Public participation in municipal planning as a tool for coastal management: Case studies from western Sweden

Ambio

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 74-83

  Morf, Andrea ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT; INTEGRATED APPROACH; LOCAL PARTICIPATION; STAKEHOLDER;

EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WORLD;

EID: 17144404588     PISSN: 00447447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.74     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Kay, R. and Alder, J. 1999. Coastal Planning and Management. SPON Press, London, 375 pp.
2. French, P. 1997. Coastal and Estuarine Management. Routledge Environmental Management Series. Routledge, London and New York, 251 pp.
3. Cicin-Sain, B. and Knecht, R.W. 1998. Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management: Concepts and Practices. Island Press, Washington, Covelo, 517 pp.
4. European Commission 2002. Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Recommendation Concerning the Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe. COM 2000 545 final, 2000/0227 (COD).
5. Physical planning ("fysisk planering" in Swedish) or spatial planning can in the Swedish planning system be used on land and water. It offers a cross-sectoral perspective and possibilities for broad participation - two basic requirements for integrated coastal management.
6. Marine Resource Commission DSH, Stockholm. 1989. Comprehensive Coastal Water Planning. Experiences from the Municipalities of Örnsköldvik, Gävle and Lysekil. Report No. 1989:4. (In Swedish).
7. Miller, Th. 1988. Consulting Citizens in Sweden: Planning Participation in Context. Council for Building Research. D 10: 1988. Doctoral Thesis. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
8. Ronnby, A. 1995. The Local Force. People in Development Work. Liber Utbildning, Stockholm. (In Swedish).
9. Swedish National Board of Housing and Planning and Council for Building Research. 1998. Who Decides? Citizen Participation in Municipal Planning - Experiences from the Southern County Project. Karlskrona. (In Swedish).
10. Malbert, B. 1998. Urban Planning Participation: Linking Practice and Theory. Dissertation in Urban Design and Planning. Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
11. Johansson, M. 2001. Citizens in Planning Consultation - Theory and Reality. In: Arena for Sustainable Development - Actors and Processes. Asplund E. and Hilding-Rydevik T. (eds). Royal Institute of Technology, Regional Planning Section, Stockholm, pp. 61-77. (In Swedish).
12. Bjur, H., Göransson, J. and Werne, F. 1985. Plans and Reality. Liber Förlag, Stockholm. (In Swedish).
13. Abrahamson, K. V. and Weissglas, G. 1990. The Coast - A Place/Reason for Planning. Council of Building Research. Report 100/1990, Stockholm. (In Swedish).
14. Arén, H. 1994. Everything Is Possible: Planning Based on Local Potentials. Council for Building Research, Stockholm. (In Swedish).
15. Skoglund, K. 1997. Planning From a Local Perspective. A Study of a Pilot-Project in the Stockholm Archipelago. Report. Glesbyggdsverket, Stockholm and Östersund. (In Swedish)
16. SOU (Statens Offentliga Utredningar) 1996. Sustainable Development in the Archipelago of Sweden. Report SOU 1996:153 Communication of the Environmental Advisory Council, Stockholm. (In Swedish).
17. Glesbygdsverket 1997. Strategic Action Programme for Archipelago Areas. Östersund. (In Swedish).
18. SOU 2000. Living Archipelago - Evaluation of the Regional Environment- and Resource Management Programs. Report SOU 2000: 67. Communication of the Environmental Advisory Council. Stockholm. (In Swedish).
19. SOU 2003. The Sea - Time for a New Strategy. Report SOU 2000:72 Commission of the Marine Environment. Stockholm. (In Swedish, English summary).
20. NORCOAST 1999. Review of National and Regional Planning Processes and Instruments in The North Sea Regions. Interreg IIC, North Sea Region, NORCOAST Project Secretariat, County of North Jutland, Aalborg.
21. Piriz, L., 2004. Hauling Home the Co-Management of Coastal Fisheries: A Study on Institutional Barriers to Fishermen's Involvement in the Management of Coastal Fisheries on the West Coast of Sweden. Doctoral Thesis, Human Ecology Section, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. SEPA. 2003. Creating Local Level Consent about Nature Conservation through Participation and Dialogue. Report 5264-0. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency: Stockholm. (In Swedish).
