Public-private partnerships and antiretroviral drugs for HIV/AIDS: Lessons from Botswana

Health Affairs

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 545-551

  Ramiah, Ilavenil ^a   Reich, Michael R ^b  

^a HARVARD CENTER FOR POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES   (United States)

^b Dept of International Health Policy ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; ARTICLE; BOTSWANA; DATA ANALYSIS; DRUG INDICATION; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MEDICAL EDUCATION; SCALE UP;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; BOTSWANA; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MODELS, ORGANIZATIONAL; PRIVATE SECTOR; PUBLIC SECTOR;

EID: 17244371010     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.545     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Merck's financial commitment to ACHAP was provided through the Merck Company Foundation. The two antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, Stocrin and Crixivan, were donated through Merck and Company.
2. Adult prevalence refers to prevalence among people ages 15-49. In 2002, Botswana tied with Swaziland for the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence, with an adult HIV rate of 38.8 percent.
3. United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision - Highlights (New York: United Nations, 2003).
4. N. Druce et al., Impact of Public-Private Partnerships Addressing Access to Pharmaceuticals in Developing Countries: Botswana (London: Institute for Health Sector Development, 2004).
5. "Masa" is Setswana for "new dawn."
6. This includes interviews with government officials; development partners (such as the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) in Botswana; staff of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Botswana; health care workers within the ARV program; patients on ARV treatment; and ACHAP staff and board members.
7. See J. Weber, J. Austin, and D. Barrett, "Merck Global Health Initiatives: Botswana," Teaching Case (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2001).
8. See M. Porter and M. Kramer, "Philanthropy's New Agenda: Creating Value," Harvard Business Review 77, no. 6 (1999): 121-130; L. Lenkowsky, "Foundations and Corporate Philanthropy," in The State of Nonprofit America, ed. L. Saloman (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2002); and P. Shoemaker, "Adventures in Venture Philanthropy: What Works and What Doesn't," Responsive Philanthropy (Spring 2001): 6-9.
9. See M. Porter and M. Kramer, "Philanthropy's New Agenda: Creating Value," Harvard Business Review 77, no. 6 (1999): 121-130; L. Lenkowsky, "Foundations and Corporate Philanthropy," in The State of Nonprofit America, ed. L. Saloman (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2002); and P. Shoemaker, "Adventures in Venture Philanthropy: What Works and What Doesn't," Responsive Philanthropy (Spring 2001): 6-9.
10. See M. Porter and M. Kramer, "Philanthropy's New Agenda: Creating Value," Harvard Business Review 77, no. 6 (1999): 121-130; L. Lenkowsky, "Foundations and Corporate Philanthropy," in The State of Nonprofit America, ed. L. Saloman (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2002); and P. Shoemaker, "Adventures in Venture Philanthropy: What Works and What Doesn't," Responsive Philanthropy (Spring 2001): 6-9.
11. National AIDS Coordinating Agency, Sentinel Surveillance (Gaborone: Ministry of State President, Government of Botswana, 2003).
12. Prior to the national ARV program, ARVs were only offered in Botswana by private medical practitioners and to 163 patients through the Harvard AIDS Institute.
13. McKinsey and Company, Ensuring a Successful Launch of ARV Therapy in Botswana (Gaborone: Ministry of Health, 2001).
14. Authors' interviews, at the office of Botswana's president and ministries of health and finance, 22 March 2004.
15. KITSO is the acronym for Knowledge, Innovation, and Training Shall Overcome.
16. ACHAP, ACHAP Review 2004 (Gaborone: ACHAP, 2004).
17. ACHAP provided much of the financial support for setting up the IT system and also for information, education, and communication program.
18. Masa, The Masa Antiretroviral Therapy Program in Botswana (Gaborone: Ministry of Health, 2004).
19. Masa, "Program Update for August-September, 2004," Masa Program Monthly Update (Gaborone: Ministry of Health, September 2004).
20. See S. LaFraniere, "In Africa's Fight to Tame AIDS, Botswana Leads," International Herald Tribune, 14 June 2004.
21. World Health Organization and U.K. Department for International Development, Provision of Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource Limited Settings: A Review of Experience up to August 2003 (London: Health Systems Resource Center, November 2003); and AIDS Health Care Foundation Global Immunity, Treating Three Million People in the Developing World by 2005, Consensus Recommendations from the International Workshop on Strategies for Scaling Up HIV/AIDS Treatment in Resource-Poor Settings (Los Angeles: AHF Global Immunity, 2003).
22. World Health Organization and U.K. Department for International Development, Provision of Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource Limited Settings: A Review of Experience up to August 2003 (London: Health Systems Resource Center, November 2003); and AIDS Health Care Foundation Global Immunity, Treating Three Million People in the Developing World by 2005, Consensus Recommendations from the International Workshop on Strategies for Scaling Up HIV/AIDS Treatment in Resource-Poor Settings (Los Angeles: AHF Global Immunity, 2003).
23. See K. Jefferis, The Costing of Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS Patients in Botswana, Report prepared for the Ministry of Health (Gaborone: Ministry of Health, 2001).
24. J. Martin, A Comparative Analysis of the Financing of HIV/AIDS Programs in Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe (Capetown: Health Systems Resource Center, 2003).
25. T. Fantan, "Focused ACHAP Strategy," Communication to Stakeholders (Gaborone: ACHAP, 20 December 2004). For information on ACHAP's revised strategies, see ACHAP Review 2004.
26. T. Fantan, "Focused ACHAP Strategy," Communication to Stakeholders (Gaborone: ACHAP, 20 December 2004). For information on ACHAP's revised strategies, see ACHAP Review 2004.
27. Authors' interviews, 22 March 2004.
28. T. Allen and S. Heald, "HIV/AIDS Policy in Africa: What Has Worked in Uganda and What Has Failed in Botswana?" Journal of International Development 16, no. 8 (2004): 1141-1154.