culture and Capitalism: Women and the Remaking of "Tradition" in a Sudanese Village', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 36, 1 (1997), p. 37.
    • (1997) Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 37
    • Bernal, V.1
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    • 'Reading America: Preliminary Notes on Class and Culture'
    • R. G. Fox (ed.), (Santa Fé, New Mexico, School of American Research Press)
    • S. Ortner 'Reading America: Preliminary Notes on Class and Culture', in R. G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present (Santa Fé, New Mexico, School of American Research Press, 1991), p. 172.
    • (1991) Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present , pp. 172
    • Ortner, S.1
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    • (Berkeley, California, University of California Press)
    • R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Berkeley, California, University of California Press, 1995), pp. 76-81.
    • (1995) Masculinities , pp. 76-81
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    • 'Gender Ideology and Township Politics in the 1980s'
    • Similarly, Seekings notes that females were largely 'demobilised' in the anti-apartheid struggle of the 1980s when township politics 'came to revolve around violent confrontation'. S. Jeppie provides an insight into the representation of Cape Muslim history during the celebrations of 300 years of Muslim presence at the Cape (The Sheikh Yusuf Tercentenary) in 1994. Muslim participation in the resistance against colonialism and apartheid was the dominant narrative during the festival. The Cape Muslim majority's ambiguous accommodation with the apartheid regime prior to the 1980s was skirted around
    • Similarly, Seekings notes that females were largely 'demobilised' in the anti-apartheid struggle of the 1980s when township politics 'came to revolve around violent confrontation'. J. Seekings, 'Gender Ideology and Township Politics in the 1980s', Agenda, 10 (1991), p. 77. S. Jeppie provides an insight into the representation of Cape Muslim history during the celebrations of 300 years of Muslim presence at the Cape (The Sheikh Yusuf Tercentenary) in 1994. Muslim participation in the resistance against colonialism and apartheid was the dominant narrative during the festival. The Cape Muslim majority's ambiguous accommodation with the apartheid regime prior to the 1980s was skirted around.
    • (1991) Agenda , pp. 77
    • Seekings, J.1
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    • 'Commemorations and Identities: The 1994 Tercentenary of Islam in South Africa'
    • See (Atlanta, Scholars Press, ), My research experience indicates that this mythological representation of the past has become virtually hegemonic among Coloured Cape Muslims in latter years. For assessments of Cape Muslim resistance against apartheid
    • See S. Jeppie, 'Commemorations and Identities: The 1994 Tercentenary of Islam in South Africa', in T. Sonn (ed.), Islam and the Question of Minorities (Atlanta, Scholars Press, 1996), p. 76. My research experience indicates that this mythological representation of the past has become virtually hegemonic among Coloured Cape Muslims in latter years. For assessments of Cape Muslim resistance against apartheid.
    • (1996) Islam and the Question of Minorities , pp. 76
    • Jeppie, S.1
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    • 'Three Islamic Strands in the South African Struggle for Justice'
    • see
    • see F. Esack, 'Three Islamic Strands in the South African Struggle for Justice', Third World Quarterly, 10, 2 (1988), pp. 473-498.
    • (1988) Third World Quarterly , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 473-498
    • Esack, F.1
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    • 'Amandla and Allahu Akhbar: Muslims and Resistance in South Africa
    • and pp.
    • and S. Jeppie 'Amandla and Allahu Akhbar: Muslims and Resistance in South Africa, c.1970-1987', Journal for the Study of Religion, 4, 1 (1991), pp. 3-19.
    • (1991) Journal for the Study of Religion , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-19
    • Jeppie, S.1
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    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance'
    • Jeppie, 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', p. 223.
    • Jeppie, S.1
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    • By which I refer to intensive participatory observation and informal interviewing over a lengthy period of time in a specific locality. This has been a standard procedure in fieldwork since the time of Bronislaw Malinowski. (London, Pluto Press, 1995), p. 17
    • By which I refer to intensive participatory observation and informal interviewing over a lengthy period of time in a specific locality. This has been a standard procedure in fieldwork since the time of Bronislaw Malinowski. See T. Hylland-Eriksen, Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology (London, Pluto Press, 1995), p. 17.
    • (1995) Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology , pp. 17
    • Hylland-Eriksen, T.1
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    • However, as Talal Asad has pointed out, it is important not to conflate anthropology with the methodology of fieldwork. See, (Stanford, California, Stanford University Press)
    • However, as Talal Asad has pointed out, it is important not to conflate anthropology with the methodology of fieldwork. See T. Asad, Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity (Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 2003), p. 17.
    • (2003) Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity , pp. 17
    • Asad, T.1
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    • 'Spicing Up the Multicultural (Post)Apartheid City'
    • As pointed out by There is - of course - a kernel of truth to be found in these discourses; Coloureds are twice as likely as members of any other population group to be murdered, and twice as likely to be incarcerated. in most murders involving a Coloured victim, the perpetrator is also Coloured
    • As pointed out by S. Robins, 'Spicing Up the Multicultural (Post)Apartheid City', Kronos Pre-Millenium Issue, 25 (1998/99), p. 284. There is - of course - a kernel of truth to be found in these discourses; Coloureds are twice as likely as members of any other population group to be murdered, and twice as likely to be incarcerated. in most murders involving a Coloured victim, the perpetrator is also Coloured.
    • (1998) Kronos Pre-Millenium Issue , pp. 284
    • Robins, S.1
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    • 'Still Marginal: Crime in the Coloured Community'
    • See (March 2004), and
    • See T. Leggett, 'Still Marginal: Crime in the Coloured Community', SA Crime Quarterly, 7 (March 2004), pp. 21 and 22.
