Tephrostratigraphical evidence for the timing of Pleistocene explosive volcanism at Jan Mayen

Journal of Quaternary Science

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 121-136

  Hunt, John B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Iceland Plateau; Jan Mayen; North Atlantic; Quaternary tephrochronology; Sedimentation rate; Tephra

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; PLEISTOCENE; SEDIMENTATION RATE; STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION; TEPHRA; TEPHROCHRONOLOGY; VOLCANISM;

ARCTIC; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); JAN MAYEN; SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN;

FRAXINUS;

EID: 16544369650     PISSN: 02678179     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jqs.839     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. 14C age of the Icelandic Vedde Ash: implictions for Younger Dryas marine reservoir age corrections. Radiocarbon 37(1): 53-62.
2. Austin WEN, Wilson LJ, Hunt JB. 2004. The age and chronostratigraphic significance of North Atlantic Ash Zone II. Journal of Quaternary Science 19(2): 137-146 (this issue).
3. Barry RG, Chorley RJ. 1998. Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, 7th edn. Routledge: London; 409 pp.
4. Baumann K-H, Meggers H, Henrich R. 1996. Variations in surface water mass conditions in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea: evidence from Pliocene/Pleistocene calcareous plankton records (Sites 644, 907, 909). In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 151, Thiede J, Myhre AM, Firth IV, Johnson GL, Ruddiman WF (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 493-514.
5. Binns RE. 1967a. Drift pumice on post-glacial raised shorelines of northern Europe. Acta Borealia A24: 1-63.
6. Binns RE. 1967b. Drift pumice in northern Europe. Antiquity 49: 311-312.
7. Binns RE. 1971. The Distribution and Origin of Pumice on Post-glacial Shorelines in Northern Europe and the Western Arctic. M.Sc thesis, Aberystwyth University; 218 pp.
8. Binns RE. 1972a. Composition and derivation of pumice on post-glaciation strandlines in northern Europe and western Arctic. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83(8): 2303-2324.
9. Binns RE. 1972b. A Flandrian strandline chronology for the British Isles and the correlation of some European post-glacial strandlines. Nature 235: 206-210.
10. Binns RE. 1972c. Pumice on post-glacial strandlines and in prehistoric sites in the British Isles. Scottish Journal of Geology 8(2): 105-114.
11. Bitschene PR, Schmincke H-U, Viereck US. 1989. Cenozoic ash layers on the Vøring Plateau (ODP Leg 104). In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 104, Eldholm O, Thiecle J, Taylor E, et al. (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 357-366.
12. Boygle JE. 1994. Tephra in Lake Sediments: an Unambiguous Geochronological Marker? Unpublished PhD thesis, Universny of Edinburgh.
13. Bramlette MN, Bradley WH. 1941. Geology and biology of North Atlantic deep-sea cores between Newfoundland and Ireland. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 196A: 1-34.
14. Bryan WB. 1968. Low-potash dacite drift pumice from the Coral Sea. Geological Magazine 105: 431-439.
15. Cande S, Kent DV. 1992. A new geomagnetic timescale for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical Research 97(B10): 13 917-13 951.
16. Chambers FM, Daniell JRG, Hunt JB, Molloy K, O'Connell M. In press. Tephrostratigraphy of An Loch Mór, Inis Oírr, W. Ireland: implications for Holocene tephrochronology in the northeastern Atlantic region. The Holocene.
17. Craig RA. 1965. The Upper Atmosphere: Meteorology and Physics. Academic Press: New York; 509 pp.
18. 2: Natural Variations, Archean to Present, Sundquist ET, Broecker WS (eds). Geophysical Monographs of the American Geophysics Union 32: 271-284.
19. Despraires A, Maury RC, Joron J-L, Bohn M, Tremblay P. 1989. Distribution, chemical characteristics, and origin of ash-layers from ODP Leg 104, Voring Plateau, North Atlantic. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 104, Eldholm O, Thiede J, Taylor E, et al. (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 337-356.
