Nucleotide-dependent degradation of nucleic acids by DNA and RNA polymerases

Molekulyarnaya Biologiya

Volumn 38, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 804-822

  Sosunov, V V ^a   Victorova, L S ^a  

^a ENGELHARDT INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DINUCLEOSIDE 5',5'' TERTRAPHOSPHATE; DNA POLYMERASE; NUCLEIC ACID; PARATHION; PHOSPHATE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE I; RNA POLYMERASE; SPLEEN EXONUCLEASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DNA; DNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; DNA DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE; NUCLEOTIDE; RNA; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR;

ENZYME DEGRADATION; REVIEW; RNA TRANSCRIPTION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; CATALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; GENETICS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

CATALYSIS; DNA; DNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASES; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; HIV-1; HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE; HUMANS; NUCLEOTIDES; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS; RNA;

EID: 16644367855     PISSN: 00268984     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Joyce C.M., Steitz T.A. 1994. Function and structure relationships in DNA polymerases. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 63, 777-822.
2. Borukhov S., Sagitov V., Goldfarb A. 1993. Transcript cleavage factors from E. coli. Cell. 72,459-466.
3. Reines D. 1992. Elongation factor-dependent transcript shortening by template-engaged RNA polymerase II. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 3795-3800.
4. Izban M.G., Luse D.S. 1992. The RNA polymerase II ternary complex cleaves the nascent transcript in a 3′→5′ direction in the presence of elongation factor SII. Genes Dev. 6, 1342-1356.
5. Wang D., Hawley D.K. 1993. Identification of a 3′→5′ exonuclease activity associated with human RNA polymerase II. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 843-847.
6. Thomas M.J., Platas A.A., Hawley D.K. 1998. Transcriptional fidelity and proofreading by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 93, 627-637.
7. Meyer P.R., Matsuura S.E., So A.G., Scott W.A. 1998. Unblocking of chain-terminated primer by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase through a nucleotide-dependent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 13471-13476.
8. Sosunov V.V., Santamaria F., Victorova L.S., Gosselin G., Rayner B., Krayevsky A.A. 2000. Stereochemical control of DNA biosynthesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 1170-1175.
9. Sosunov V., Sosunova E., Mustaev A., Bass I., Nikiforov V., Goldfarb A. 2003. Unified two-metal mechanism of RNA synthesis and degradation by RNA polymerase. EMBO J. 22, 2234-2244.
10. Alberts B., Lewis J., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M. 2002. Molecular Biology of the Cell. N. Y.: Taylor & Francis, Inc.
11. Friedberg E.C. 2003. DNA damage and repair. Nature. 421, 436-440.
12. Kunkel T.A., Bebenek K. 2000. DNA replication fidelity. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69, 497-529.
13. Shevelev I.V., Hubscher U. 2002. The 3′-5′ exonucleases. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3, 364-376.
14. Chou K.M., Kukhanova M., Cheng Y.C. 2000. A novel action of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease: excision of L-configuration deoxyribonucleoside analogs from the 3′ termini of DNA. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 31009-31015.
15. Victorova L., Sosunov V., Skoblov A., Shipytsin A., Krayevsky A. 1999. New substrates of DNA polymerases. FEBS Lett. 453, 6-10.
16. Debyser Z., Pauwels R., Andries K., Desmyter J., Kukla M., Janssen P.A., De Clercq E. 1991. An antiviral target on reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 revealed by tetrahydroimidazo-[4,5,1-jk] [1,4]benzodiazepin-2 (1H)-one and -thione derivatives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88, 1451-1455.
17. 2+ influx dependent on store depletion by intracellular adenine-guanine nucleotide levels. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23597-23602.
18. Urban S., Urban S., Fischer K.P., Tyrrell D.L. 2001. Efficient pyrophosphorolysis by a hepatitis B virus polymerase may be a primer-unblocking mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98, 4984-4989.
19. Mitsuya H., Weinhold K.J., Furman P.A., St. Clair M.N., Nusinoff-Lehrman S., Gallo R.C., Bolognesi D., Barry D.W., Broder S. 1985. 3′-Azido- 3′-deoxythymidine; an antiviral agent that inhibits the ineffectivity and cytopathetic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphoadenopathy- associated virus in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82, 7096-7100.
