Long-term outcome in hemodialysis: Morbidity and mortality

Journal of Nephrology

Volumn 17, Issue SUPPL. 8, 2004, Pages

  Pozzoni, Pietro ^a   Del Vecchio, Lucia ^a   Pontoriero, Gluseppe ^a   Di Filippo, Salvatore ^a   Locatelli, Francesco ^a  

^a A MANZONI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anemia; Calcification; Chronic kidney disease; Convection; Dialysis dose; End stage renal disease; Hemodialysis; High flux dialysis; Hyperphosphatemia; Hypertension

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHORUS; UREMIC TOXIN;

ANEMIA; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; LONG TERM CARE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOSPHATE BLOOD LEVEL; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; SURVIVAL RATE;

ANEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PROGNOSIS; RENAL DIALYSIS; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 16644382704     PISSN: 11218428     EISSN: 17246059     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 2003.
2. Rayner HC, Pisoni RL, Bommer J, Canatid B, Hecking E, Locatelli F, Piera L, Bragg-Gresham JL, Feldman HI, Goodkin DA, Gillespie B, Wolfe RA, Held PJ, Port FK. Mortality and hospitalization in hemodialysis patients in five European countries: results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 108-20.
3. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 32 (suppl 3): S112-9.
4. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Martin CJ, Murray DC, Barre PE. Clinical and ecliocardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 186-92.
5. Locatelli F, Marcelli D, Conte F, Del Vecchio L, Limido A, Malberti F, Spotti D, Sforzini S for the Registro Lombardo Dialisi e Trapianto. Patient selection affects end-stage renal disease outcome comparisons. Kidney Int 2000; 57 (suppl 74): S94-9.
6. Foley RN, Herzog CA, Collins AJ. Smoking and cardiovascular outcomes in dialysis patients: The United States Renal Data System Wave 2 Study. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1462-7.
7. Duranti E, Imperiali P, Sasdelli M. Is hypertension a mortality risk factor in dialysis? Kidney Int 1996; 55 (suppl 1): S173-4.
8. Iseki K, Miyasato F, Tokuyama K, Nishime K, Uehara H, Shiohira Y, Sunagawa H, Yoshihara K, Yoshi S, Toma S, Kowatari T, Wake T, Oura T, Fukiyaina K. Low diastolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, and risk of death in a cohort of chronic hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1212-7.
9. Zager PG, Nikolic J, Brown RH, Campbell MA, Hunt WC, Peterson D, Van Stone J, Levey A, Meyer KB, Klag MJ, Johnson HK, Clark E, Sadler JH, Teredesai P. "U" curve association of blood pressure and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Medical Directors of Dialysis Clinic, Inc. Kidney Int 1998; 54: 561-9.
10. Port FK, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Wolfe RA, Bloembergen WE, Golper TA, Agodoa LY, Young EW. Predialysis blood pressure and mortality risk in a national sample of maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 507-17.
11. Salem MM. Hypertension in the hemodialysis population: any relationship to 2-years survival? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 125-8.
12. Locatelli F, Covic A, Chazot C, Leunissen K, Luno J, Yaqoob M. Hypertension and cardiovascular risk assessment in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 1058-68.
13. Schomig M, Eisenhardt A, Ritz E. Controversy on optimal blood pressure on hemodialysis: normotensive blood pressure values are essential for survival. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 469-74.
14. Charra B, Calemard E, Ruffet M, Chazot C, Terrat JC, Vanel T, Laurent G. Survival as an index of adequacy of dialysis. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 1286-91.
15. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, Barre PE. Impact of hypertension on cardiomyopathy, morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 1996; 49: 1379-85.
16. Mazzucchi N, Carbonell E, Fernandez-Cean J. Importance of blood pressure control in hemodialysis patient survival. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 2147-54.
17. Tozawa M, Iseki K, Iseki C, Takishita S. Pulse pressure and risk of total mortality and cardiovascular events in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 717-26.
18. Klassen PS, Lowrie EG, Reddan DN, De Long ER, Coladonato JA, Szczech LA, Lazarus JM, Owen WF Jr. Association between pulse pressure and mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. JAMA 2002; 287: 1548-55.