    • (2004) SA Crime Quarterly , vol.7 , pp. 21-22
    • Leggett, T.1
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    • 'Mosques, Mawlanas and Muharram: Indian Islam in Colonial Natal, 1860-1910'
    • These figures, drawn from Central Statistical Services [CSS] later renamed Statistics South Africa, are cited in
    • These figures, drawn from Central Statistical Services [CSS] later renamed Statistics South Africa, are cited in G. H. Vahed, 'Mosques, Mawlanas and Muharram: Indian Islam in Colonial Natal, 1860-1910', Journal of Religion in Africa, 31, 3 (2001), p. 305.
    • (2001) Journal of Religion in Africa , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 305
    • Vahed, G.H.1
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    • 'Faith in Cape Town: Identity, Cooperation and Conflict'
    • Figures from Statistics South Africa, as cited in (Cape Town, Internal Report for the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation,)
    • Figures from Statistics South Africa, as cited in S. Bekker and A. Leildé, 'Faith in Cape Town: Identity, Cooperation and Conflict' (Cape Town, Internal Report for the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, 2003), p. 7.
    • (2003) , pp. 7
    • Bekker, S.1    Leildé, A.2
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    • 'Islam at the Cape of Good Hope'
    • See also
    • See also F. R. Bradlow, 'Islam at the Cape of Good Hope', South African Historical Journal, 13 (1981), pp. 14-15.
    • (1981) South African Historical Journal , vol.13 , pp. 14-15
    • Bradlow, F.R.1
  • 77
  • 78
    • 52849085009 scopus 로고
    • 'Discursive Voices of Diaspora Islam in Southern Africa'
    • See also
    • See also E. Moosa, 'Discursive Voices of Diaspora Islam in Southern Africa', Journal Antropologi dan Sosiologi, 20 (1993), p. 48.
    • (1993) Journal Antropologi Dan Sosiologi , vol.20 , pp. 48
    • Moosa, E.1
  • 79
    • 17444428398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Jeppie, 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', pp. 221-222 describes class divisions in Coloured communities in Cape Town as historically having been 'thin and porous' due to the enforcement of spatial segregation of the city under apartheid. But material, cultural and spatial class divisions among Coloureds undoubtedly have been reconfigured after 1990.
  • 80
    • 17444430724 scopus 로고
    • The estimates cited were made by community leaders. Due to methodological flaws in the collection of data in the population censuses, I have every reason to believe that there was a significant undercount of the population, as well as an underestimation of unemployment levels in Mekaar in the censuses prior to 2001. That the population census figure of 14,000 inhabitants for 1994 must be incorrect, is borne out by the fact that, as early as 1983, the then Cape Divisional Council (Divco) estimated the population at around 23,000. There is no reason whatsoever to assume that the figure has decreased since then.(Carnegie Conference Paper, University of Cape Town,)
    • The estimates cited were made by community leaders. Due to methodological flaws in the collection of data in the population censuses, I have every reason to believe that there was a significant undercount of the population, as well as an underestimation of unemployment levels in Mekaar in the censuses prior to 2001. That the population census figure of 14,000 inhabitants for 1994 must be incorrect, is borne out by the fact that, as early as 1983, the then Cape Divisional Council (Divco) estimated the population at around 23,000. There is no reason whatsoever to assume that the figure has decreased since then. See D. Maralack and H. Kriel, 'Area Study of Cape Town: "A Streetless Wasteland"' (Carnegie Conference Paper, University of Cape Town, 1984), p. 12.
    • (1984) 'Area Study of Cape Town: "A Streetless Wasteland"' , pp. 12
    • Maralack, D.1    Kriel, H.2
  • 81
    • 17444421862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This concurs with national unemployment trends. Citing a 2002 Labour Force Survey, Altman in The State of Employment and Unemployment, p. 162 states that 72 per cent of unemployed South Africans are under the age of 35. All indicators suggest that the labour absorption rate of the formal sector in South Africa is at an all time low. Unemployment in the Western Cape increased by 50 per cent between 1995 and 2002. In 2002 the employment absorption rate for Coloured entrants to the labour market in the Western Cape stood at 53.92 per cent.
  • 82
    • 17444372681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Provincial Treasury of the Western Cape, Western Cape Labour Market Trends. Available at. Furthermore, since 1994, Coloured unemployment rates have risen by 35 per cent.
    • See Provincial Treasury of the Western Cape, Western Cape Labour Market Trends (2002). Available at http://www.westerncape.gov.za/gds/docs/ employment_brief.pdf. Furthermore, since 1994, Coloured unemployment rates have risen by 35 per cent.
    • (2002)
  • 83
    • 17444387385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Still Marginal'
    • See p
    • See Leggett, 'Still Marginal', p. 23.
    • Leggett1
  • 84
    • 0038084905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Tablīg Jamāt [ur.] is a Muslim transnational movement for faith renewal established in Mewat in India by Mohammed Ilyas in the 1920s. For an introduction, (New Dehli, Orient Longman, )
    • The Tablīg Jamāt [ur.] is a Muslim transnational movement for faith renewal established in Mewat in India by Mohammed Ilyas in the 1920s. For an introduction, see Y. Sikand, The Origins and Development of the Tablighi Jama'at (1920-2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study (New Dehli, Orient Longman, 2002).