20. Donn WL, Ninkovitch D. 1980. Rate of Cenozoic explosive volcanism in the North Atlantic ocean inferred from deep sea cores. Journal of Geophysical Research 85: 5455-5460.
21. Doremus RHJ. 1975. Interdiffusion of hydrogen and alkali ions in a glass surface. Journal of Noncrystalline Solids 19: 137-144.
22. Dugmore AJ. 1989. Icelandic volcanic ash in Scotland. Scottish Geographical Magazine 105: 168-172.
23. Dugmore AJ, Newton AJ. 1992. Thin tephra layers in peat revealed by X-radiography. Journal of Archaeological Sciences 19: 163-170.
24. Dugmore AJ, Larsen G, Newton AJ, Sugden DE. 1992. Geochemical stability of fine-grained silicic tephra layers in Iceland and Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science 7: 173-183.
25. Dugmore AJ, Larsen G, Newton AJ, 1995. Seven tephra isochrones in Scotland. The Holocene 5(3): 257-266.
26. Eriksson J, Knudsen KL, Haflidason H, Henriksson P. 2000. Late-glacial and Holocene palaeoceanography of the North Iceland shelf. Journal of Quarternary Science 15(1): 23-42.
27. Fiacco JR, Palais JM, Germani MS, Zielinski GA, Mayewski PA. 1993. Characteristics and possible source of a 1479 A.D. volcanic ash layer in a Greenland ice core. Quaternary Research 39: 267-273.
28. Fisher RV, Schmincke H-U. 1984. Pyroclastic Rocks. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; 472 pp.
29. Fitch FJ, Grasty RL, Miller JA. 1965. Potassium-argon ages of rocks from Jan Mayen and an outline of its volcanic history. Nature 207: 1349-1351.
30. Frechen J. 1975. Tephrostratigraphische abgrenzung des Würmlösses und der älteren lösse im Quartäprofil der Tongrube Kärlich, Neuwieder Becken. Decheniana 127: 157-194.
31. Friedman I, Long W. 1976. Hydration rate of obsidian. Science 191: 347-352.
32. Friedman I, Smith RL. 1958. The deuterium content of water in some volcanic glasses. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 15: 218-228.
33. Froggatt PC. 1992. Standardisation of the chemical analysis of tephra deposits. Report of the ICCT working group. Quaternary International 13/14 93-96.
34. Fronval T, Jansen E. 1996. Late Neogene paleoclimates and paleoceanography in the Iceland-Norwegian Sea: evidence from the Iceland and Vøring Plateaus. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 151, Thiede J, Myhre AM, Firth JV, Johnson GL, Ruddiman WF (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 455-468.
35. Grattan JP, Brayshay M. 1995. An amazing and portentous summer: environmental and social responses in Britain, to the 1783 eruption of an Icelandic volcano. The Geographical Journal 161(3): 125-134.
36. Grattan JP, Charman DJ. 1994. Non-climatic factors and the environmental impact of volcanic volatiles: implications of the Laki fissure eruption of AD 1783. The Holocene 4(1): 101-106.
37. Grönvold K, Larsen G, Einarsson P, Thorarinsson S, Sæmundseson K. 1983. The Hekla eruption 1980-1981. Bulletin of Volcanology 46(4): 349-363.
38. Gu∂mundsson A, Oskarsson N, Grönvold K, Sæmundsson K, Sigurdsson O, Stefansson R, Gislason SR, Einarsson P, Brandscottir B, Larsen G, Johannesson H, Thordarson Th. 1992. The 1991 eruption of Hekla. Bulletin of Volcanology 54: 238-246.
39. Gu∂mundsson AT. 1996. Volcanoes in Iceland: 10 000 Years of Volcanic History. Vaka-Helgafell: Reykjavik; 136 pp.
40. Haase KM, Devey CW. 1994. The petrology and geochemistry of Vesteris Seamount, Greenland Basin-an intraplate alkaline volcano of non-plume origin. Journal of Petrology 35(2): 295-328.
41. Haflidason H, Eriksson J, van Krveld S. 2000. The tephrochronology of Iceland and the North Atlantic during the Middle and Late Quaternary: a review. Journal of Quaternary Science 15(1): 3-22.
