Cardiovascular risk at age 53 years in relation to the menopause transition and use of hormone replacement therapy: A prospective British birth cohort study

BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Volumn 112, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 476-485

  Kuh, D ^a   Langenberg, C ^a   Hardy, R ^a   Kok, H ^b   Cooper, R ^a   Butterworth, S ^a   Wadsworth, M E J ^a  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLIMACTERIUM; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HEART PROTECTION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYSTERECTOMY; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENOPAUSE; OBESITY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIOECONOMICS; UNITED KINGDOM;

BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS INDEX; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; HYSTERECTOMY; LIPIDS; MENOPAUSE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 17144421528     PISSN: 14700328     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00416.x     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Barrett-Connor E, Bush TL. Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 1991;265:1861-1867.
2. Barrett-Connor E. An epidemiologist looks at hormones and heart disease in women. J Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4031-4042.
3. Crawford SL, Johannes CB. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1803-1806.
4. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Menopause and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1105-1110.
5. Hu FB, Grodstein F, Hennekens CH, et al. Age at natural menopause and risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1061-1066.
6. Kuller LH, Meilahn EN, Cauley JA, Gutai JP, Matthews KA. Epidemiologic studies of menopause: changes in risk factors and disease. Exp Gerontol 1994;29:495-509.
7. Matthews KA, Meilahn E, Kuller LH, Kelsey SF, Caggiula AW, Wing RR. Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1989;321:641-646.
8. Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Ades PA, Rosen CJ. Menopause-associated changes in plasma lipids, insulin-like growth factor I and blood pressure: a longitudinal study. Eur J Clin Invest 1997;27:322-326.
9. Sargeant LA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Hormone replacement therapy and glucose tolerance in EPIC-Norfolk: a population-based study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999;16:20-25.
10. Okada M, Nomura S, Ikoma Y, et al. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on HbA(1c) levels. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1088-1092.
11. Hsia J, Barad D, Margolis K, et al. Usefulness of prior hysterectomy as an independent predictor of Framingham risk score (The Women's Health Initiative). Am J Cardiol 2003;92:264-269.
12. Luoto R, Kaprio J, Reunanen A, Rutanen E-M. Cardiovascular morbidity in relation to ovarian function after hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:515-522.
13. Stoney CM, Owens JF, Guzick DS, Matthews KA. A natural experiment on the effects of ovarian hormones on cardiovascular risk factors and stress reactivity: bilateral salpingo oophorectomy versus hysterectomy only. Health Psychol 1997;16:349-358.
14. Hardy R, Kuh D. Menopause and gynnaecological disorders: a life course perspective. In: Kuh D, Hardy R, editors. A Life Course Approach to Women's Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002:64-85.
15. Kuh D, Hardy R, Wadsworth M. Social and behavioural influences on the uptake of hormone replacement therapy among younger women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000;107:731-739.
16. Schneider HPG. Cross-national study of women's use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in Europe. Int J Fertil 1997;42:365-375.
17. MacLennan AH, Wilson DH, Taylor AW. Hormone replacement therapy: prevalence, compliance and the 'healthy women' notion. Climacteric 1998;1:42-49.
18. Million Women Study Collaborators. Patterns of use of hormone replacement therapy in one million women in Britain, 1996-2000. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;109:1319-1330.
19. Armitage M, Nooney J, Evans S. Recent concerns surrounding HRT. Clin Endocrinol 2003;59:145-155.
20. Barrett-Connor E, Grady D. Hormone replacement therapy, heart disease, and other considerations. Annu Rev Public Health 2003;19:55-72.
21. Shulman LP. Effects of progestins in different hormone replacement therapy formulations on estorgen-induced lipid changes in postmenopasual women. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:47E-55E.
22. Bittner V. Lipoprotein abnormalities related to women's health. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:77i-84i.
23. Writing Group for PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopaual women. JAMA 1995;273:199-208.
24. Hemminki E, McPherson K. Impact of postmenopausal hormone therapy on cardiovascular events and cancer: pooled data from clinical trials. BMJ 2003;315:149-153.
25. Writing group for the Women's Health Initiative. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-333.
26. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998;280:605-613.
27. Veral V, Banks E, Reeves G. Evidence from randomised trials on the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 2002;360:942-944.
28. Wadsworth MEJ. The Imprint of Time: Childhood, History and Adult Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
29. Wadsworth MEJ, Kuh DJL. Childhood influences on adult health: a review of recent work in the British 1946 national birth cohort study, the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1997;11:2-20.
30. Wadsworth MEJ, Butterworth SB, Hardy RJ, et al. The life course prospective design: an example of benefits and costs associated with study longevity. Soc Sci Med 2003;57:2193-2205.
31. Langenberg C, Hardy R, Brunner E, Wadsworth MEJ. Central and total obesity in middle aged men and women in relation to life-time socioeconomic status: evidence from a national birth cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:816-822.
32. Hardy R, Kuh D, Langenberg C, Wadsworth MEJ. Birth weight, childhood social class and change in adult blood pressure in the 1946 British birth cohort. Lancet 2003;362:1178-1183.
33. Skidmore PML, Hardy RJ, Kuh D, Langenberg C, Wadsworth MEJ. Birth weight and lipids in a national birth cohort study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:588-594.