    • (2002) The Origins and Development of the Tablighi Jama'at (1920-2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study
    • Sikand, Y.1
  • 86
    • 17444409943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • '"Worlds Apart": The Tablīg Jamāt under Apartheid, 1963-1993'
    • E. Moosa, '"Worlds Apart": The Tablīg Jamāt under Apartheid, 1963-1993', Journal for Islamic Studies, 17 (1997), pp. 28-48.
    • (1997) Journal for Islamic Studies , vol.17 , pp. 28-48
    • Moosa, E.1
  • 87
    • 17444428393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Changed Circumstances for the Performance of Religious Authority in a Cape Muslim Community'
    • See
    • See S. Bangstad, 'The Changed Circumstances for the Performance of Religious Authority in a Cape Muslim Community', Journal of Religion in Africa, 34, 1-2 (2004), pp. 39-61.
    • (2004) Journal of Religion in Africa , vol.34 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 39-61
    • Bangstad, S.1
  • 88
    • 17444391219 scopus 로고
    • 'The Significance of Kinship in a Cape Peninsula Township'
    • The extensive use of the metaphor of 'family' in the community was a point already noted by the anthropologist Michael G. Whisson. He suggested that the phenomenon might be seen as a form of resistance to the arbitrary classifications upon which the forced relocations under Group Areas Act had been based. (manuscript presented at the Fifth Workshop on Mobility and Social Change in South Africa, Abe Bailey Institute, Cape Town,)
    • The extensive use of the metaphor of 'family' in the community was a point already noted by the anthropologist Michael G. Whisson. He suggested that the phenomenon might be seen as a form of resistance to the arbitrary classifications upon which the forced relocations under Group Areas Act had been based. See M. G. Whisson, 'The Significance of Kinship in a Cape Peninsula Township' (manuscript presented at the Fifth Workshop on Mobility and Social Change in South Africa, Abe Bailey Institute, Cape Town, 1975), pp. 14-15.
    • (1975) , pp. 14-15
    • Whisson, M.G.1
  • 89
    • 79958999529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'When Muslims Marry Non-Muslims: Marriage as Incorporation in a Cape Muslim Community'
    • S. Bangstad, 'When Muslims Marry Non-Muslims: Marriage as Incorporation in a Cape Muslim Community', Journal of Islam and Muslim-Christian Relations, 15, 3 (2004), pp. 349-364.
    • (2004) Journal of Islam and Muslim-Christian Relations , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 349-364
    • Bangstad, S.1
  • 90
    • 17444423622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Afrikaans for 'he was my chum/pal!'.
  • 91
    • 17444364784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Crime in South Africa: A Country and Cities Profile'
    • Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper, 49 (Pretoria & Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies,) Available at The page numbers here and in later footnotes refer to the printed edition
    • M. Schönteich and A. Louw, 'Crime in South Africa: A Country and Cities Profile', Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper, 49 (Pretoria & Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies, 2001), pp. 10-11. Available at http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Papers/49/Paper49.html. The page numbers here and in later footnotes refer to the printed edition.
    • (2001) , pp. 10-11
    • Schönteich, M.1    Louw, A.2
  • 92
    • 17444380752 scopus 로고
    • 'Provincial Crime Specific Statistics 1994 to 2000'
    • South African Police Services Crime Information Management Centre Available at
    • South African Police Services Crime Information Management Centre, 'Provincial Crime Specific Statistics 1994 to 2000' (1992). Available at http://www.saps.gov.za/8_crimeinfo/bulletin/942000/murder.htm.
    • (1992)
  • 94
    • 0003487452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institute for Security Studies Monograph no. 23 (Pretoria & Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies) Available at
    • A. Louw, Crime in Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies Monograph no. 23 (Pretoria & Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies, 1998). Available at http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/MONOGRAPHS/No23/ Levels.html.
    • (1998) Crime in Cape Town
    • Louw, A.1
  • 95
    • 0003487452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institute for Security Studies Monograph no. 23 (Pretoria & Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies) Available at
    • I b i d.
    • (1998) Crime in Cape Town
    • Louw, A.1
  • 96
    • 0141558718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Discourses of Violence: Coping with Violence on the Cape Flats'
    • This social patterning of crime indicates why Steffen Jensen, on the basis of violent crime in post-apartheid Cape Town, is simply mistaken in asserting that 'the characteristic of violence in societies with chronic violence is one of unpredictability'
    • This social patterning of crime indicates why Steffen Jensen, on the basis of violent crime in post-apartheid Cape Town, is simply mistaken in asserting that 'the characteristic of violence in societies with chronic violence is one of unpredictability'. See S. Jensen, 'Discourses of Violence: Coping with Violence on the Cape Flats', Social Dynamics 25, 2 (1999), p. 79.
    • (1999) Social Dynamics , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 79
    • Jensen, S.1
  • 97
    • 17444388837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Please note that the police area of Mekaar also includes the black African settlement of Abanthu Bethu
    • Schönteich and Louw, Crime in South Africa, p. 8. Please note that the police area of Mekaar also includes the black African settlement of Abanthu Bethu.
    • Crime in South Africa , pp. 8
    • Schönteich, M.1    Louw, A.2
  • 98
    • 0004112777 scopus 로고
    • In the era of segregation and apartheid, the South African Police Services was essentially a colonial police force geared to the protection of white interests. It had relatively limited interests in the crime levels of Coloured and black African communities, in so far as this did not affect white interests and the interests of the State. See (Oxford, Clarendon Press, ), for a useful introduction
    • In the era of segregation and apartheid, the South African Police Services was essentially a colonial police force geared to the protection of white interests. It had relatively limited interests in the crime levels of Coloured and black African communities, in so far as this did not affect white interests and the interests of the State. See J. D. Brewer, Black and Blue: Policing in South Africa (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994), for a useful introduction.