42. Hall VA. 2003. Assessing the Impact of Icelandic volcanism on vegetation systems in the north of Ireland in the fifth and sixth millennia BC. The Holocene 13(1): 131-138.
43. Havskov J, Atakan K. 1991. Seismicity and volcanism of Jan Mayen island. Terra Nova 3: 517-526.
44. Helmke JP, Bauch HA. 2002. Glacial-interglacial carbonate preservation records in the Nordic Seas. Global and Planetary Change 33: 15-28.
45. Hempel P, Schreiber R, Johnson L, Thiede J. 1991. The Vesterisbanken Seamount (Greenland Basin): patterns of morphology and sediment distribution. Marine Geology 96: 175-185.
46. Henrich R. 1989. Glacial/interglacial cycles in the Norwegian Sea: sedimentology, paleoceanography, and evolution of late Pliocene to Quaternary Northern Hemisphere climate. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 104, Eldholm O, Thiede J, Taylor E, et al. (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 189-232.
47. Henrich R, Kassens H, Vogelsang E, Thiede J. 1989. The sedimentary facies record of glacial/interglacial cycles: palaeoceanography and palaeoclimate of the Norwegian Sea during the last 350 ky. Marine Geology 86: 238-321.
48. Henrich R, Hartmann M, Reitner J, Schäfer P, Steinmetz S, Freiwald A, Dietrich P, Thiede J. 1992. Facies belts, biocoenoses, volcanic structures and associated sediments of the Arctic seamount Vesterisbanken (Central Greenland Sea). Facies 27: 71-104.
49. Hodder APW, Naish TR, Lowe DJ. 1994. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the formation of clay minerals from volcanic glass under various environmental conditions. In Programme and Conference Abstracts, International Inter-INQUA Field Conference and Workshop on Tephrochronology, Loess and Paleopedology, Lowe DJ (ed.). University of Waikato: Hamilton, New Zealand; 76 pp.
50. Hunt JB. 1992. A report of the 2nd U.K. Tephra Workshop. Belfast, 1992. Quaternary Newsletter 69: 41-44.
51. Hunt JB. 1997. Quaternary tephrology and tephrochronology of the North Atlantic region. Unpublished PhD, University of Edinburgh.
52. Hunt JB, Hill PG. 1993. Tephra geochemistry: a discussion of some persistent analytical problems. The Holocene 3(3): 271-278.
53. Hunt JB, Hill PG. 1994. Geochemical data in tephrochronology: a reply to Bennett. The Holocene 4(4): 436-438.
54. Hunt JB, Hill PG. 1996. An inter-laboratory comparison of the electron probe microanalysis of glass geochemistry. Quaternary International 34-36: 229-241.
55. Hunt JB, Najman YMR. 2003. Tephrochronological and tephrostratigraphical potential of Pliocene-Pleistocene volcaniclastic deposits in the Japan Forearc, ODP Leg 186. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results Leg 186, Suyehiro K, Sacks IS, Acton GD, Oda M (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 1-29 [online] MS. 186SR-107.
56. Hunt JB, Fannin NGT, Hill PG, Peacock JD. 1995. The tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating of North Atlantic, Late-Quaternary sediments: an example from the St. Kilda Basin. In The Tectonics, Sedimentation and Palaeoceanography of the North Atlantic Region, Scruttom RA, Stoker MS, Shimmield GB, Tudhope AW (eds). Special Publication 90, Geological Society Publishing house: Bath; 227-248.
57. Hunt JB, Clift PD, Lacasse C, Vallier TL, Werner R. 1998. Standardisation of Electron Probe Microanalysis of Glass Geochemistry. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 152, Saunders AD, Larsen HC, Wise SW Jr (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 85-91.
58. 18O record. In Milankovitch and Climate, Part I, Berger A (ed.). Reidel: Hingham, MA; 269-305.
59. Imsland P. 1978a. The Petrology of Iceland, Some General Remarks. Research Report 7813, Nordic Volcanological Institute: Reykjavik.