20. Larder B.A., Kemp S.D. 1989. Multiple mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confer high-level resistance to zidovudine (AZT). Science. 246, 1155-1158.
21. Kellam P., Boucher C.A., Larder B.A. 1992. Fifth mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase contributes to the development of high-level resistance to zidovudine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89, 1934-1938.
22. Hooker D.J., Tachedjian G., Solomon A.E., Gurusinghe A.D., Land S., Birch C., Anderson J.L., Roy B.M., Arnold E., Deacon N.J. 1996. An in vivo mutation from leucine to tryptophan at position 210 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase contributes to high-level resistance to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. J. Virol. 70, 8010-8018.
23. Carroll S.S., Geib J., Olsen D.B., Stahlhut M., Shafer J.A., Kuo L.C. 1994. Sensitivity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and its mutants to inhibition by azidothymidine triphosphate. Biochemistry. 33, 2113-2120.
24. Pokholok D.K., Gudima S.O., Yesipov D.S., Dobrynin V.N., Rechinsky V.O., Kochetkov S.N. 1993. Interactions of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase "AZT-resistant" mutant with substrates and AZT-TP. FEBS Lett. 325, 237-241.
25. Kerr S.G., Anderson K.S. 1997. Pre-steady-state kinetic characterization of wild type and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase: implication of RNA directed DNA polymerization in the mechanism of AZT resistance. Biochemistry. 36, 14064-14070.
26. Caliendo A.M., Savara A., An D., DeVore K., Kaplan J.C., D'Aquila R.T. 1996. Effects of zidovudine-selected human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase amino acid substitutions on processive DNA synthesis and viral replication. J. Virol. 70, 2146-2153.
27. Canard B., Sarfati S.R., Richardson C.C. 1998. Enhanced binding of azidothymidine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus 1 reverse transcriptase to the 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine 5′-monophosphate-terminated primer. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 14596-14604.
28. Arion D., Kaushik N., McCormick S., Borkow G., Parniak M.A. 1998. Phenotypic mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to 3′-azido-3′- deoxythymidine (AZT): increased polymerization processivity and enhanced sensitivity to pyrophosphate of the mutant viral reverse transcriptase. Biochemistry. 37, 15908-15917.
29. Reardon J.E. 1993. Human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. A kinetic analysis of RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerization. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 8743-8751.
30. Barshop B.A., Adamson D.T., Vellom D.C., Rosen F., Epstein B.L., Seegmiller J.E. 1991. Luminescent immobilized enzyme test systems for inorganic pyrophosphate: assays using firefly luciferase and nicotinamide-mononucleotide adenylyl transferase or adenosine-5′-triphosphate sulfurylase. Anal. Biochem. 197, 266-272.
31. Meyer P.R., Matsuura S.E., Mian A.M., So A.G., Scott W.A. 1999. A mechanism of AZT resistance: an increase in nucleotide-dependent primer unblocking by mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Mol. Cell. 4, 35-43.
32. Boyer P.L., Sarafianos S.G., Arnold E., Hughes S.H. 2001. Selective excision of AZTMP by drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. J. Virol. 75, 4832-4842.
33. Odriozola L., Cruchaga C., Andreola M., Dolle V., Nguyen C.H., Tarrago-Litvak L., Perez-Mediavilla A., Martinez-Irujo J.J. 2003. Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibit phosphorolysis and resensitize the 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT)-resistant polymerase to AZT-5′-triphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 42710-42716.
34. Lacey S.F., Reardon J.E., Furfine E.S., Kunkel T.A., Bebenek K., Eckert K.A., Kemp S.D., Larder B.A. 1992. Biochemical studies on the reverse transcriptase and RNase H activities from human immunodeficiency virus strains resistant to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 15789-15794.
35. Meyer P.R., Matsuura S.E., Tolun A.A., Pfeifer L, So A.G., Mellors J.W., Scott W.A. 2002. Effects of specific zidovudine resistance mutations and substrate structure on nucleotide-dependent primer unblocking by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 1540-1545.
36. Terai C., Carson D.A. 1991. Pyrimidine nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis in human monocytes and macrophages. Exp. Cell. Res. 193, 375-381.