    • (1994) Black and Blue: Policing in South Africa
    • Brewer, J.D.1
  • 99
    • 17444394801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In a ruling by the Constitutional Court, the death penalty was declared unconstitutional in 1994.
  • 100
    • 0038760516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Gang Landscape in the Western Cape'
    • For the history of a famous gang on the Witwatersrand, the Ninevites
    • J. Redpath, 'The Gang Landscape in the Western Cape', Indicator SA 18, 1 (2002), p. 34. For the history of a famous gang on the Witwatersrand, the Ninevites.
    • (2002) Indicator SA , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 34
    • Redpath, J.1
  • 104
    • 17444426045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Interestingly, Pinnock points out that one of the first gangs in Cape Town's District Six, 'The Globe Gang', started out as a vigilante group.
  • 105
    • 17444385572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Globe and the Gang'
    • Interestingly, points out that one of the first gangs in Cape Town's District Six, started out as a vigilante group.
    • Ibid., p. 26.
    • Pinnock, D.1
  • 106
    • 2442744852 scopus 로고
    • 'The Resurgence of Urban Street Gangs and Community Responses in Cape Town during the late Eighties'
    • See in D. V. Z. Smith and D. Hansson, (Cape Town, Oxford University Press,),. In this contribution to the literature, Schärf - erroneously to my mind - attributes the small number of Muslim street gangs to stronger networks of social control and support in Cape Town's Muslim population. It is a fact that most street gangs in Cape Town do not operate on the basis of ethno-religious affiliation, and that there are a great many Muslims involved in such gangs
    • See W. Schärf, 'The Resurgence of Urban Street Gangs and Community Responses in Cape Town during the late Eighties', in D. V. Z. Smith and D. Hansson, Towards Justice? Crime and State Control in South Africa (Cape Town, Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 256. In this contribution to the literature, Schärf - erroneously to my mind - attributes the small number of Muslim street gangs to stronger networks of social control and support in Cape Town's Muslim population. It is a fact that most street gangs in Cape Town do not operate on the basis of ethno-religious affiliation, and that there are a great many Muslims involved in such gangs.
    • (1990) Towards Justice? Crime and State Control in South Africa , pp. 256
    • Schärf, W.1
  • 107
    • 2642513958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs: Power, Mobility and Violence on the Cape Flats'
    • See
    • See S. Jensen, 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs: Power, Mobility and Violence on the Cape Flats', Focaal, 36 (2000), p. 114.
    • (2000) Focaal , vol.36 , pp. 114
    • Jensen, S.1
  • 108
    • 17444402417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • made a tentative estimate of 80,000 gang members in Cape Town in 1984. Based on police sources, Jeppie, 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', p. 222, offers an estimate of 130 gangs with up to 80,000 members in the Western Cape.
    • Pinnock, The Brotherhoods, p. 4, made a tentative estimate of 80,000 gang members in Cape Town in 1984. Based on police sources.
    • The Brotherhoods , pp. 4
    • Pinnock, A.1
  • 110
    • 17444430324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • provides a good description of these drugs and their effects
    • Leggett, T. Rainbow Vice, pp. 22-66 provides a good description of these drugs and their effects.
    • Rainbow Vice , pp. 22-66
    • Leggett, T.1
  • 111
    • 17444362953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Drugs and Crime in South Africa: A Study in Three Cities', Institute for Security Studies
    • Drug consumption in South Africa is segmented according to population group. In Cape Town, mandrax is far more popular with Coloured drug-users than with drug-users from any other population group. Dagga appears to be popular among drug-users from all population groups. See Monograph no. 69 (Pretoria & Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies, ), 22. Available at
    • Drug consumption in South Africa is segmented according to population group. In Cape Town, mandrax is far more popular with Coloured drug-users than with drug-users from any other population group. Dagga appears to be popular among drug-users from all population groups. See T. Leggett (ed.), 'Drugs and Crime in South Africa: A Study in Three Cities', Institute for Security Studies, Monograph no. 69 (Pretoria & Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies, 2002), pp. 22, 29. Available at http://www.iss.co.za/PUBS/MONOGRAPHS/NO69.html.
    • (2002) , pp. 29
    • Leggett, T.1
  • 112
    • 17444362953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Drugs and Crime in South Africa: A Study in Three Cities', Institute for Security Studies
    • Drug consumption in South Africa is segmented according to population group. In Cape Town, mandrax is far more popular with Coloured drug-users than with drug-users from any other population group. Dagga appears to be popular among drug-users from all population groups. See Monograph no. 69 (Pretoria & Cape Town, Institute for Security Studies, ), 22. Available at
    • I b i d.
    • (2002) , pp. 29
    • Leggett, T.1
  • 113
    • 0036329153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'West African Criminal Networks in South and Southern Africa'
    • See also
    • See also M. Shaw, 'West African Criminal Networks in South and Southern Africa', African Affairs, 101 (2002), pp. 291-316.
    • (2002) African Affairs , vol.101 , pp. 291-316
    • Shaw, M.1
  • 114
    • 17444387741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs'
    • See
    • See Jensen, S. 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs', p. 111.
    • Jensen, S.1
  • 115
    • 17444387741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs'
    • Ibid., pp. 107, 108.