60. Imsland P. 1978b. The Geology of the Volcanic Island Jan Mayen, Arctic Ocean. Research Report 7813, Nordic Volcanological Institute: Reykjavik; 74 pp.
61. Imsland P. 1984. Petrology and evolution of the Jan Mayen magma system, Visindafelag Islendinga 43: 332 pp.
62. Imsland P. 1986. The volcanic eruption of Jan Mayen, January 1985: interaction between a volcanic island and a fracture zone. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 28: 45-53.
63. Jakobsson SP. 1979a. Petrology of recent basalts of the Eastern Volcanic Zone, Iceland. Acta Naturalia Islandica 26: 103 pp.
64. Jakobsson SP. 1979b. Outline of the petrology of Iceland. Jökull 29: 57-73.
65. Jezek PA, Noble DC. 1977. Natural hydration and ion exchange of obsidian: an electron microprobe study, American Mineralogist 63: 266-273.
66. Johannesson H, Jakobsson SP, Sæmundseson K. 1982. Geological Map of Iceland, Sheet 6, S. Iceland, 2nd edn. Icelandic Museum of Natural History and Geodetic Survey: Reykjavik.
67. Johnson GL, Campsie J. 1976. Morphology and structure of the Western Jan Mayen Fracture Zone. Norsk Polarinstitut Arbok 1974: 69-81.
68. Kellogg TB. 1973. Late Pleistocene Climatic Record in Norwegian and Greenland Sea Deep Sea Cores. Unpublished PhD thesis, Columbia University: New York; 336 pp.
69. Kellogg TB. 1976. Late Quaternary climatic changes: evidence from cores of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas. Geological Society of America, Memoir 145: 77-110.
70. Kellogg TB. 1977. Palaeoclimatology of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas the last 450 000 years. Marine Micropaleontology 2: 235-249.
71. Kellogg TB, Duplessy JC, Shackleton NJ. 1978. Planktonic foraminiferal and oxygen isotopic stratigraphy and paleoclimatology of Norwegian Sea deep-sea cores. Boreas 7: 61-73.
72. Koς-Karpuz N, Schrader H. 1990. Surface sediment diatom distribution and Holocene palaeotemperature variations in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Sea. Paleoceanography 5(4): 557-580.
73. Koς-Karpuz N, Jansen E, Haflicason H. 1993. Paleoceanographic reconstructions of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms. Quaternary Science Reviews 12: 115-140.
74. Koς N, Scherer RP. 1996. Neogene diatom biostratigraphy of the Iceland Sea Site 907. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 151, Thiede J, Myhre AM, Firth JV, Johnson GL, Ruddiman WF (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 61-74.
75. Kvamme T, Mangerud J, Furnes H, Ruddiman WF. 1989. Geochemistry of Pleistocene ash zones in cores from the North Atlantic. Norsk Geologisk Tiddskrift 69: 251-272.
76. Lacasse C, Paterne M, Werner R, Wallrabe-Adams H-J, Sigurdsson H, Carey S, Pinte G. 1996. Geochemistry and origin of Pliocene and Pleistocene ash layers from the Iceland Plateau, Site 907. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 151, Thiede J, Myhre AM, Firth JV, Johnson GL, Ruddiman WF (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 309-331.
77. Lamb HH. 1972. Climate: Present, Past and Future, Vol. 1. Methuen: London.
78. Larsen G. 1981. Tephrochronology by microprobe glass analysis. In Tephra Studies, Self S, Sparks RSJ (eds). Reidel: Dordrecht; 95-102.
79. Le Maitre RW (ed.). 1989. A Classification of Igneous Rocks and Glossary of Terms. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford; 193 pp.
80. Long D. 1991. Quaternary Tephrachronology [sic.] Offshore UK. Technical Report WB/91/10, British Geological Survey: Keyworth.
81. Lowe DJ, Hunt JB. 2001. A summary of terminology used in tephrarelated studies. In Tephras: Chronology, Archaeology, Juvigne ET, Raynal J-P (eds). Les Dossiers de I'Archaeo-Logis I, CDERAD editeur: Goudet; 17-22.