37. Gao W.Y., Cara A., Gallo R.C., Lori F. 1993. Low levels of deoxynucleotides in peripheral blood lymphocytes: a strategy to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 8925-8928.
38. Gao W.Y., Agbaria R., Driscoll J.S., Mitsuya H. 1994. Divergent antihuman immunodeficiency virus activity and anabolic phosphorylation of 2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside analogs in resting and activated human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 12633-12638.
39. Roy B., Beuneu C., Roux P., Buc H., Lemaire G., Lepoivre M. 1999. Simultaneous determination of pyrimidine or purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates using a polymerase assay. Anal. Biochem. 269, 403-409.
40. Tong W., Lu C.D., Sharma S.K., Matsuura S., So A.C., Scott W.A. 1997. Nucleotide-induced stable complex formation by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biochemistry. 36, 5749-5757.
41. Meyer P.R., Matsuura S.E., Schinazi R.F., So A.G., Scott W.A. 2000. Differential removal of thymidine nucleotide analogues from blocked DNA chains by human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase in the presence of physiological concentrations of 2′-deoxynucleoside triphosphates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 3465-3472.
42. Huang H., Chopra R., Verdine G.L., Harrison S.C. 1998. Structure of a covalently trapped catalytic complex of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: implications for drug resistance. Science. 282, 1669-1675.
43. Saenger W. 1984. Principles of nucleic acid structure. N.Y.: Springer-Verlag.
44. Broom A.D., Schweizer M.P., Ts'o P.O.P. 1967. Interaction and association of bases and nucleosides in aqueous solution. V. Studies of the association of purine nucleosides by vapor pressure osmometry and by proton magnetic resonance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 3612-3622.
45. Sarafianos S.G., Clark A.D. Jr, Das K., Tuske S., Birktoft J.J., Ilankumaran P., Ramesha A.R., Sayer J.M., Jerina D.M., Boyer P.L., Hughes S.H., Arnold E. 2002. Structures of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with pre- and post-translocation AZTMP-terminated DNA. EMBO J. 21, 6614-6624.
46. Arion D., Sluis-Cremer N., Parniak M.A. 2000. Mechanism by which phosphonoformic acid resistance mutations restore 3′-azido-3′- deoxythymidine (AZT) sensitivity to AZT-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 9251-9255.
47. Arts E.J., Stetor S.R., Li X., Rausch J.W., Howard K.J., Ehresmann B., North T.W., Wohrl B.M., Goody R.S., Wainberg M.A., Grice S.F. 1996. Initiation of (-) strand DNA synthesis from tRNA(3Lys) on lentiviral RNAs: implications of specific HIV-1 RNA-tRNA(SLys) interactions inhibiting primer utilization by retroviral reverse transcriptases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93, 10063-10068.
48. Lanchy J.M., Ehresmann C., Le Grice S.F., Ehresmann B., Marquet R. 1996. Binding and kinetic properties of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase markedly differ during initiation and elongation of reverse transcription EMBO J. 15, 7178-7187.
49. Isel C., Lanchy J.M., Le Grice S.F., Ehresmann C., Ehresmann B., Marquet R. 1996. Specific initiation and switch to elongation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription require the post-transcriptional modifications of primer tRNA3Lys. EMBO J. 15, 917-924.
50. Rigourd M., Lanchy J.M., Le Grice S.F., Ehresmann B., Ehresmann C., Marquet R. 2000. Inhibition of the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription by 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. Comparison with elongation. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 26944-26951.
51. Lanchy J.M., Keith G., Le Grice S.F., Ehresmann B., Ehresmann C., Marquet R. 1998. Contacts between reverse transcriptase and the primer strand govern the transition from initiation to elongation of HIV-1 reverse transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 24425-24432.
52. Rigourd M., Ehresmann C., Parniak M.A., Ehresmann B., Marquet R. 2002. Primer unblocking and rescue of DNA synthesis by azidothymidine (AZT)-resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: comparison between initiation and elongation of reverse transcription and between (-) and (+) strand DNA synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 18611-18618.
53. Feng J.Y., Anderson K.S. 1999. Mechanistic studies examining the efficiency and fidelity of DNA synthesis by the 3TC-resistant mutant (184V) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biochemistry. 38, 9440-9448.
