The net radiation budget of the Northern Hemisphere

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 104, Issue D22, 1999, Pages 27341-27359

  Hatzianastassiou, N ^a   Vardavas, I ^a,b  

^a INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NET RADIATION; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE; RADIATION BUDGET;

EID: 16644383118     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900771     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Ardanuy, P. E., L. L. Stowe, and A. Gruber, Shortwave, longwave, and net cloud-radiative forcing as determined from Nimbus 7 observations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18,537-18,549, 1991.
2. Barkstrom, B. R., and G. L. Smith, The Earth Radiation Budget Experiment: Science and implementation, Rev. Geophys., 24, 379-390, 1986.
3. Barkstrom, B., E. Harrison, G. Smith, R. Green, J. Kibler, R. Cess, and ERBE Science Team, Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) archival and April 1985 results, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 70, 1254-1262, 1989.
4. Brooks, C. E. P., Climate Through the Ages, revised ed., 395 pp., Dover, Mineola, N.Y., 1949.
5. Budyko, M. I., The Earth's Climate: Past and Future, 307 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1982.
6. Cess, R. D., and G. L. Potter, Exploratory studies of cloud radiative forcing with a general circulation model, Tellus, Ser.A, 39, 460-473, 1987.
7. Cess, R. D., et al., Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16,601-16,615, 1990.
8. Cess, R. D., et al., Comparison of the seasonal change in cloud-radiative forcing from atmospheric general circulation models and satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16,593-16,603, 1997.
9. Chen, C.-T., and E. Roeckner, Validation of the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology general circulation model ECHAM4 using satellite observations of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 4269-4287, 1996.
10. Darnell, W. L., W. F. Staylor, S. K. Gupta, N. A. Ritchey, and A. C. Wilber, Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project C1 data, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15,741-15,760, 1992.
11. Del Genio, A. D., M.-S. Yao, W. Kovari, and K. K.-W. Lo, A prognostic cloud water parameterization for global climate models, J. Clim., 9, 270-304, 1996.
12. Ellis, J. S., and T. H. Vonder Haar, Zonal average Earth radiation budget measurements from satellites for climate studies, Atmos. Sci. Rep. 240, Colo. State Univ., Boulder, Colo., 1976.
13. Esbensen, S. K., and Y. Kushnir, The heat budget of the global oceans: An atlas based on surface marine observations, Rep. 29, Clim. Res. Inst., Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis, Oreg., 1981.
14. Fowler, L. D., and D. A. Randall, Liquid and ice cloud microphysics in the CSU General Circulation Model, II, Impact on cloudiness, the Earth's radiation budget, and the general circulation of the atmosphere, J. Clim., 9, 530-560, 1996.
15. Gupta, S. K., A. C. Wilber, W. L. Darnell, and J. T. Suttles, Longwave surface radiation over the globe from satellite data: An error analysis, Int. J. Remote Sens., 14, 95-114, 1993.
16. Harrison, E. F., P. Minnis, B. R. Barkstrom, V. Ramanathan, R. D. Cess, and G. G. Gibson, Seasonal variation of cloud radiative forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18,687-18,703, 1990.
17. Hartmann, D. L., Radiative effects of clouds on Earth's climate, in Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions, edited by P. Hobbs, 236 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1993.
18. Hartmann, D. L., and D. Doelling, On the net radiative effectiveness of clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 869-891, 1991.
19. Hartmann, D. L., V. Ramanathan, A. Berroir, and G. E. Hunt, Earth radiation budget data and climate research, Rev. Geophys., 24, 439-468, 1986.
20. Hatzianastassiou, N., and I. Vardavas, The shortwave radiation budget of the Northern Hemisphere using ISCCP and NCEP/NCAR climatological data, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1999.
21. Hatzianastassiou, N., W. Wobrock, and A. I. Flossman, The role of droplet spectra for cloud radiative properties, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 2215-2230, 1997.
22. Hatzianastassiou, N., W. Wobrock, and A. I. Flossman, The effect of cloud-processing of aerosol particles on clouds and radiation, Tellus, Ser.B, 50, 478-490, 1998.
23. Hatzianastassiou, N., B. Croke, N. Kortsalioudakis, I. Vardavas, and K. Koutoulaki, A model for the longwave radiation budget of the Northern Hemisphere: Comparison with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9489-9500, 1999.
24. Jacobowitz, H., W. L. Smith, H. B. Howell, F. W. Nagle, and J. R. Hickey, The first 18 months of planetary radiation budget measurements from the Nimbus-6 ERB experiments, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 501-507, 1979.
25. Kyle, H. L., A. Mecherikunnel, P. Ardanuy, L. Penn, B. Groveman, G. G. Campbell, and T. H. Vonder Haar, A comparison of two major Earth radiation budget data sets, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9951-9970, 1990.
26. Lee, W.-H., S. F. Iacobellis, and R. C. J. Somerville, Cloud radiation forcings and feedbacks: General circulation model tests and observational validation, J. Clim., 10, 2479-2496, 1997.