    • Jensen, S.1
  • 116
    • 17444368598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Maralack and Kriel, Area Study of Cape Town, p. 14, quotes interviewees who refer to gang fights in the early years after the forced removals to Mekaar under the Group Areas Act, but it appears that this was related to fights between male residents originating from different areas. Michael Whisson (personal correspondence) relates the historical absence of gangs in Mekaar to the fact that it is a relatively small and geographically restricted Coloured community, a fact that has facilitated social networks of control.
  • 117
    • 17444423191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Drug-users in the Western Cape often mix these drugs. In order to make what is known as a 'wit pyp' ('white pipe'), users mix mandrax and majat (low-grade dagga). Leggett, Rainbow Vice, pp. 42-43.
  • 118
    • 17444387741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs'
    • Jensen, S. 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs', p. 113.
    • Jensen, S.1
  • 119
    • 17444387741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs'
    • Ibid., p. 109.
    • Jensen, S.1
  • 120
    • 17444387741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs'
    • Ibid., p. 109.
    • Jensen, S.1
  • 121
    • 2642511469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • claim that PAGAD was established in December 1995. Most other sources report that it was in 1996. The media in Cape Town, in any case did not refer to it as PAGAD before March
    • Dixon B. and Johns, L.-M. Gangs, PAGAD and the State, p. 13, claim that PAGAD was established in December 1995. Most other sources report that it was in 1996. The media in Cape Town, in any case did not refer to it as PAGAD before March 1996.
    • (1996) Gangs, PAGAD and the State , pp. 13
    • Dixon, B.1    Johns, A.2
  • 122
    • 2642511469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • claim that PAGAD was established in December 1995. Most other sources report that it was in 1996. The media in Cape Town, in any case did not refer to it as PAGAD before March
    • Ibid., p. 21.
    • (1996) Gangs, PAGAD and the State , pp. 21
    • Dixon, B.1    Johns, A.2
  • 124
    • 17444387741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs'
    • Jensen, S. 'Of Drug Dealers and Street Gangs', p. 115.
    • Jensen, S.1
  • 125
    • 17444414915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Muslim Judicial Council (MJC) was established as an administrative organ for Sunni Muslims in Cape Town in 1945. It organises the overwhelming majority of Sunni religious scholars or oelema [ar. 'ulamā'] in Cape Town. See Lubbe, The MJC, pp. 62-65. Sjeg Gabriels had a background as an imam in Portlands in Mitchell's Plain, one of the Coloured areas worst affected by drugs in Cape Town. Cassiem has played a central role in the Islamic Unity Convention (IUC), an organisation rival to the MJC, since its establishment in 1994.
  • 126
    • 17444418600 scopus 로고
    • 'IsCape Unity all it's Cracked up to be?
    • July
    • S. Morton, 'IsCape Unity all it's Cracked up to be?, Al Qalam, (July 1995).
    • (1995) Al Qalam
    • Morton, S.1
  • 127
    • 17444383416 scopus 로고
    • 'MJC Denounces '"Ulama Council"'
    • and (August)
    • and M. Desai, 'MJC Denounces '"Ulama Council"', Al Qalam, (August 1995).
    • (1995) Al Qalam
    • Desai, M.1
  • 128
    • 17444386281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One of these meetings, between PAGAD and the then Minister of Justice, Abdullah 'Dullah' Omar, took place on 25 June 1996. Galant and Gamieldien, ('Chronology')
    • One of these meetings, between PAGAD and the then Minister of Justice, Abdullah 'Dullah' Omar, took place on 25 June 1996. Galant and Gamieldien, Drugs, Gangs, People's Power, p. 10, ('Chronology').
    • Drugs, Gangs, People's Power , pp. 10
    • Galant1    Gamieldien2
  • 129
    • 17444397033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • I have personally seen her name in the Cape Divisional Council's rolls listing forced removees from this town. Forced removees living in Mekaar have also confirmed her identity.
  • 130
    • 17444403887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bende-Wraak Dreig in Kaap'
    • 6 August
    • 'Bende-Wraak Dreig in Kaap', Die Burger, 6 August 1996.
    • (1996) Die Burger
  • 131
    • 17444384827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 'Bloed Vloei in Week van Spanning' Die Burger, 10 August 1996. PAGAD's national co-ordinator, Abdus Salaam Ebrahim, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment for public violence in connection with Staggie's murder in 2002, but was acquitted on the charges of murder. PAGAD members, Moegsien Mohamed and Abdurrazaaq Ebrahim, were also convicted on charges of public violence in relation to the incident.
  • 132
    • 17444423618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'It's not over yet, say PAGAD men'
    • PAGAD security chief, Salie Abader, was acquitted on all charges, while charges against former security chief, Nadthmie Edries, were withdrawn, 'It's Not Over Yet, Say PAGAD Men', 26 March.
    • PAGAD security chief, Salie Abader, was acquitted on all charges, while charges against former security chief, Nadthmie Edries, were withdrawn, 'It's Not Over Yet, Say PAGAD Men', Cape Times, 26 March 2002.
    • (2002) Cape Times
  • 133
    • 17444388838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bende-Wraak'
    • See
    • See 'Bende-Wraak'.
  • 134
    • 17444367992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islamism and PAGAD: Finding the Connection'
    • Galant and Gamieldien (eds)
    • A. Tayob, 'Islamism and PAGAD: Finding the Connection', in Galant and Gamieldien (eds), Drugs, Gangs, People's Power, p. 33.