54. Krebs R., Immendorfer U., Thrall S.H., Wohrl B.M., Goody R.S. 1997. Single-step kinetics of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutants responsible for virus resistance to nucleoside inhibitors zidovudine and 3TC. Biochemistry. 36, 10292-10300.
55. Ueno T., Mitsuya H. 1997. Comparative enzymatic study of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistant to 2′,3′-dideoxynucleotide analogs using the single-nucleotide incorporation assay. Biochemistry. 36, 1092-1099.
56. Zhang D., Caliendo A.M., Eron J.J., DeVore K.M., Kaplan J.C., Hirsch M.S., D'Aquila R.T. 1994. Resistance to 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine conferred by a mutation in codon 65 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 38, 282-287.
57. Isel C., Ehresmann C., Walter P., Ehresmann B., Marquet R. 2001. The emergence of different resistance mechanisms toward nucleoside inhibitors is explained by the properties of the wild type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 48725-48732.
58. Naeger L.K., Margot N.A., Miller M.D. 2002. ATP-dependent removal of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 2179-2184.
59. Winters M.A., Coolley K.L., Girard Y.A., Levee D.J., Hamdan H., Shafer R.W., Katzenstein D.A., Merigan T.C. 1998. A 6-basepair insert in the reverse transcriptase gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 confers resistance to multiple nucleoside inhibitors. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 1769-1775.
60. Larder B.A., Bloor S., Kemp S.D., Hertogs K., Desmet R.L., Miller V., Sturmer M., Staszewski S., Ren J., Stammers D.K., Stuart D.I., Pauwels R. 1999. A family of insertion mutations between codons 67 and 70 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase confer multinucleoside analog resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 1961-1967.
61. Mas A., Parera M., Briones C., Soriano V., Martinez M.A., Domingo E., Menendez-Arias L. 2000. Role of a dipeptide insertion between codons 69 and 70 of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in the mechanism of AZT resistance. EMBO J. 19, 5752-5761.
62. Meyer P.R., Lennerstrand J., Matsuura S.E., Larder B.A., Scott W.A. 2003. Effects of dipeptide insertions between codons 69 and 70 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase on primer unblocking, deoxynucleoside triphosphate inhibition, and DNA chain elongation. J. Virol. 77, 3871-3877.
63. Boyer P.L., Sarafianos S.G., Arnold E., Hughes S.H. 2002. The M184V mutation reduces the selective excision of zidovudine 5′-monophosphate (AZTMP) by the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 76, 3248-3256.
64. Larder B.A., Darby G., Richman D.D. 1989. HIV with reduced sensitivity to zidovudine (AZT) isolated during prolonged therapy. Science. 243, 1731-1734.
65. Mellors J.W., Bazmi H.Z., Schinazi R.F., Roy B.M., Hsiou Y., Arnold E., Weir J., Mayers D.L. 1995. Novel mutations in reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reduce susceptibility to foscarnet in laboratory and clinical isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 1087-1092.
66. Tachedjian G., Mellors J., Bazmi H., Birch C., Mills J. 1996. Zidovudine resistance is suppressed by mutations conferring resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to foscarnet. J. Virol. 70, 7171-7181.
67. Selmi B., Deval J., Alvarez K., Boretto J., Sarfati S., Guerreiro C., Canard B. 2003. The Y181C substitution in 3′-azido-3′- deoxythymidine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus, type 1, reverse transcriptase suppresses the ATP-mediated repair of the 3′-azido-3′- deoxythymidine 5′-monophosphate-terminated primer. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 40464-40472.
68. Tisdale M., Kemp S.D., Parry N.R., Larder B.A. 1993. Rapid in vitro selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3′-thiacytidine inhibitors due to a mutation in the YMDD region of reverse transcriptase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 5653-5656.
69. Larder B.A., Kemp S.D., Harrigan P.R. 1995. Potential mechanism for sustained antiretroviral efficacy of AZT-3TC combination therapy. Science. 269, 696-699.
70. Boucher C.A., Cammack N., Schipper P., Schuurman R., Rouse P., Wainberg M.A., Cameron J.M. 1993. High-level resistance to (-) enantiomeric 2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine in vitro is due to one amino acid substitution in the catalytic site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 37, 2231-2234.