27. Li, Z., Intercomparison between two satellite-based products of net surface shortwave radiation, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 3221-3232, 1995.
28. Li, Z., and H. G. Leighton, Global climatologies of solar radiation budgets at the surface and in the atmosphere from 5 years of ERBE data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4919-4930, 1993.
29. Li, Z., H. G. Leighton, K. Masuda, and T. Takashima, Estimation of SW flux absorbed at the surface from TOA reflected flux, J. Clim., 6, 317-330, 1993.
30. Liou, K. N., Radiation and Cloud Processes in the Atmosphere: Theory, Observation and Modelling, 487 pp., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1992.
31. London, J., A study of the atmospheric heat balance, Final Rep. contract AF 19(122)-165, 99 pp., Coll. of Eng., N. Y. Univ., N. Y., 1957.
32. Manabe, S., and R. F. Strickler, Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 361-385, 1964.
33. Ohring, G., and P. F. Clapp, The effect of changes in cloud amount on the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 447-454, 1980.
34. Ohring, G., and A. Gruber, Satellite radiation observations and climate theory, Adv. Geophys., 25, 237-304, 1983.
35. Oort, A. H., and J. P. Peixoto, Global angular momentum and energy balance requirements for observations, Adv. Geophys., 25, 355-490, 1983.
36. Ou, S. C., K. N. Liou, and W. J. Liou, The seasonal cycle of the global zonally averaged energy balance, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 40, 9-23, 1989.
37. Peixoto, J. P., and A. H. Oort, Physics of Climate, 520 pp., Am. Inst. of Phys., N. Y., 1989.
38. Peng, L. I., M.-D. Chou, and A. Arking, Climate studies with a multi-layer energy balance model, I, Model description and sensitivity to the solar constant, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2639-2656, 1982.
39. Pinker, R. T., and I. Laszlo, Modelling surface solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 194-211, 1992.
40. Ramanathan, V., The role of Earth radiation budget studies in climate and general circulation research, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4075-4094, 1987.
41. Ramanathan, V., R. D. Cess, E. F. Harrison, P. Minnis, B. R. Barkstrom, E. Ahmad, and D. Hartmann, Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: Insights from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, Science, 243, 57-63, 1989.
42. Raschke, E., T. H. Von der Haar, M. Pasternak, and W. R. Bandeen, The annual radiation balance of the Earth-atmosphere system during 1967-1970 from Nimbus-3 measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 341-364, 1973.
43. Rieland, M., and R. Stuhlmann, Toward the influence of clouds on the shortwave radiation budget of the Earth-atmosphere system estimated from satellite data, J. Appl. Meteorol., 32, 825-843, 1993.
44. Rossow, W. B., and A. A. Lacis, Global, seasonal cloud variations from satellite radiance measurements, II, Cloud properties and radiative effects, J. Clim., 3, 1204-1253, 1990.
45. Rossow, W. B., and R. A. Schiffer, ISCCP cloud products, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 2-20, 1991.
46. Rossow, W. B., and Y.-C. Zhang, Calculation of surface and top of atmosphere radiative fluxes from physical quantities based on ISCCP data sets, 2, Validation and first results, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1167-1197, 1995.
47. Schiffer, R. A., and W. B. Rossow, The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP): The first project of the World Climate Research Programe, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 64, 779-784, 1983.
48. Sellers, W. D., Physical Climatology, 272 pp., Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 1965.
49. Simpson, G. C., The distribution of terrestrial radiation, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc., 3, 53-78, 1929.
50. Sohn, B.-J., and E. A. Smith, The significance of cloud-radiative forcing to the general circulation on climate time scale: A satellite interpretation, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 845-860, 1992.
51. Stephens, G. L., and T. J. Greenwald, The Earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology, 1, Observations of the clear sky greenhouse effect, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15,311-15,324, 1991a.
52. Stephens, G. L., and T. J. Greenwald, The Earth's radiation budget and its relation to atmospheric hydrology, 2, Observations of cloud effects, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15,311-15,324, 1991b.
53. Stephens, G. L., G. G. Campbell, and T. H. Vonder Haar, Earth radiation budgets, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9739-9760, 1981.
54. Vardavas, I. M., A simple model for rapidly computing terrestrial flux, solar flux and global mean surface temperature, Ecol. Modell., 35, 189-210, 1987a.
55. Vardavas, I. M., Modelling the seasonal variation of net all-wave radiation flux and evaporation in a tropical wet-dry region, Ecol. Modell., 39, 247-268, 1987b.
56. Vardavas, I. M., and K. Koutoulaki, A model for the solar radiation budget of the Northern Hemisphere: Comparison with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 7303-7314, 1995.
57. Vonder Haar, T. H., and V. E. Suomi, Measurements of the Earth's radiation budget from satellites during a five-year period, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 305-314, 1971.