    • Drugs, Gangs, People's Power , pp. 33
    • Tayob, A.1
  • 135
    • 17444404512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime and Community Action
    • Africa et al., pp. 23
    • Africa et al., Crime and Community Action, pp. 29, 23.
  • 137
    • 17444406967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Pillay, 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters', p. 301 is critical of what he characterises as 'the class-derived binary', which he claims represents PAGAD as a 'middle-class versus working-class' phenomenon, in spite of the fact that 'the most ardent supporters of PAGAD are from overwhelmingly working-class areas'. While I agree with the general tenor of Pillay's argument, I would argue that the class composition of PAGAD members and supporters is an empirical question, and that the answer to it may have varied between Coloured communities in Cape Town. Furthermore, bearing in mind the historically porous nature of class distinctions in Coloured communities in Cape Town the fact that a person comes from an overwhelmingly working-class area need not necessarily imply that he/she is of working-class background.
  • 138
    • 17444400763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'PAGAD Splits, Gangs Mobilise'
    • See (September). Two of the original leaders, Farouk Jaffer and Mohammed Ali Parker, were forced out of the organisation.
    • See S. Morton, 'PAGAD Splits, Gangs Mobilise', Al-Qalam (September 1996). Two of the original leaders, Farouk Jaffer and Mohammed Ali Parker, were forced out of the organisation.
    • (1996) Al-Qalam
    • Morton, S.1
  • 139
    • 17444389214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Jaffer was later assassinated, whereas Parker survived an attempt on his life (see 'PAGAD Founder Dies in Ambush', The Star, 18 July 1999); PAGAD was believed to be behind these acts.
  • 140
    • 17444370874 scopus 로고
    • All, Here & Now: Black Politics in South Africa in the 1980s, Africa Update Series
    • (Cape Town, David Philip)
    • T. Lodge and B. Nasson, All, Here & Now: Black Politics in South Africa in the 1980s, Africa Update Series (Cape Town, David Philip, 1991), p. 197.
    • (1991) , pp. 197
    • Lodge, T.1    Nasson, B.2
  • 141
    • 17444393167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Three Strands'
    • gives 1980 as the year for Qibla's establishment
    • Esack, F. 'Three Strands', p. 484, gives 1980 as the year for Qibla's establishment.
    • Esack, F.1
  • 142
    • 17444373858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance'
    • whereas, settles for
    • whereas Jeppie, 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', p. 227, settles for 1981.
    • (1981) , pp. 227
    • Jeppie, S.1
  • 143
    • 17444400397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Imam of the Flats'
    • 16 August
    • M. Gevisser, 'The Imam of the Flats', Mail & Guardian, 16 August 1996.
    • (1996) Mail & Guardian
    • Gevisser, M.1
  • 144
    • 17444398544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Discursive Voices'
    • Moosa, 'Discursive Voices', p. 55.
    • Moosa1
  • 145
    • 3242726988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Dictionary of South African History
    • (Cape Town, David Philip)
    • C. Saunders and N. Southey, A Dictionary of South African History (Cape Town, David Philip, 1998), pp. 129-130.
    • (1998) , pp. 129-130
    • Saunders, C.1    Southey, N.2
  • 146
    • 17444424195 scopus 로고
    • 'Towards a Sacred Biography: The Life and Thoughts of Imam Abdullah Haron
    • The yearly commemorations of the death of imam Haron, in which Qibla and Cassiem have played a prominent part, have been instrumental in this regard. The ways in which the legacy of imam Haron has been appropriated have not necessarily been reflective of what he represented in real life.
    • The yearly commemorations of the death of imam Haron, in which Qibla and Cassiem have played a prominent part, have been instrumental in this regard. The ways in which the legacy of imam Haron has been appropriated have not necessarily been reflective of what he represented in real life. See M. Haron, 'Towards a Sacred Biography: The Life and Thoughts of Imam Abdullah Haron', Journal for Islamic Studies, 14 (1994), pp. 81-82.
    • (1994) Journal for Islamic Studies , vol.14 , pp. 81-82
    • Haron, M.1
  • 147
    • 17444396669 scopus 로고
    • 'Imam Abdullah Haron: Life, Ideas and Impact'
    • (Unpublished MA Thesis in Religious Studies, University of Cape Town, 1986), provides the most comprehensive introduction to Haron's life and ideas to date
    • M. Haron, 'Imam Abdullah Haron: Life, Ideas and Impact' (Unpublished MA Thesis in Religious Studies, University of Cape Town, 1986), provides the most comprehensive introduction to Haron's life and ideas to date.
    • (1986)
    • Haron, M.1
  • 148
    • 17444393167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Three Strands'
    • Esack, F. 'Three Strands', p. 484.
    • Esack, F.1
  • 149
    • 17444386643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters'
    • 14ff
    • Pillay, S. 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters', 14ff., p. 306.
    • Pillay, S.1
  • 150
    • 17444362574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • MJC-affiliated oelema took to condemning Shias as kaafiers [ar. kuffar] - the Arabic for infidels, unbelievers. See Esack, 'Three Strands', p. 484. As late as 1993 the MJC stated it as their official policy to 'identify and oppose all attempts by the Shia to infiltrate and propagate their ideologies in South Africa'.
  • 151
    • 17444386282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Anon: 'MJC states policy on Shi'ism', Ad-Da'wah, September (1994). At present there are only two Shia mosques in Cape Town, affiliated with the Ahl-ul-Bayt Foundation in Ottery.
