Microscale δ18O and δ13C isotopic analysis of an ontogenetic series of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus: Implications for physiology and ecology

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 206, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 257-287

  Stanton Thomas, Kathryn J ^a   Carlson, Sandra J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes; Diagenesis; Dinosaurs; Enamel; Teeth

Indexed keywords

DIAGENESIS; DINOSAUR; ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; PALEOBIOLOGY; PALEOCLIMATE; TOOTH;

ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS; DINOSAURIA; GYMNOSPERMAE; MAMMALIA; PALAEOGNATHAE; UNGULATA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 16544376575     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.01.007     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (129)

1. Archibald J.D. Fossil Mammalia and Testudines Fo the Hell Creek Formation, and the Geology of the Tullock and Hell Creek Formations. 1977;Garfield County, Montana. 705 pp.
2. 2 at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: evidence from terrestrial sediments. Palaios. 15:2000;314-322.
3. Arens N.C., Jahren A.H., Amundsen R. Can C3 plants faithfully record the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide? Paleobiology. 26(1):2000;137-164.
4. Ayliffe L., Chivas A.R., Leakey M. The retention of primary oxygen isotope compositions of fossil elephant skeletal phosphate. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 58(23):1994;5291-5298.
5. Barrick R.E. Isotope paleobiology of the vertebrates: ecology, physiology, and diagenesis. Meeks L.K. Isotope Paleobiology and Paleoecology. Paleontological Society short course: 110th annual meeting Toronto, ON, Canada. 1998;101-137 Paleontological Society Papers, Lawrence, KS.
6. Barrick R.E., Showers W.J. Thermophysiology of Tyrannosaurus rex: evidence from oxygen isotopes. Science. 265:1994;222-224.
7. Barrick R.E., Showers W.J. Oxygen isotope variability in juvenile dinosaurs (Hypacrosaurus): evidence for thermoregulation. Paleobiology. 21:1995;552-560.
8. Barrick R.E., Showers W.J. Thermophysiology and biology of Giganotosaurus: comparison with Tyrannosaurus. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2(2):1999;. http://palaeo-electronica.org/1999_2/toc.htm.
9. Barrick R.E., Showers W.J., Fischer A.G. Comparison of thermoregulation of four ornithischian dinosaurs and a varanid lizard from the Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation: evidence from oxygen isotopes. Palaios. 11:1996;295-305.
10. Barrick R.E., Stoskopf M.K., Marcot J.D., Russell D.A., Showers W.J. The thermoregulation functions of the Triceratops frill and horns: heat flow measured with oxygen isotopes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18(4):1998;746-750.
11. Bender M.M., Rouhani I., Vines H.M., Black C.C. 13C/12C ratio changes in Crassulacean acid metabolism plants. Plant Physiology. 53:1973;427-430.
12. 2 over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science. 294:1994;56-91.
13. Blake R.E., O'Neil J.R., Garcia G.A. Oxygen isotope systematics of biologically mediated reactions of phosphate: I. microbial degradation of organophosphorus compounds. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 61(20):1997;4411-4422.
14. 15N de la matière organique fossile de Dinosaure. Application à l'étude du régime alimentaire du genre Anatosaurus (Ornithischia, Hadrosauridae). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris. 306:1988;1521-1525.
15. 15N) of bone fossil organic matter. Kielan-Jaworowska Z., Heintz N., Nakrem H.A. Fifth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Extended Abstracts. 1991;7-8. Contributions from the Paleontological Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo.
16. Bocherens H., Friis E.M., Mariotti A., Pedersen K.R. Carbon isotopic abundances in Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil plants: palaeoecological implications. Lethaia. 26:1993;347-358.
17. 18O) of mammalian enamel from African Pleistocene hominid sites. Palaios. 11:1996;306-318.
18. Bryant J.D., Luz B., Froelich P.N. Oxygen isotopic composition of fossil horse tooth phosphate as a record of continental paleoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 107:1994;303-316.
19. Bryant J.D., Koch P.L., Froelich P.N., Showers W.J., Genna B.J. Oxygen isotope partitioning between phosphate and carbonate in mammalian apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 60(24):1996;5145-5148.
20. Carlson S.J. Vertebrate dental structures. Carter J.G. Skeletal Biomineralization: Patterns, Processes, and Evolutionary Trends. 1990;531-556 Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
21. Cerling T.E., Quade J. Global ecological change in the late Miocene: expansion of C4 ecosystems. Nature. 361:1993;344-345.
