Permanent breasts as a side effect of subcutaneous fat tissue increase in human evolution

HOMO- Journal of Comparative Human Biology

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 149-162

  Pawłowski, Bogusław ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WROC AW   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 17044445607     PISSN: 0018442X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. ANDERSON JL (1988) Breasts, hips, and buttocks revisited. Honest fatness for honest fitness. Ethol Sociobiol 9, 319-324.
2. ANDERSON JL, CRAWFORD CB, NADEAU J, LINDBERG T (1992) Was the Duchess of Windsor right? A cross-cultural review of the socioecology of ideals of female body shape. Ethol Sociobiol 13, 197-227.
3. BAKER PT (1992) Human adaptations to the physical environmen. In JONES S, MARTIN R, PILBEAM D, (eds): The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge University Press, 46-51.
4. BARBER N (1995) The evolutionary psychology of physical attractiveness: Sexual selection and human morphology. Ethol Sociobiol 16, 395-424.
5. BELLOMO RV (1994) Methods of determining early hominid behavioral activities associated with the controlled use of fire at FxJj 20 Main, Koobi Fora, Kenya. J Hum Evol 27, 173-195.
6. BJÖRNTORP P (1987) Fat cell distribution and metabolism. In WURTMAN RJ, WURTMAN JJ (eds): Human Obesity. Academy of Sciences, New York, 66-72.
7. BOGIN B & MCVEAN RB (1981) Nutritional and biological determinants of body fat patterning in urban Guatemalan children. Hum Biol 53, 259-268.
8. BORGERHOFF MULDER M (1988) Kipsigis bridewealth payments. In BETZIG L, BORGERHOFF MULDER M, TURKE P (eds): Human Reproductive Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, 65-82.
9. BROWN PJ (1991) Culture and the evolution of obesity. Hum Nature 2, 31-57.
10. CANT JGH (1981) Hypothesis for the evolution of human breasts and buttocks. The Am Natur 117, 199-204.
11. CARO TM (1987) Human breasts, unsupported hypotheses reviewed. Hum Evol 2, 271-282.
12. CROOK JH (1972) Sexual selection, dimorphism, and social organization in the primates. In CAMPBELL B. (ed): Sexual Selection and The Descent of Man 1871-1971. Chicago, Aldine, 231-281.
13. FALK D (1990) Brain evolution in Homo, the «radiator» theory. Behav Brain Sci 13, 333-344.
14. FIAŁKOWSKI KR (1978) Early hominid brain evolution and heat stress, a hypothesis. Stud Phys Anthrop 4, 87-92.
15. FOLEY RA (1994) Speciation, extinction and climatic change in hominid evolution. J Hum Evol 26, 275-289.
16. FORBES GF (1987) Human Body Composition. Growth, Aging, Nutrition and Activity. Springer, New York.
17. FRANCISCUS RG, TRINKAUS E (1988) Nasal morphology and the emergence of Homo erectus. Am J Phys Anthrop 75, 517-527.
18. FROST GT (1987) How did big brains evolve? The role of neonatal body size. Hum Evol 2, 193-203.
19. GALLUP GG jr (1982) Permanent breast enlargement in human females, a sociobiological analysis. J Hum Evol 11, 597-601.
20. GRIFFITHS JF (1972) World Survey of Climatology, vol. 10, Climates of Africa. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
21. GRIFFITHS JF (1976) Climate and the Environment. The Athmospheric Impact on Man. Paul Elek, London.
22. GOULD SJ (1991) Niewczesny pogrzeb Darwina. PIW, Warszawa.
23. HALLIDAY T (1980) Sexual Strategy. Oxford Univ. Press.
24. HAMILTON ME (1984) Revising evolutionary narratives, a consideration of alternative assumptions about sexual selection and competition for mates. Amer Anthrop 86, 651-662.
25. HARRISON GA, TANNER JM, PILBEAM DR, BAKER PT (1989) Human Biology. 3rd ed, Oxford Univ. Press
26. HRDY SB (1981) The Women that Never Evolved. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