  • 152
    • 17444393167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Three Strands'
    • Esack, F. 'Three Strands', p. 486.
    • Esack, F.1
  • 153
    • 17444385186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'People Against Drugs and Gangsterism'
    • Le Roux, C.J.B. 'People Against Drugs and Gangsterism', p. 55.
    • Le Roux, C.J.B.1
  • 154
    • 17444364785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Jihad Against Drugs'
    • Tayob, A. 'Jihad Against Drugs', p. 25.
    • Tayob, A.1
  • 155
    • 17444385186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'People Against Drugs and Gangsterism'
    • Le Roux, C.J.B 'People Against Drugs and Gangsterism', p. 57.
    • Le Roux, C.J.B.1
  • 156
    • 17444429211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Call of the Imam'
    • July
    • S. Dangor, 'The Call of the Imam', Muslim Views, July (1999).
    • (1999) Muslim Views
    • Dangor, S.1
  • 157
    • 17444393167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Esack notes pointedly that the question as to how an Islamic revolution was to come about, was left undefined by Cassiem
    • Esack, F. 'Three Strands', p. 485. Esack notes pointedly that the question as to how an Islamic revolution was to come about, was left undefined by Cassiem.
    • 'Three Strands' , pp. 485
    • Esack, F.1
  • 158
    • 17444428394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence, a distinction is drawn between fard kifāyah and fard 'ayn. The latter refers to obligations that are mandatory upon each and every individual Muslim, whereas the former refers to an obligation that needs to be performed by a sufficient number of Muslims, but not by every individual Muslim. It seems plausible that Cassiem deliberately avoids a more precise terminology here
    • In fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence, a distinction is drawn between fard kifāyah and fard 'ayn. The latter refers to obligations that are mandatory upon each and every individual Muslim, whereas the former refers to an obligation that needs to be performed by a sufficient number of Muslims, but not by every individual Muslim. See K. Abou El Fadl, Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women (Oxford, Oneworld Publications, 2001), pp. 57-58. It seems plausible that Cassiem deliberately avoids a more precise terminology here.
    • (2001) Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women , pp. 57-58
    • Abou El Fadl, K.1
  • 159
    • 17444390791 scopus 로고
    • (Cape Town, Silk Road Publishers)
    • A. Cassiem, Quest for Unity (Cape Town, Silk Road Publishers, 1992), p. 10.
    • (1992) Quest for Unity , pp. 10
    • Cassiem, A.1
  • 161
    • 17444412998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Taking on the State'
    • Esack, F. 'Taking on the State', p. 10.
    • Esack, F.1
  • 162
    • 17444412998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Taking on the State'
    • Ibid., p. 10.
    • Esack, F.1
  • 163
    • 17444426628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The split within PAGAD after Staggie's murder was attributed by one of the founding members of the organisation to Qibla members with an anti-state rather than an anti-crime agenda wanting to take over the organisation. See Botha, The Prime Suspects?, p. 43.
  • 164
    • 17444402046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Thoughts on PAGAD', in Galant and Gamieldien
    • The inclusion of Christopher Clohessy, a Catholic priest from Tafelsig, Mitchell's Plain, in PAGAD's leadership structures played an important part in maintaining this myth. For Clohessy's motives, By his own admission, Clohessy received little support for his actions from fellow clergy and lay Christians
    • The inclusion of Christopher Clohessy, a Catholic priest from Tafelsig, Mitchell's Plain, in PAGAD's leadership structures played an important part in maintaining this myth. For Clohessy's motives, see C. Clohessy, 'Thoughts on PAGAD', in Galant and Gamieldien, Drugs, Gangs, People's Power, pp. 69-75. By his own admission, Clohessy received little support for his actions from fellow clergy and lay Christians.
    • Drugs, Gangs, People's Power , pp. 69-75
    • Clohessy, C.1
  • 165
    • 17444382655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islamism and PAGAD'
    • Tayob, 'Islamism and PAGAD', p. 29.
    • Tayob, A.1
  • 166
    • 17444405551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'PAGAD: Its Location'
    • Esack, F. 'PAGAD: Its Location', p. 25.
    • Esack, F.1
  • 167
    • 17444373858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance'
    • In Arabic this term refers to hypocrites, those who hide their true religion
    • Jeppie, S. 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', p. 220. In Arabic this term refers to hypocrites, those who hide their true religion.
    • Jeppie, S.1
  • 168
    • 0003601878 scopus 로고
    • See (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)
    • See D. Waines, An Introduction to Islam (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 286.
    • (1995) An Introduction to Islam , pp. 286
    • Waines, D.1
  • 169
    • 17444405551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'PAGAD: Its Location'
    • Esack, F. 'PAGAD: Its Location', p. 22.
    • Esack, F.1
  • 170
    • 17444373858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance'
    • Jeppie, S. 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', p. 223.
    • Jeppie, S.1
  • 171
    • 17444387022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • personal communication. This accords with my own view based on research in Mekaar.
    • Gerald Stone, personal communication. This accords with my own view based on research in Mekaar.
    • Stone, G.1
  • 172
    • 17444380754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'New Bomb Bust'
    • 6 November
    • 'New Bomb Bust', Cape Argus, 6 November 2000.
    • (2000) Cape Argus
  • 173
    • 17444401289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Pagad en G-Force is Enigste Verdagtes'
    • 12 September
    • 'Pagad en G-Force is Enigste Verdagtes', Die Burger, 12 September 2000.