19. Foley RN, Herzog CA, Collins AJ. Blood pressure and long-term mortality in United States hemodialysis patients: USRDS Waves 3 and 4 Study. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 1784-90.
20. European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Commitee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011-53.
21. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-53.
22. Lucas MF, Quereda C, Teruel JL, Orte L, Marcen R, Ortuno J. Effect of hypertension before beginning dialysis on survival of hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 814-23.
23. Levin A, Thompson CR, Ethier J, Carlisle EJF, Tobe S, Mendelssohn D, Burgess E, Jindal K, Barrett B, Singer J, Djurdjev O. Left ventricular mass index increase in early renal disease: impact of decline in hemoglobin. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34: 125-34.
24. Holland DC, Lam M. Predictors of hospitalization and death among pre-dialysis patients: A retrospective cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15: 650-8.
25. Astor BC, Muntner P, Levin A, Eustace JA, Coresh J. Association of kidney function with anemia: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1401-8.
26. Locatelli F, Pisoni RL, Combe C, Bommer J, Andreucci VE, Piera L, Greenwood R, Feldman HI, Port FK, Held PJ. Anemia in hemodialysis patients of five European Countries: association with morbidity and mortality in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 121-32.
27. Pisoni RL, Bragg-Gresham JL, Young EW, Akizara T, Asano Y, Locatelli F, Bommer J, Cruz JM, Kerr PG, Mendelssohn DC, Held PJ, Port FK. Anemia management and outcomes from 12 countries in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 44: 94-111.
28. London GM, Fabiani F, Marchais SJ, de Vernejoul MC, Guerin AP, Safar ME, Metivier F, Llach F. Uremic cardiomyopathy: an inadequate left ventricular hypertrophy. Kidney Int 1987; 31: 973-80.
29. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, Barre PE. The impact of anemia on cardiomyopathy, morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28: 53-61.
30. Locatelli F, Conte F, Marcelli D. The impact of hematocrit levels and erythropoietin treatment on overall and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity - the experience of the Lombardy Dialysis Registry. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 1642-4.
31. Ma JZ, Ebben J, Xia H, Collins AJ. Hematocrit level and associated mortality in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 610-9.
32. Xia H, Ebben J, Ma JZ, Collins AJ. Hematocrit level and hospitalizations risks in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10: 1309-16.
33. Collins AJ, Li S, St Peter W, Ebben J, Roberts T, Ma JZ, Manning W. Death, hospitalization and economic associations among incident hemodialysis patients with hematocrit values of 36-39%. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 2465-73.
34. Portoles J, Torralbo A, Martin P, Rodrigo J, Herrero JA, Barrientos A. Cardiovascular effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in predialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 29: 541-8.
35. Hayashi T, Suzuki A, Shoji T, Togawa M, Okada N, Tsubakihara Y, Imai E, Hori M. Cardiovascular effect of normalizing the hematocrit level during erythropoietin therapy in predialysis patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: 250-6.
36. Pascual J, Teruel JL, Moya JL, Liano F, Jimenez-Mena M, Ortuno J. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after partial correction of anemia with erythropoietin in patients on hemodialysis: a prospective study. Clin Nephrol 1991; 35: 280-7.
37. Zehnder C, Zuber M, Sulzer M, Meyer B, Straumann E, Jenzer HR, Blumberg A. Influence of long-term amelioration of anemia and blood pressure control on left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialyzed patients. Nephron 1992; 61: 21-5.
38. Wizemann V, Schafer R, Kramer W. Follow-up of cardiac changes induced by anemia compensation in normotensive hemodialysis patients with left-ventricular hypertrophy. Nephron 1993; 64: 202-6.
39. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Morgan J, Barre PE, Campbell P, Cartier P, Coyle D, Fine A, Handa P, Kingma I, Lau CY, Levin A, Mendelsshon D, Muirhead N, Murphy B, Plante RK, Posen G, Wells GA. Effect of hemoglobin levels in hemodialysis patients with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 1325-35.
40. Xue JL, St Peter WL, Ebben JP, Everson SE, Collins AJ. Anemia treatment in the pre-ESRD period and associated mortality in elderly patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 40: 1153-61.
41. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, Tchebiner JZ, Sheps D, Keren G, Schwartz D, Baruch R, Yachnin T, Shaked M, Schwartz I, Steinbruch S, Iaina A. The effect of correction of anemia in diabetics and non-diabetics with severe resistant congestive heart failure and chronic renal failure by subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 141-6.
42. Furuland H, Linde T, Ahlmen J, Christensson A, Strombom U, Danielson BG. A randomized controlled trial of hemoglobin normalization with epoetin alfa in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 353-61.
43. Roger SD, McMahon LP, Clarkson A, Disney A, Harris D, Hawley C, Healy H, Kerr P, Lynn K, Parnham A, Pascoe R, Voss D, Walker R, Levin A. Effects of early and late intervention with epoetin alpha on left ventricular mass among patients with chronic kidney disease (stage 3 or 4): Results of a randomized clinical trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 148-56.
44. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2000 update. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37 (suppl 1): S1-S238.
45. Revised European Best Practice Guidelines for the management of anemia in patients with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19 (suppl 2): S1-47.
46. Besarab A, Bolton WK, Browne JK, Egrie JC, Nissenson AR, Okamoto DM, Schwab SJ, Goodkin DA. The effects of normal as compared with low hematocrit values in patients with cardiac disease who are receiving hemodialysis and epoetin. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 584-90.
47. Moreno F, Sanz-Guajardo D, Lopez-Gomez JM, Jofre R, Valderrabano F. Increasing the hematocrit has a beneficial effect on quality of life and is safe in selected hemodialysis patients: J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11: 335-42.
48. Furuland H, Linde T, Ahlmen J, Christensson A, Strombom U, Danielson BG. A randomized controlled trial of hemoglobin normalization with epoetin alfa in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 353-61.
49. Eckardt KU. Cardiovascular risk reduction by early anemia treatment with epoetin beta (CREATE) trial. The CREATE trial-building the evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16 (suppl 2): S16-8.
50. Laville M. Anemia CORrection in Diabetes trial. New strategies in anemia management: ACORD (Anemia CORrection in Diabetes) trial. Acta Diabetol 2004; 41 (suppl 1): S18-22.
51. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NAV, Port FK. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium × phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: a national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998; 31: 607-17.
52. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, Yoon C, Gales B, Sider D, Wang J, Chung J, Emerick A, Greaser L, Elashoff RM, Salusky IB. Coronary artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1478-83.
53. Raggi P, Boulay A, Chasan-Taber S. Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients: A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 695-701.
54. Braun J, Oldendorf M, Moshage W, Heidler R, Zeitler E, Luft FC. Electron beam computed tomography in the evaluation of cardiac calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 27: 394-401.
55. Blacher J, Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM. Arterial calcifications, arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk in end-stage renal disease. Hypertension 2001; 38: 938-42.
56. London GM. Cardiovascular calcifications in uremic patients: Clinical impact on cardiovascular function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14 (suppl 4): S305-9.
57. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P, for the Treat to Goal Working Group. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62: 245-52.
58. Qunibi WY, Hootkins RE, McDowell LL, Meyer MS, Simon M, Garza RO, Pelliam RW, Cleveland MV, Muenz LR, He DY, Nolan CR. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: The Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation (CARE Study). Kidney Int 2004; 65: 1914-26.
59. D'Haese PC, Spasovski GB, Sikole A, Hutchison A, Freemont TJ, Sulkova S, Swanepoel C, Pejanovic S, Djukanovic L, Balducci A, Coen G, Sulowicz W, Ferreira A, Torres A, Curie S, Popovic M, Dimkovic N, De Broe ME. A multicenter study on the effects of lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) and calcium carbonate on renal bone disease in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2003; 63 (suppl 85): S73-8.