82. Maaløe S, Sørensen IB, Hertogen J. 1986. The trachybasaltic suite of Jan Mayen. Journal of Petrology 27(2): 439-466.
83. MacDonald R, McGarvie DW, Pinkerton H, Smith RL, Palacz ZA. 1990. Petrogenetic evolution of the Torfajökull volcanic complex, Iceland I. Relationship between magma types. Journal of Petrology 31(2): 429-459.
84. Mangerud J, Lie SE, Furnes H, Kristiansen IL, Lømo L. 1984. A younger Dryas ash bed in western Norway, and its possible correlations with tephra in cores from the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic. Quaternary Research 21: 85-104.
85. Mangerud J, Lie SE, Furnes H, Kristiansen IL, Lømo L. 1994. A younger Dryas ash bed in western Norway, and its possible correlations with tephra in cores from the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic. Quaternary Research 21: 85-104.
86. McGarvie DW. 1984. Torfajökull: a volcano dominated by magma mixing. Geology 12: 685-688.
87. McGarvie DW, MacDonald R, Pinkerton H, Smith RL. 1990. Petrogenetic evolution of the Torfajökull volcanic complex, Iceland II. The role of magma mixing. Journal of Petrology 31(2): 461-481.
88. Myhre AM, Thiede J, Firth JV, et al. 1995. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, Vol. 151. Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX.
89. Newton AJ, Dugmore AJ. 1995. Pumice: analytical report. In Barra: Archaeological Research on Ben Tangaval, Branigan K, Foster P (eds). Sheffield University Press: Sheffield; 145-148.
90. Óskarsson N, Sigvaldason GE, Steinthórsson S. 1982. A dynamic model of rift zone petrogenesis and the regional petrology of Iceland. Journal of Petrology 23(1): 28-74.
91. Palais JM, Taylor K, Mayewski PA, Grootes P. 1991. Volcanic ash from the 1362 A.D. Öræfajökull eruption (Iceland) in the Greenland Ice Sheet. Geophysical Research Letters 18: 1241-1244.
92. Palmen EH. 1969. Atmospheric Circulation Systems: their Structure and Physical Interpretation. Academic Press: New York; 603 pp.
93. Pilcher JR, Hall VA. 1996. Tephrochronological studies in northern England. The Holocene 6(1): 100-105.
94. Pilcher JR, Hall VA, McCormac FG. 1995. Dates of Holocene Icelandic volcanic eruptions from telphra layers in Irish peats. The Holocene 5(1): 103-110.
95. Pitcher JR, Hall VA, McCormac FG. 1996. An outline tephrochronology for the Holocene of the north of Ireland. Journal of Quaternary Science 11(6): 485-494.
96. Ram M, Gayley RI. 1991. Long range transport of volcanic ash to the Greenland ice sheet. Nature 349: 401-404.
97. Reiter ER. 1971. Atmospheric Transport Processes, Part 2: Chemical Tracers. US Atomic Energy Commission: 382 pp.
98. Ruddiman WF, McIntyre A. 1972. Vertical mixing of ice-rafted volcanic ash in North Atlantic sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83: 2817-2836.
99. Ruddiman WF, Glover LK. 1972. Vertical mixing of ice-rafted volcanic ash in North Atlantic sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin 83: 2817-2836.
100. Ruddiman WF, McIntyre A. 1976. Northeast Atlantic paleoclimatic changes over the last 600 000 years. In Investigation of Late Quaternary Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Cline RM, Hays JD (eds). Geological Society Memoir 145: 199-214.
101. Ruddiman WF, McIntyre A. 1982. Mixing of volcanic ash zones in sub-polar North Atlantic sediments. In The Ocean Fluor, Scrutton RA, Talwani M (eds). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester; 37-60.
102. Sejrup HP, Sjøholm J, Furnes H, Beyer I, Eide E, Jansen E, Mangerud J. 1989. Quaternary tephrochronology on the Iceland Plateau, north of Iceland. Journal of Quaternary Science 4: 109-114.
103. Shackleton NJ, Berger A, Peltier WA. 1990. An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP Site 677. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 81: 251-261.