22. Cerling T.E., Sharp Z.D. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of fossil tooth enamel using laser ablation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 126:1996;173-186.
23. Cerling T.E., Ehleringer J.R., Harris J.M. Carbon dioxide starvation, the development of C4 ecosystems, and mammalian evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B. 353:1998;159-171.
24. Chin K., Gill B.D. Dinosaurs, dung beetles, and conifers: participants in a Cretaceous food web. Palaios. 11(3):1996;280-285.
25. Coulson R.A., Herbert J.D., Coulson T.D. Biochemistry and physiology of alligator metabolism in vivo. American Zoologist. 29:1989;921-934.
26. Currie P.J. Long-distance dinosaurs. Natural History. 98(6):1989;60-65.
27. Dansgaard W. Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus. 16:1964;436-468.
28. Dauphin Y.O. Chemical composition of reptilian teeth: 2. Implications for paleodiets. Palaeontographica. Abteilung A, Paläozoologie, Stratigraphie. 219(4-6):1991;97-105.
29. DeNiro M.J., Epstein S. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 42:1978;495-506.
30. Dettman D.L., Kohn M.J., Quade J., Ryerson F.J., Ojha T.P., Hamidullah S. Seasonal stable isotope evidence for a strong Asian monsoon throughout the past 10.7 m.y. Geology. 29(1):2001;31-34.
31. Edmund A.G. Tooth replacement phenomena in the lower vertebrates. Life Sciences Contributions. Royal Ontario Museum. 52:1960;7-190.
32. Ehleringer J.R., Sage R.F., Flanagan L.B., Pearcy R.W. Climate change and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 6:1991;95-99.
33. 2, and climate. Oecologia. 112:1997;285-299.
34. Ekart D.D., Cerling T.E., Montañez I.P., Tabor N.J. A 400 million year carbon isotope record of pedogenic carbonate: implications for paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide. American Journal of Science. 2999:1999;805-827.
35. Elliott W.S.J. Carbon isotopic composition of terrestrial organic matter from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation, Central Wyoming. Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America. 31(7):1999;A339.
36. Erickson G.M. Daily deposition of dentine in juvenile Alligator and assessment of tooth replacement rates using incremental line counts. Journal of Morphology. 228:1996;189-194.
37. Erickson G.M. Incremental lines of von Ebner in dinosaurs and the assessment of tooth replacement rates using growth line counts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93:1996;14623-14627.
38. Erickson G.M. Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates. Nature. 412:2001;429-433.
39. Estes R., Berberian P., Meszoely C.A.M. Lower vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek formation, McCone County, Montana. Breviora. 337:1969;1-33.
40. Farlow J.O. Speculations about the diet and digestive physiology of herbivorous dinosaurs. Paleobiology. 13(1):1987;60-72.
41. 2 under different environmental conditions. Oecologia. 52:1982;121-124.
42. Feranec R.S., MacFadden B.J. Evolution of the grazing niche in Pleistocene mammals from Florida: evidence from stable isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 162:2000;155-169.
43. Franks P.J., Farquhar G.D. A relationship between humidity response, growth form, photosynthetic operating point in C3 plants. Plant, Cell and Environment. 22:1999;1337-1349.
44. Fricke H.C., O'Neil J.R. Inter- and intra-tooth variation in the oxygen isotope composition of mammalian tooth enamel phosphate: implications for palaeoclimatological and palaeobiological research. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 126(1-2):1996;91-99.
45. Fricke H.C., Rogers R.R. Multiple taxon-multiple locality approach to providing oxygen isotope evidence for warm-blooded theropod dinosaurs. Geology. 28(9):2000;799-802.
46. 4) of mammalian tooth enamel as a record of seasonal variations in continental climate variables. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 62(11):1998;1839-1850.
47. Fricke H.C., Clyde W.C., O'Neil J.R., Gingerich P.D. Evidence for rapid climate change in North America during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: oxygen isotope compositions of biogenic phosphate from the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 160:1998;193-208.
48. Goodwin M.B., Bench G. A new analytical tool for assessing the diagenetic alteration of dinosaur bone. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers. 20(3):2000;42A.
49. Goodwin M.B., Bench G., Grant P.G. Comments on "isotopic analysis of dinosaur bones" Analytical Chemistry. 74:2002;351 A.