71. Gotte M., Arion D., Parniak M.A., Wainberg M.A. 2000. The M184V mutation in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 impairs rescue of chain-terminated DNA synthesis. J. Virol. 74, 3579-3585.
72. Sarafianos S.G., Das K., Clark A.D. Jr, Ding J., Boyer P.L., Hughes S.H., Arnold E. 1999. Lamivudine (3TC) resistance in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase involves steric hindrance with beta-branched amino acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96, 10027-10032.
73. Komissarova N., Kashlev M. 1997. RNA polymerase switches between inactivated and activated states by translocating back and forth along the DNA and the RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15329-15338.
74. Komissarova N., Kashlev M. 1997. Transcriptional arrest: Escherichia coli RNA polymerase translocates backward, leaving the 3′ end of the RNA intact and extruded. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 1755-1760.
75. Nudler E., Mustaev A., Lukhtanov E., Goldfarb A. 1997. The RNA-DNA hybrid maintains the register of transcription by preventing backtracking of RNA polymerase. Cell. 89, 33-41.
76. Orlova M., Newlands J., Das A., Goldfarb A., Borukhov S. 1995. Intrinsic transcript cleavage activity of RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92, 4596-4600.
77. Reines D. 1992. Elongation factor-dependent transcript shortening by template-engaged RNA polymerase II. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 3795-3800.
78. Izban M.G., Luse D.S. 1993. The increment of SII-facilitated transcript cleavage varies dramatically between elongation competent and incompetent RNA polymerase II ternary complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 12874-12885.
79. Izban M.G., Luse D.S. 1993. SII-facilitated transcript cleavage in RNA polymerase II complexes stalled early after initiation occurs in primarily dinucleotide increments. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 12864-12873.
80. Siddhikol C., Erbstoeszer J.W., Weisblum B. 1969. Mode of action of streptolydigin. J. Bacteriol. 99, 151-155.
81. McClure W.R. 1980. On the mechanism of streptolydigin inhibition of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Biol. Chem. 255, 1610-1616.
82. Derbyshire V., Freemont P.S., Sanderson M.R., Beese L., Friedman J.M., Joyce C.M., Steitz T.A. 1988. Genetic and crystallographic studies of the 3′,5′-exonucleolytic site of DNA polymerase I. Science. 240, 199-201.
83. Beese L.S., Steitz T.A. 1991. Structural basis for the 3′-5′ exonuclease activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I: a two metal ion mechanism. EMBO J. 10, 25-33.
84. Beese L.S., Derbyshire V., Steitz T.A. 1993. Structure of DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment bound to duplex DNA. Science. 260, 352-355.
85. Sosunova E., Sosunov V., Kozlov M., Nikiforov V., Goldfarb A., Mustaev A. 2003. Donation of catalytic residues to RNA polymerase active center by transcription factor Gre. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 15469-15474.
86. Gnatt A.L., Cramer P., Fu J., Bushnell D.A., Kornberg R.D. 2001. Structural basis of transcription: an RNA polymerase II elongation complex at 3.3 A resolution. Science. 292, 1876-1882.
87. Donlin M.J., Patel S.S., Johnson K.A. 1991. Kinetic partitioning between the exonuclease and polymerase sites in DNA error correction. Biochemistry. 30, 538-546.
88. Whitehall S.K., Bardeleben C., Kassavetis G.A. 1994. Hydrolytic cleavage of nascent RNA in RNA polymerase III ternary transcription complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 2299-2306.
89. Bobkova E.V., Hall B.D. 1997. Substrate specificity of the RNase activity of yeast RNA polymerase III. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 22832-22839.
90. Bobkova E.V., Habib N., Alexander G., Hall B.D. 1999. Mutational analysis of the hydrolytic activity of yeast RNA polymerase III. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21342-21348.
91. Steinberg T.H., Burgess R.R. 1992. Tagetitoxin inhibition of RNA polymerase III transcription results from enhanced pausing at discrete sites and is template-dependent. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 20204-20211.
92. Hagler J., Shuman S. 1993. Nascent RNA cleavage by purified ternary complexes of Vaccinia RNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 2166-2173.