    • (2000) Die Burger
  • 174
    • 17444408462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • An onner koefee is a woollen skullcap worn for everyday purposes and when going to mosque by Muslim males in Cape Town.
  • 175
    • 17444396282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This section is based on interviews with informants, as well as the following newspaper articles: 'Verslagspan: "Smokkelaar Voor Huis Uit Motor Doodgeskiet"', Die Burger 13 June 1999
  • 176
    • 17444371201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Kids and the Curious Caught in Fatal [...] Crossfire'
    • 9 August
    • 'Kids and the Curious Caught in Fatal [...] Crossfire', Cape Times, 9 August 2000.
    • (2000) Cape Times
  • 177
    • 17444372683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Two Pagad Men Guilty of Murder'
    • 15 September
    • 'Two Pagad Men Guilty of Murder', Cape Times, 15 September 2000.
    • (2000) Cape Times
  • 178
    • 17444428046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Pagad Man Guilty of Killing Girl'
    • 15 September
    • 'Pagad Man Guilty of Killing Girl', Cape Argus, 15 September 2000.
    • (2000) Cape Argus
  • 179
    • 17444393168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Twee van Pagad Skuldig aan Moord op 7-Jarige'
    • 15 September
    • 'Twee van Pagad Skuldig aan Moord op 7-Jarige', Die Burger, 15 September 2000.
    • (2000) Die Burger
  • 180
    • 17444418242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Kahn Vows Appeal as Two Walk Free After [...] Murder Trial'
    • 19 September 2000
    • 'Kahn Vows Appeal as Two Walk Free After [...] Murder Trial', Cape Argus, 19 September 2000
    • (2000) Cape Argus
  • 181
    • 17444387742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Twee Gevonnis ná Kind in Pagad Skietery Sterf'
    • 19 September
    • 'Twee Gevonnis ná Kind in Pagad Skietery Sterf', Die Burger, 19 September 2000.
    • (2000) Die Burger
  • 182
    • 17444381120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Light Sentences for Two Pagad Men Convicted on Murder Could Be Overturned on Appeal'
    • 20 September
    • 'Light Sentences for Two Pagad Men Convicted on Murder Could Be Overturned on Appeal', Cape Times, 20 September 2000
    • (2000) Cape Times
  • 183
    • 17444424909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Mother Grieves as Killers Celebrate Leniency'
    • 22 September
    • 'Mother Grieves as Killers Celebrate Leniency', Cape Argus, 22 September 2000.
    • (2000) Cape Argus
  • 184
    • 17444379995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'State Gets Leave to Appeal Sentence of Pagad Men'
    • 30 September
    • 'State Gets Leave to Appeal Sentence of Pagad Men', Saturday Argus, 30 September 2000.
    • (2000) Saturday Argus
  • 185
    • 17444422810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Staat Mag Appelleer Teen Twee Pagad lede Se Vonnis'
    • 30 September
    • 'Staat Mag Appelleer Teen Twee Pagad lede Se Vonnis', Die Burger, 30 September 2000.
    • (2000) Die Burger
  • 186
    • 17444428846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Constitutional Court Dismisses Appeal of Convicted Murderers'
    • 29 August
    • 'Constitutional Court Dismisses Appeal of Convicted Murderers', Cape Times, 29 August 2003.
    • (2003) Cape Times
  • 187
    • 17444393520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Arrests on Eve Of Eid Upset Pagad'
    • 26 November. [Please note that - for reasons indicated earlier - I have left out words in the newspaper titles that would identify the community or the victim.]
    • 'Arrests on Eve Of Eid Upset Pagad', Cape Argus, 26 November 2003. [Please note that - for reasons indicated earlier - I have left out words in the newspaper titles that would identify the community or the victim.].
    • (2003) Cape Argus
  • 188
    • 17444362954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The final appeals to the Constitutional Court were based on an allegation that the Supreme Court of Appeal had acted unconstitutionally in not developing the doctrine of 'common purpose' on which the men had initially been convicted, and that the rights of one of the accused had been violated by the police in Mekaar upon his arrest in 1998.
  • 189
    • 17444369324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The oemma [ar. umma] refers to the global community of Muslims.
  • 190
    • 17444394800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This claim must be seen in the light of the fact he was on trial for murder at the time of my interview with him. The courts certainly reached the conclusion that he was a PAGAD member.
  • 191
    • 0345381134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toyi-toyi is a quasi-military dance, characterised by high movements of the feet performed while moving slowly forward and chanting or singing. Adopted by anti-apartheid activists in the 1980s, it may have been introduced by ANC activists who had undergone military training in Zimbabwe. (Cape Town, Oxford University Press, )
    • Toyi-toyi is a quasi-military dance, characterised by high movements of the feet performed while moving slowly forward and chanting or singing. Adopted by anti-apartheid activists in the 1980s, it may have been introduced by ANC activists who had undergone military training in Zimbabwe. See P. da Silva et al. A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles (Cape Town, Oxford University Press, 1996).
    • (1996) A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles
    • da Silva, P.1
  • 192
    • 17444423619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Sjoejoeg [ar. shuyūkh], religious scholars of Islam.
  • 194
    • 17444415289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See Jeppie, 'Islam, Narcotics and Defiance', p. 223. One Muslim informant matter-of-factly noted in an interview that 'Reading the papers, I've noted that a lot of the gangsters and drug-lords in Cape Town are in fact Muslims'.
  • 195
    • 17444386643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters'
    • Pillay, S. 'Experts, Terrorists, Gangsters', p. 304.
    • Pillay, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.