50. Grandjean P., Albarède F. Ion probe measurement of rare earth elements in biogenic phosphates. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 53:1989;3179-3183.
51. Guy R.D., Reid D.M., Krouse H.R. Shifts in carbon isotope ratios of two C3 halophytes under natural and artificial conditions. Oecologia. 44:1980;241-247.
52. Haines E.B. Stable carbon isotope ratios in the biota, soils, and tidal water of a Georgia salt marsh. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science. 4:1976;609-616.
53. Hillson S. Teeth. 1986;376 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
54. Hoefs J. Stable Isotope Geochemistry. 1997;Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. 201 pp.
55. Horner J.R., Gorman J. Digging Dinosaurs. 1988;Workman Publishing, New York. 210 pp.
56. Horner J.R., de Ricqles A., Padian K. Long bone history of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum; growth dynamics and physiology based on an ontogenetic series of skeletal elements. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20(1):2000;115-129.
57. Hotton N. An alternative to dinosaur endothermy: the happy wanderers. Thomas R.D.K., Olson E.C. A Cold Look at the Warm-Blooded Dinosaurs. 1980;311-350 AAAS, Washington, DC.
58. Iacumin P., Bocherens H., Mariotti A., Longinelli A. Oxygen isotope analyses of co-existing carbonate and phosphate in biogenic apatite: a way to monitor diagenetic alteration of bone phosphate? Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 142:1996;1-6.
59. Kelly J.F. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 78:2000;1-27.
60. Kirk R.L., Hogben L. Studies on temperature regulation: II. Amphibia and reptiles. Journal of Experimental Biology. 22:1946;213-220.
61. Koch P.L. Isotopic reconstruction of past continental environments. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 26:1998;573-613.
62. Koch P.L., Fisher D.C., Dettman D. Oxygen isotope variation in the tusks of extinct proboscideans: a measure of season of death and seasonality. Geology. 17:1989;515-519.
63. Koch P.L., Zachos J.C., Gingerich P.D. Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary. Nature. 358:1992;319-322.
64. Koch P.L., Tuross N., Fogel M.L. The effects of sample treatment and diagenesis on the isotopic integrity of carbonate in biogenic hydroxylapatite. Journal of Archaeological Science. 24:1997;417-429.
65. Koch P.L., Hoppe K.A., Webb S.D. The isotopic ecology of late Pleistocene mammals in North America: Part 1. Florida. Chemical Geology. 152:1998;119-138.
66. Kohn M.J., Cerling T.E. Stable isotope compositions of biological apatite. Kohn M.J., Rakovan J., Hughes J.M. Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological and Materials Importance. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 2002;455-488 Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC.
67. Kohn M.J., Schoeninger M.J., Valley W.W. Variability in oxygen isotope compositions of herbivore teeth: reflections of seasonality or developmental physiology? Chemical Geology. 152(1-2):1998;97-112.
68. Kohn M.J., Schoeninger M.J., Barker W.W. Altered states: effects of diagenesis on fossil tooth chemistry. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 63(18):1999;2737-2747.
69. Kolodny Y., Luz B. Oxygen isotopes in phosphates of fossil fish - Devonian to Recent. Taylor H.P. Jr., O'Neil J.R., Kaplan I.R. Stable Isotope Geochemistry: A Tribute to Samuel Epstein. Special Publication-Geochemical Society. 1991;105-119.
70. Kolodny Y., Luz B., Navon O. Oxygen isotope variation in phosphate of biogenic apatites: I. Fish bone apatite - rechecking the rules of the game. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 64:1983;398-404.
71. Kolodny Y., Luz B., Sander M., Clemens W.A. Dinosaur bones: fossils or pseudomorphs? The pitfalls of physiology reconstruction from apatitic fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 126:1996;161-171.
72. Kräusel R. Die nahrung von Trachodon. Palaontologische Zeitschrift. 4:1922;80-87.
73. Krueger H.W. Exchange of carbon with biological apatite. Journal of Archaeological Science. 18:1991;355-361.
74. 2 fluctuations over the past 100 million years. Sundquist E.T., Broecker W.S. American Geophysical Union Monograph. 1985;397-411 AGU, Washington, DC.
75. Lee-Thorp J.A., van der Merwe N.J. Carbon isotope analysis of fossil bone apatite. South African Journal of Science. 83:1987;712-715.
76. LeGeros R.Z. Apatites in biological systems. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization. 4:1981;1-45.