27. KATCH VL, CAMPAIGNE B, FREEDSON P, SADY S, KATCH FI, BEHNKE AR (1980) Contribution of breast volume and weight to body fat distribution in females. Am J Phys Anthrop 53, 93-100.
28. LE BLANC SA, BARNES E (1974) On the adaptive significance of the human breast. Amer Naturalist 108, 577-578.
29. LEMMON WB, ALLEN ML (1978) Continual sexual receptivity in the female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Folia Primatol 30, 80-88.
30. LOW, B.S. (1979) Sexual selection and human ornamentation, In CHAGNON NA, IRONS W (eds) Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior. Duxbury Press, North Scitute, Massachusetts, 462-487.
31. MASCIA-LEES FE, RELETHFORD JH, SORGER T (1986) Evolutionary perspectives on permanent breast enlargement in human females. Amer Anthrop 88, 423-428.
32. MACMILLAN MG, REID CM, SHIRLING D, PASSMORE R (1965) Body composition, resting oxygen consumption, and urinary creatinine in Edinburgh students. Lancet 1, 728-729.
33. MCHENRY HM (1992) Body size and proportions in early Hominids. Am J Phys Anthrop 87, 407-431.
34. MCHENRY HM (1994) Behavioral ecological implications of early hominid body size. J Hum Evol 27, 77-87.
35. MONTAGNA W (1985) The evolution of human skin. J Hum Evol 14, 3-22.
36. MORRIS D (1967) The Naked Ape. London, Jonathan Cape.
37. OKE TR (1992) Bound Layer Climates. 2nd ed, Routledge, London
38. PARKER ST (1987) A sexual selection model for hominid evolution. Hum Evol 2, 235-253.
39. PAWŁOWSKI B (1998) Why are human newborns so big and fat ? Hum Evol 13, 65-72.
40. POND CM, MATTACKS ChA (1987) The anatomy of adipose tissue in captive Macaca monkeys and its implications for human biology. Folia Primatol 48, 164-185.
41. RICHARDS PW (1952) The Tropical Rain Forest. An Ecological Study. Cambridge Univ. Press.
42. ROGERS MJ, FEIBEL CS, HARRIS JWK (1994) Changing patterns of land use by Plio-Pleistocene hominids in the Lake Turkana Basin. J Hum Evol 27, 139-158.
43. ROSENBERG, K.R. (1992) The evolution of modern human childbirth. Yb Phys Anthrop 35, 89-124.
44. RUFF CB (1994) Morphological adaptation to climate in modern and fossil Hominids. Yb Phys Anthrop 37, 65-107.
45. SINGH D (1993) Body shape and women's attractiveness, the critical role of waist-to-hip ratio. Hum Nature 4, 297-321.
46. SMITH RL (1984) Human sperm competition. In SMITH RL (ed): Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Matin Systems. Orlando, Academic Press, 601-660.
47. STELZNER JK (1988) Thermal effects on movement patterns of yellow baboons. Primates 29, 91-105.
48. STODDART DM (1990) The Scented Ape. The Biology and Culture of Human Odour. Cambridge Univ. Press.
49. SYMONS D (1979) The Evolution of Human Sexuality. Oxford University Press.
50. SZALAY FS, COSTELLO RK (1991) Evolution of permanent estrus displays in hominids. J Hum Evol 20, 439-464
51. TOBIAS PV (1991) The environmental background of Hominid emergence and the appearence of the genus Homo. Hum Evol 6, 129-142.
52. TUTIN CEG, MCGINNIS PR (1981) Chimpanzee reproduction in the wild. In GRAHAM ChE (ed): Reproductive Biology of the Great Apes., Academic Press, New York, 239-264.
53. WHEELER PE (1984) The evolution of bipedality and loss of functional body hair in hominids. J Hum Evol 13, 91-98.
54. WHEELER PE (1985) The loss of functional body hair in man, the influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality. J Hum Evol 14, 23-28.
55. WICKLER W (1972) The Sexual Code. Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
56. WOOD B (1992) Origin and evolution of genus Homo. Nature 355, 783-790.
57. WORTHINGTON-ROBERTS BS (1989) Maternal nutrition and the outcome of pregnancy. In WORTHINGTON-ROBERTS BS, WILLIAMS SR (eds): Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation. Times Mirror Mosby College Publishing, St. Louis, pp. 47-140.