22. Piriz, L., 2004. Hauling Home the Co-Management of Coastal Fisheries: A Study on Institutional Barriers to Fishermen's Involvement in the Management of Coastal Fisheries on the West Coast of Sweden. Doctoral Thesis, Human Ecology Section, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden. SEPA. 2003. Creating Local Level Consent about Nature Conservation through Participation and Dialogue. Report 5264-0. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency: Stockholm. (In Swedish).
23. Larsson, G. 2000. The Cadastral Procedure as Means of Implementation and Collaboration. Communications 4:79 TRITA-FAT 82. Department of Real Estate Science, Institution of Real Estate and Building. Royal Technical University. Stockholm. (In Swedish).
24. SOU 2002. Clear as Water Report SOU 2002:105. Department of the Environment. Stockholm. (In Swedish, English summary).
25. With the 1995 adaptations of planning legislation (Prop. 1994/95:230: Municipal Comprehensive Planning according to the Planning and Building Act. Proposition of the Swedish Government. Stockholm), public influence should be increased through program-consultation in operational planning - however with moderate success regarding a broadened strategic discussion. However, according to (11), there is a "paradox of program consultation" insofar as the broad public usually is not involved in the strategic program phase, when most changes are possible.
26. Morf, A. 2003. Public Participation in Planning - A Forum for Interpreting and Modifying Rights to Coastal Resources: Case Studies in Swedish West Coast Municipalities. Paper presented at the conference Rights and Duties in the Coastal Zone, Beijer Institute and SUCOZOMA project, Stockholm 12-14 June 2003.
27. Morf, A. 2005. Local Participation in Coastal Management: Managing Coastal Resource Use Conflicts Through Municipal Planning. Case Studies in West Sweden. Doctoral Thesis, Human Ecology Section, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
28. Arén, H., Follér, M., Sundström, B. and Swalander, C. 1996. Koster - Suburb or Place with Own Sustainability? Human Ecology Section, Göteborg University, Koster and Göteborg. (In Swedish).
29. Morf, A. 1999. Planning and participation along the Bohuslän coast. In: Human Ecology Research Series - SUCOZOMA-Report 1999:3, Human Ecology Section, Göteborg University, Göteborg.
30. Linder, W. and Vatter, A. 1996. Criteria for the evaluation of participation procedures. In: Planning and Communication. Design of Planning Processes in Blocks, Town, and Countryside. Fundamentals, Methods, Practical Experiences. Selle. W. (ed.) Bauverlag, Wiesbaden and Berlin, pp. 181-188. (In German).
31. Politicians and public servants expected from a broadened and deepened public discussion better knowledge about the local situation, with the consequences of better quality of plans and better acceptance of their content and thus easier implementation. In the cases with enhanced participation, with processes allowing time for creating a common base of both knowledge and consensus, such expectations were largely met, although acceptance can never be expected to include all stakeholders or to last for very long time.
32. In highly controversial cases it was considered best to choose the basic requirements according to planning legislation as backup (e.g. by announcing that participation was merely consultative and that politicians made the final decisions in connection with the conflict about the tourist facility in Strömstad).
33. Alfredsson, B. and Wiman, J. 1997. Planning in Sweden. In: Swedish Planning: Towards Sustainable Development. Guinchard, C.G. (ed.). PLAN, Special Issue, Swedish Society of Town and Country Planning, pp. 11-18.
34. Ostrom, E. and Schlager, E 1996. The formation of property rights. In: Rights to Nature: Ecological, Economic, Cultural, and Political Principles of Institutions for the Environment, Hanna, S., Folke, C. and Mäler, C.G. (eds). Island Press. Washington, Covelo, pp. 127-156.
35. Gipperth, L. and Elmgren, R. 2005. Adaptive coastal planning and the European Union's Water framework directive: A Swedish perspective. Ambio 35, 154-159