77. LeGeros R.Z., Trautz O.R., LeGeros J.P., Klein E., Shirra W.P. Apatite crystallites: effects of carbonate on morphology. Science. 155(3768):1967;1409- 1411.
78. 18O determination of modern rodent teeth by direct laser fluorination: an appraisal of methodology and potential application to palaeoclimate reconstruction. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 65(15):2001;2535-2548.
79. Lofgren D.F. Hell creek formation. Currie P.J., Padian K. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. 1997;302-303 Academic Press, San Diego.
80. Longinelli A. Pre-Quaternary isotope palaeoclimatological and palaeoenvironmental studies: science or artifact? Chemical Geology. 129:1996;163-166.
81. Longinelli A., Nuti S. Revised phosphate-water isotopic temperature scale. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 19:1973;373-376.
82. Lowenstam H.A., Weiner S. On Biomineralization. 1989;Oxford Univ. Press, New York. 324 pp.
83. Luz B., Kolodny Y. Oxygen isotope variation in bone phosphate. Applied Geochemistry. 4:1989;317-323.
84. MacFadden B.J. South American fossil mammals and carbon isotopes: a 25 million-year sequence from the Bolivian Andes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 107:1994;257-268.
85. MacFadden B.J., Cerling T.E. Mammalian herbivore communities, ancient feeding ecology, and carbon isotopes: a 10 million-year sequence from the Neogene of Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(1):1996;103-115.
86. Madhavan S., Treichel I., O'Leary M.H. Effects of relative-humidity on carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Botanica Acta. 104(4):1991;292-294.
87. 2 inferred from carbon in C4 plant cellulose. Nature. 349:1991;127-131.
88. Marshall J.D., Zhang J. Carbon isotope discrimination and water-use efficiency in native plants of the North-Central Rockies. Ecology. 75(7):1994;1887-1895.
89. McConnell D. Apatite, its Crystal Chemistry, Mineralogy, Utilization and Geological and Biological Occurrences. 1973;Springer-Verlag, New York. 111 pp.
90. Morgan M.E., Kingston J.D., Marino B.D. Carbon isotopic evidence for the emergence of C4 plants in the Neogene from Pakistand and Kenya. Nature. 367(6459):1994;162-165.
91. Nelson B.K., DeNiro M.J., Schoeninger M.J., De Paolo D.J. Effects of diagenesis on strontium, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen concentration and isotopic composition of bone. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 50:1986;1941-1949.
92. Norman D.B., Weishampel D.B. Vegetarian dinosaurs chew it differently. New Scientist. 1559:1987;42-45.
93. Noyes F.B., Schour I., Noyes H.J. A Text-Book of Dental Histology and Embryology. 1938;Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
94. O'Connor M.P., Dodson P. Biophysical constraints on the thermal ecology of dinosaurs. Paleobiology. 25(3):1999;341-368.
95. O'Neil J.R., Roe L.J., Reinhard E., Blake R.E. A rapid and precise method of oxygen isotope analysis of biogenic phosphate. Israeli Journal of Earth Science. 43:1994;203-212.
96. Ostrom J.H. Cranial morphology of the hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 122(2):1961;33-186.
97. Ostrom P.H., Macko S.A., Engel M.H., Silfer J.A., Russell D.A. Geochemical characterization of higher molecular weight material isolated from Late Cretaceous fossils. Organic Geochemistry. 16:1990;1139-1144.
98. Owen, R., 1840-45. Odontography; or a treatise on the comparative anatomy of the teeth; their physiological relations, mode of development, and microscopic structure, in the vertebrate animals Bailliére, H, London.
99. Padian K., de Ricqles A., Horner J.R. Dinosaurian growth rates and bird origins. Nature. 412:2001;405-408.
100. Passey B.H., Cerling T.E. Tooth enamel mineralization in ungulates: implications for recovering a primary isotopic time-series. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 66(18):2002;3225-3234.
101. Patchus R., Straight W., Barrick R.E., Showers W.J. Biologic and ecologic information form oxygen and carbon isotopic records in hadrosaur tooth enamel. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers. 21(3):2001;87A.
102. Quade J., Cerling T.E. Expansion of C4 grasses in the late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 115:1995;91-116.
103. Quade J., Cerling T.E., Barry J.C., Morgan M.E., Pilbeam D.R., Chivas A.R., Lee-Thorp J.A., van der Merwe N.J. A 16-Ma record of paleodiet using carbon and oxygen isotopes in fossil teeth from Pakistan. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section). 94:1992;183-192.