34. Kuh D, Hardy R. Women's health in midlife: findings from a British birth cohort study. J Br Menopause Soc 2003;9:55-60.
35. Brambilla D, McKinlay SM, Johannes CB. Defining the perimenopause for application in epidemiologic investigations. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:1091-1095.
36. McKinlay S, Bifano N, McKinlay J. Smoking and age at menopause in women. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:350-356.
37. Doll R, Gray R, Hafner B, Peto R. Mortality in relation to smoking: 22 years' observations on female British doctors. BMJ 1980;280:967-971.
38. Prescott E, Hippe M, Schnohr P, Hein HO, Vestbo J. Smoking and risk of myocardial infarction in women and men: longitudinal population study. BMJ 1998;316:1043-1047.
39. Moorhead T, Hannaford P, Warskyj M. Prevalence and characteristics associated with use of hormone replacement therapy in Britain. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:290-297.
40. Heslop P, Davey Smith G, Macleod J, Hart C. The socioeconomic position of employed women, risk factors and mortality. Soc Sci Med 2001;53:477-485.
41. Wamala SP, Lynch J, Kaplan GA. Women's exposure to early and later life socioeconomic disadvantage and coronary heart disease risk: the Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:275-284.
42. Jongbloet PH, Kersemaekers WM, Zielhuis GA, Verbeek AI. Menstrual disorders and month of birth. Ann Hum Biol 1994;21:511-518.
43. Hardy R, Kuh D. Social and environmental conditions across the life course and age at menopause in a British birth cohort study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. In press.
44. Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. The association of socioeconomic position across the life course and age at menopause: the British Women's Heart and Health Study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003;110:1078-1087.
45. Crawford SL, Casey VA, Avis NE, McKinlay SM. A longitudinal study of weight and the menopause transition: results from the Massachusetts women's health study. Menopause 2000;7:96-104.
46. Akahoshi M, Soda M, Nakashima E, et al. The effects of body mass index on age at menopause. Int J Obesity 2002;26:961-968.
47. Gaspard UJ, Gottal JM, van den Brûle FA. Postmenopausal changes of lipid and glucose metabolism: a review of their main aspects. Maturitas 1995;21:171-178.
48. Wing RR, Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Meilahn EN. Waist to hip ratio in middle-aged women. Associations with behavioral and psychosocial factors and with changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:1250-1257.
49. Poehlman ET, Toth MJ, Gardner AW. Changes in energy balance and body composition at menopause: a controlled longitudinal study. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:673-675.
50. Chang C-J, Wu C-H, Yao W-J, Yang Y-C, Wu J-S, Lu F-H. Relationships of age, menopause and central obesity on cardiovascular disease risk factors in Chinese women. Int J Obesity 2000;24:1699-1704.
51. Svendsen OL, Hassager C, Christiansen C. Age- and menopause-related variations in body composition and fat distribution in healthy women as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Metabolism 1995;44:369-373.
52. Peters HW, Westendorp CD, Hak AE, et al. Menopausal status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med 1999;246:521-528.
53. Tré́mollières FA, Pouilles JM, Cauneille C, Ribot C. Coronary heart disease risk factors and menopause: a study in 1684 French women. Atherosclerosis 1999;142:415-423.
54. Matthews KA, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrell K, Chang YF. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors during the perimenopause and postmenopause and carotid artery atherosclerosis in healthy women. Stroke 2001;32:1104-1111.
55. Simon D, Senan C, Gamier P, Saint-Paul M, Papoz L. Epidemiological features of glycated haemoglobin A1c-distribution in a healthy population. The Telecom study. Diabetologia 1989;32:864-869.
56. Pasquali RP, Casimirri F, Pascal G, et al. Influence of menopause on blood cholesterol levels in women: the role of body composition, fat distribution and hormonal milieu. J Int Med 1997;241:195-203.
57. Proudler AJ, Felton CV, Stevenson JC. Ageing and the response of plasma insulin, glucose and C-peptide concentrations to intravenous glucose in postmenopausal women. Clin Sci 1992;83:489-494.
58. Wu SI, Chou P, Tsai ST. The impact of years since menopause on the development of impaired glucose tolerance. J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:117-120.
59. Park S, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL, Shan J, Edelstein S. GHb is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than fasting or postchallenge plasma glucose in women without diabetes. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care 1996;19:450-456.
60. Brett KM, Madans JH. Use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: estimates from a nationally representative cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:536-545.
61. Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E. Long-term postmenopausal hormone use, obesity, and fat distribution in older women. JAMA 1996;275:46-49.
62. Nabulsi AA, Foison AR, White A, et al. Association of hormone-replacement therapy with various cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1069-1075.
63. Godsland IF, Gangar K, Walton C, et al. Insulin resistance, secretion, and elimination in postmenopausal women receiving oral or transdermal hormone replacement therapy. Metabolism 1993;42:846-853.
64. Troisi RJ, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Hormone replacement therapy and glucose metabolism. Obstet Gynecol 2000;96:665-669.
65. Vestergaard P, Hermann AP, Silgren L, et al. Effect of 5 years of hormonal replacement therapy on menopausal symptoms and blood pressure - a randomised controlled study. Maturitas 2003;46:123-132.
66. Expert Panel on Detection EaToHBCiAATPI. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497.
67. Wilder LB, Bachorik PS, Finney CA, Moy TF, Becker DM. The effect of fasting status on the determination of low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Med 1995;99:374-377.
68. Craig SR, Amin RV, Russell DW, Paradise NF. Blood cholesterol screening influence of fasting state on cholesterol results and management decisions. J Gen Intern Med 2000;15:395-399.