104. Sigurdsson H, Loebner B. 1981. Deep-sea record of Cenozoic explosive volcanism in the North Atlantic. In Tephra Studies, Self S, Sparks RSJ (eds). Reidel: Dordrecht; 289-315.
105. Sjöholm J, Sejrup HP, Furnes H. 1991. Quaternary volcanic ash zones on the Iceland Plateau, southern Norwegian Sea. Journal of Quaternary Science 6(2): 159-173.
106. Spiegler D, Jansen E. 1989. Planktonic foraminifer biostratigraphy of Norwegian Sea sediments: ODP Leg 104. In Proceedings of ODP, Scientific Results, Vol. 104, Eldholom O, Thiede J, Taylor E, et al. (eds). 681-696.
107. Sweatman TR, Long JVP. 1969. Quantitative electron-probe microanalysis of rock-forming minerals. Journal of Petrology 10: 332-379.
108. Swift JH. 1986. The arctic waters. In The Nordic Seas, Hurdle BG (ed.). Springer-Verlag: Berlin; 129-153.
109. Sylvester AG. 1975. History and surveillance of volcanic activity on Jan Mayen island. Bulletin of Volcanology 39: 1-23.
110. Thiede J, Myhre AM. 1996a. Introduction to the North Atlantic-Arctic Gateway: plate-tectonic and paleoceanographic history and significance. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 151, Thiede J, Myhre AM, Firth JV, Johnson GL, Ruddiman WF (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 3-23.
111. Thiede I, Myhre AM. 1996b. The paleoceanographic history of the North Atlantic-Arctic Gateway: synthesis of the Leg 151 drilling results. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, Vol. 151, Thiede J, Myhre AM, Firth JV, Johnson GL, Ruddiman WF (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 645-658.
112. Thiede J, Myhre AM, Firth JV, Johnson GL, Ruddiman WIF (eds). 1996. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 151. Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX.
113. Thórarinsson S. 1967. The tephra-fall from Hekla on 29th March, 1947. In The Eruption of Hekla 1947-1948, Einarsson Th, Kjartansson G, Thórarinson S (eds). Societas Scientatis Islandica 11(3): 1-68.
114. Thórarinsson S, Sigvaldason GE. 1972. The Hekla eruption of 1970. Bulletin Volcanologique Napoli 36: 269-288.
115. Thy P, Lofgren GE, Imsland P. 1991. Melting relations and the evolution of the Jan Mayen magma system. Journal of Petrology 32(2): 303-332.
116. Tsong TST, Houser CA, Yusef NA, Messier RF, White WB, Michels JW. 1978. Obsidian hydration profiles measured by sputter-induced optical emission. Science 201: 334-339.
117. Van den Bogaard C, Schmincke H-U. 2002. Linking the North Atlantic to central Europe: a high-resolution Holocene tephrochronological record from northern Germany. Journal of Quaterny Science 17(1): 3-20.
118. Van den Bogaard C, Dörfler W, Glos R, Nadeau M-J, Grootes M, Erlenkeuser H. 2002. Two Tephra Layers Bracketing Late Holocene Palaeoecological Changes in Northern Germany. Quaternary Research 57(3): 314-324.
119. Werner R, Wallrabe-Adams H-J, Lacasse C, Schmincke H-U, Thiede J. 1996. Distribution, chemical composition, and sources of Oligocene to Miocene volcanic ashes from Site 907, 908 and 913. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 151, Thiede J, Myhre AM, Firth JV, Johnson GL, Ruddiman WIF (eds). Ocean Drilling Program: College Station, TX; 333-350.
120. Westgate JA, Gorton MP. 1981. Correlation techniques in tephra studies. In Tephra Studies, Self S, Sparks RSJ (eds). Reidel: Dordrecht; 73-94.
121. Zielinski CA, Germani MS, Larsen G, Baillie MGL, Whitlow S, Twickler MS, Taylor K. 1995. Evidence of the EdIgjá (Iceland) eruption in the GISP2 Greenland ice core: relationship to eruption processes and climatic conditions in the tenth century. The Holocene 5(2