60. Block GA, Martin KJ, De Francisco AL, Turner SA, Avram MM, Suranyi MG, Hercz G, Cunningham J, Abu-Alfa AK, Messa P, Coyne DW, Locatelli F, Cohen RM, Evenepoel P, Moe SM, Fournier A, Braun J, McCary LC, Zani VJ, Olson KA, Drucke TB, Goodman WG. Cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients receiving hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1516-25.
61. Hornberger JC, Chernew M, Petersen J, Garber AM. A multivariate analysis of mortality and hospital admissions with high-flux dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 3: 1227-37.
62. Locatelli F, Mastrangelo F, Redaelli B, Ronco C, Marcelli D, La Greca G, Orlandini G. Effects of different membranes and dialysis technologies on patient treatment tolerance and nutritional parameters. The Italian Cooperative Dialysis Study Group. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 1293-302.
63. Koda Y, Nishi S, Miyazaki S, Haginoshita S, Sakurabayashi T, Suzuki M, Sakai S, Yuasa Y, Hirasawa Y, Nishi T. Switch from conventional to high-flux membrane reduces the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome and mortality of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 1096-101.
64. Locatelli F, Marcelli D, Conte F, Limido A, Malberti F, Spotti D. Comparison of mortality in ESRD patients on convective and diffusive extracorporeal treatments. Kidney Int 1999; 155: 286-93.
65. Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK, Carroll CE, Stannard DC, Pereira BJ, Agodoa LY, Port FK. Effect of dialysis membranes and middle molecule removal on chronic hemodialysis patient survival. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 349-55.
66. Woods HF, Nandakumar M. Improved outcome for hemodialysis patients treated with high-flux membranes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15 (suppl 1): S36-42.
67. Port FK, Wolfe RA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Daugirdas JT, Agodoa LY, Jones C, Orzol SM, Held PJ. Mortality risk by hemodialyzer reuse practice and dialyzer membrane characteristics: Results from the USRDS dialysis morbidity and mortality study. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37: 276-86.
68. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Kusek JW, Allon M, Bailey J, Delmez JA, Depner TA, Dwyer JT, Levey AS, Levin NW, Milford E, Ornt DB, Rocco MV, Schulman G, Schwab SJ, Teehan BP, Toto R. Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study Group. Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:2010-9.
69. Locatelli F. Dose of dialysis, convection and hemodialysis patients outcome-what the IIEMO study doesn't tell us: the European viewpoint. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18: 1061-5.
70. Locatelli F, Hanncdouche T, Jacobson S, La Greca G, Loureiro A, Martin-Malo A, Papadimitriou M, Vanholder R. The effect of membrane permeability on ESRD: Design of a prospective randomised multicentre trial. J Nephrol 1999; 12: 85-8.
71. Lowrie EG, Laird NM, Parker TF, Sargent JA. Effect of the hemodialysis prescription on patient morbidity. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1176-81.
72. Gotch FA, Sargent JA. A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 1985; 28: 526-34.
73. Keshaviah P. Urea kinetic and middle molecule approaches to assessing the adequacy of hemodialysis and CAPD. Kidney Int 1993; 43 (suppl 40): S28-38.
74. Collins AJ, Ma JZ, Umen A, Keshaviah P. Urea index and other predictors of hemodialysis patient survival. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 272-82.
75. Hakim RM, Bryer J, Ismail N, Schulman G. Effects of dose of dialysis on morbidity and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23: 661-9.
76. Held PJ, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Stannard DC, Carroll CE, Dangirdas JT, Bloembergen WE, Greer JW, Hakim RM. The dose of hemodialysis and patient mortality. Kidney Int 1996; 50: 550-6.
77. Wolfe RA, Ashby VB, Daugirdas JT, Agodoa LY, Jones CA, Port FK. Body size, dose of hemodialysis, and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: 80-8.
78. Port FK, Ashby VB, Dhingra RK, Roys EC, Wolfe RA. Dialysis dose and body mass index are strongly associated with survival in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 1061-6.
79. Port FK, Wolfe RA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, McCullough KP, Ashby VB, Held PJ. High dialysis dose is associated with lower mortality among women but not among men. Am J Kidney Dis 2004; 43: 1014-23.
80. European Best Practice Guidelines Expert Group on Hemodialysis, European Renal Association. Section II. Hemodialysis adequacy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17 (suppl 7): S16-31.