104. Quade J., Cater J.M.L., Ojha T.P., Adam J., Harrison T.M. Late Miocene environmental change in Nepal and the northern Indian subcontinent: stable isotopic evidence from paleosols. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 107:1995;1381-1397.
105. Retallack G.J. A 300-million-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles. Nature. 411:2001;287-290.
106. Rink W.J., Schwarz H.P. Tests for diagenesis in tooth enamel: ESR dating signals and carbonate contents. Journal of Archaeological Science. 22:1995;251-255.
107. 2 change: evaluating geochemical and paleobiological approaches. Earth-Science Reviews. 54:2001;349-392.
108. Sander P.M. Teeth, jaws. Currie P.J., Padian K. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. 1997;717-725 Academic Press, San Diego.
109. Sander P.M. Prismless enamel in amniotes: terminology, function, and evolution. Teaford M.F., Smith M.M., Ferguson M.W.J. Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth. 2000;92-106 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
110. Scott J.H., Symons N.B.B. Introduction to Dental Anatomy. 1971;E. & S. Livingstone, Edinburgh. 448 pp.
111. Sharp Z.D., Cerling T.E. Fossil isotope records of seasonal climate and ecology: straight from the horse's mouth. Geology. 26(3):1998;219-222.
112. Sharp Z.D., Atudorei V., Furrer H. The effect of diagenesis on oxygen isotope ratios of biogenic phosphates. American Journal of Science. 300:2000;222-237.
113. Showers W.J., Barrick R.E., Genna B.J. A new pyrolysis technique provides direct evidence that some dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Analytical Chemistry. 74(5):2002;143A-150A.
114. Smith A.G., Briden J.C. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleocontinental Maps. 1977;Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. 63 pp.
115. Smith B.N., Epstein S. Biogeochemistry of the stable isotopes of hydrogen and carbon in salt marsh biota. Plant Physiology. 46:1970;738-742.
116. 12C ratios of higher plants. Plant Physiology. 47:1971;380-384.
117. Sponheimer M., Lee-Thorp J.A. Alteration of enamel carbonate environments during fossilization. Journal of Archaeological Science. 26:1999;143-150.
118. Stoskopf M.K., Barrick R.E., Showers W.J. Oxygen isotope variability in bones of wild caught and constant temperature reared sub-adult American alligators. Journal of Thermal Biology. 26(3):2001;183-191.
119. Stuart-Williams H.L.Q., Schwarz H.P. Oxygen isotopic determination of climatic variation using phosphate from beaver bone, tooth enamel, and dentine. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 61(12):1997;2539-2550.
120. Thackeray J.F., van der Merwe N.J., Lee-Thorp J.A., Sillen A., Lanham J.L., Smith R., Keyser A., Monteiro P.M.S. Changes in carbon isotope ratios in the late Permian recorded in therapsid tooth apatite. Nature. 347:1990;751-753.
121. Thomas K.J., Carlson S.J. Examination of enamel growth rates in the hadrosaurian dinosaur Edmontosaurus using oxygen isotope variability. Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America. 33(6):2001;A-114.
122. Toyoda K., Tokonami M. Diffusion of rare-earth elements in fish teeth from deep-sea sediments. Nature. 345:1990;607-609.
123. Tudge A.P. A method of analysis of oxygen isotopes in orthophosphate - its use in the measurement of paleotemperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 18:1960;81-93.
124. Tuross N., Behrensmeyer A.K., Eanes E.D. Strontium increases and crystallinity changes in taphonomica and archaeological bone. Journal of Archaeological Science. 16:1989;661-672.
125. Wang Y., Cerling T.E. A model of tooth and bone diagenesis: implications for paleodiet reconstruction from stable isotopes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 107:1994;281-289.
126. Weishampel D.B. Interactions between Mesozoic plants and vertebrates: fructifications and seed predation. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 167(2):1984;224-250.
127. Weishampel D.B. Dinosaurian distribution. Weishampel D.B., Dodson P., Osmólska H. The Dinosauria. 1990;63-139 University of California Press, Berkeley.
128. Weishampel D.B., Norman D.B. Vertebrate herbivory in the Mesozoic; jaws, plants, and evolutionary metrics. Farlow J.O. Paleobiology of the Dinosaurs. 1989;87-100 Geological Society of America Special Paper, Boulder, CO.
129. 18O values of sagittal otoliths. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 170:2001;81-100.