36. The potentials and shortcomings of physical planning instruments for coastal management beyond participation procedures are no subject here (see 27 for detailed analysis). There are limitations to cross-sector management through present physical planning, due to a) the distribution of responsibilities in the overall natural resource management system and b) to characteristics of available planning instruments. a) Especially local level (sub-municipal) physical planning has little feedback to nationally managed marine activities (higher level and sector management responsibility with few links). Feedback with municipal-level plans is better. b) The planning instruments on operational-level are limited to a territorial and relatively static perspective and may thus not be suitable for managing all types of resources. Non-territory bounded resources and use problems may require a different type of cross-sector approach - across territorial boundaries and with faster changing regulation.
37. E.g. the NORCOAST, and EU-initiative for exchange of experience across the North Sea (20), and the ICZM-demonstration program and the resulting recommendations within the EU (4), or national level archipelago related initiatives (16, 18) and the activities of the Commission of the Marine Environment in Sweden (19).
38. European Community 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000. Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy. Official Journal of the European Communities 22.12.2000. L 327 p. 1-72.
39. County Administrative Board West Götaland 1998. EU-Water Directive - An Application For The Gullmarn Catchment Area. Draft for a Watershed Management Plan. Länsstyrelsen Västra Götaland, Miljöanalysenheten, Anneli Harlén, Göteborg.
40. Blomqvist, A. 2003. Can Watercourse Groups Reduce Nutrient Losses? - An Exploratory Study with Reference to the River Emå Catchment, Sweden. Vastra Report 4. Department of Thematic Studies Linköping University, Linköping. Swedish Water Management Research Program, 38 pp. http://www.vastra.org/publikationer/rapporter/rapport4.pdf
41. Wittgren, H.B., Westerlund, S. and Castensson, R. (eds). 2000. The Genevad river study - An actor game about the implementation of environmental quality norms for nitrogen in a drainage basin. VASTRA Report I. Topic Water, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. (In Swedish, English summary).
42. Pretty, J. 1995. Participatory Learning for Sustainable Agriculture. World Development 23, 1247-1263.
43. Pretty, J. 2002. Agri-Culture: Reconnecting People, Land, and Nature. Earthscan: London.
44. Pido, M.D. and Chua, T.E. 1992. A framework for rapid appraisal of coastal environments. In: Integrative Framework and Methods for Coastal Area Management. Chua, T.E. and Scura, L.F. ICLARM Conf. Proc. 37. Manila, pp. 133-148.
45. Dietz, Th. 2003. What is a good decision? Criteria for environmental decision making. Hum. Ecol. Rev. 10, 1, 3-39.
46. Renn, O., Webler, T. and Wiedemann, P. (eds). 1995. Fair and Competent Citizen Participation: Evaluating New Models for Environmental Discourse. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
47. Creighton, J.L, Delli Priscoli, J. and Dunning, C.M., (eds). 1998. Public involvement techniques: A reader of ten years experience at the Institute of Water Resources. IWR Research Report 82-R-1. Institute for Water Resources U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Alexandria, VA. http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/iwr/pdf/ pifirst.pdf
48. Creighton, J.L, Delli Priscoli, J., Dunning, C.M. and Ayres, D. (eds). 1998. Public involvement and dispute resolution: A reader on the second decade of experience at the Institute of Water Resources. IWR Research Report 82-R-5, Institute for Water Resources U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Alexandria, VA. http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/iwr/pdf/pisecond.pdf
49. Alexandersson, U and Rönnlund, J.E. 1995. New Tracks: Experiences and Planning Ideas from Local Development Work in Villages and Rural Areas. Council for Building Research, Stockholm. (In Swedish).
50. Sundh, K. and Turunen, P. (eds). 1995. Social Mobilization: Socio-cultural Work in Sweden. Publica, Falköping. (In Swedish).
51. This research was financed by MISTRA, within the research program SUCOZOMA. Special thanks to the members of project 1.1 and 1.3 in SUCOZOMA, Hans Egnėus, Andrew Yiu, and two reviewers.