The global circuit: Global thermometer, weather by‐product or climatic modulator?

Reviews of Geophysics

Volumn 33, Issue 2 S, 1995, Pages 845-862

  Bering, E A ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 16444384086     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: 19449208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/95RG00549     Document Type: Article

References (214)

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7. Conjugate ionospheric electric field measurements
8. Investigation of the Electric Field Below 80 km from a Parachute Deployed Payload
9. Some Problems with Recent Mesospheric Electric Field Measurements
10. Electric fields, electron precipitation and VLF radiation during a simultaneous magnetospheric substorm and atmospheric thunderstorm
11. Intense 2.3 Hz electric field pulsations in the stratosphere at high auroral latitude
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15. Initial results from measurements of atmospheric conduction currents and electric fields at the South Pole
16. Intense 2.3 Hz Electric Field Pulsations in the Stratosphere at High Auroral Latitude
17. Intense 2.3 Hz Electrostatic waves in the stratosphere at high auroral latitude
18. Feasibility of long term vertical electric current measurements in the Antarctic
19. Short term global correlations in vertical electric field measurements
20. Studies of ionospheric convection in the southern hemisphere using long duration balloons
21. Studies of ionospheric convection in the southern hemisphere using long duration balloons
22. Balloon measurements above the South Pole: Study of the ionospheric transmission of ULF waves
23. Global coherence and cross‐scale coupling of the ionospheric and atmospheric electric field
24. Ground level measurements of air conductivities under Florida thunderstorms
25. Electrical measurements over thunderstorms
26. Lightning induced brightening in the airglow layer
27. Progressive lightning
28. Early Trimpi events from lightning‐induced electric fields in the ionosphere: an alternative explanation
29. Effects of a lightning discharge detected by the DE 2 Satellite over Hurricane Debbie
30. In Situ measurements and radar observations of a severe storm: Electricity, kinematics and precipitation
31. Observations of the stratospheric conductivity and its variation at three latitudes
32. Solar radiation (190–230 nm) in the stratosphere: Implications for photoelectric emissions from instrumentation at balloon altitudes
33. Balloon observations of stratospheric electricity above the south pole: Vertical electric fields, conductivity, and conduction current
34. Measurements of atmospheric conduction currents and electric fields at the South Pole
35. Ground‐based instrumentation for measurements of atmospheric conduction current and electric field at the South Pole
36. The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit
37. Diurnal variation and absolute intensity of world‐wide lightning activity
38. Atmospheric electric observations from Amundsen‐Scott South Pole Station
39. The atmospheric electric climate at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
40. Atmospheric electric measurements at the South Pole
41. Electric field measurements during the MACEPSILON campaign
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43. Low‐frequency (f ≤ 1 Hz) stratospheric electrical noise measured by balloon‐borne sensors
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45. Comment on “Apparent tropospheric response to MeV‐GeV particle flux variations: A conclusion via electrofreezing of supercooled water in high‐level clouds?” by Brian A. Tinsley and Glen W. Deen
46. Discussion of the fundamental problem of atmospheric electricity
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48. A modeling study of the time‐averaged electric currents in the vicinity of isolated thunderstorms
49. Time averaged current analysis of a thunderstorm using ground based measurements
50. Cloud‐to‐stratosphere lightning discharges: A radio emission model
51. Reply
52. Diagnostic applications of thunderstorm electric modeling (abstract)
53. Maxwell current density measurements at South Pole: Evaluation of measurements and instrument performance
54. Field calibration of electric field meters at Amundsen‐Scott South Pole Station
55. Discovery of intense gamma‐ray flashes of atmospheric origin
56. An empirical electric field model derived from Chatanika radar data
57. Television image of a large upward electrical discharge above a thunderstorm system
58. ULF magnetic field generated by electrical storms and their significance to geomagnetic pulsation generation
59. A global model of thunderstorm electricity
60. Infrasound from convective storms: Examining the evidence
61. HF Doppler studies of traveling ionospheric distances
62. Thunderstorms and the Earth's general electrification
63. Electro dynamic response of the middle atmosphere to auroral pulsations
64. Transient ULF electric and magnetic fields following a lightning discharge
65. Essai d'explication de la charge electrique des nuages d'orages
66. Terrestrial atmospheric electricity
67. Aspects of an “ac” global circuit
68. Comment on “Cloud‐to‐stratosphere lightning discharges: A radio emission model” by W. M. Farrell and M. D. Desch
69. Relations of the dc and ac global circuit to global change
70. The coupling of ELF/ULF energy from lightning and MeV particles to the middle atmosphere, ionosphere and global circuit
71. Current to the ionosphere following a lightning stroke
72. A quasi‐static model of global atmospheric electricity 1. The lower atmosphere
73. Parameterization of the cosmic ray ion‐pair production rate above 18 km
74. Whistler‐induced amplitude perturbation in VLF propagation
75. Implications for the diurnal cycle of tropical convection for the Carnegie curve
76. Polar cap electric field distributions related to the interplanetary magnetic field direction
77. Empirical high‐latitude electric field models
78. Initiation of nontropical thunderstorms by solar activity
79. Internal atmospheric gravity waves at ionospheric heights
80. Air‐Earth current observations in various localities
81. Low audio‐frequency electromagnetic signals of natural origin
82. Distribution of electric conduction currents in the vicinity of thunderstorms
83. ELBBO: Extended Life Balloon Borne Observatories
84. A new source of horizontal electric fields in the middle latitude stratosphere
85. Correction to “A new source of horizontal electric fields in the mid‐latitude stratosphere”
86. Conductivity and electricity field variations with altitude in the stratosphere
87. Global electrodynamics deduced from long duration balloon‐borne measurements
88. The global circuit as deduced from balloon‐borne measurements
89. Planetary‐scale variability of the fair‐weather vertical electric field in the stratosphere
90. Thunderstorm related variations in stratospheric conductivity measurements
91. Heating and ionization of the lower ionosphere by lightning
92. VLF signa‐til res of lightning‐induced heating and ionization of the nighttime d‐region
93. Subionospheric VLF signatures of nighttime D region perturbations in the vicinity of lightning discharges
94. The atmospheric global electric circuit
95. Current budget of the atmospheric electric global circuit
96. Electrical measurements in the atmosphere and the ionosphere over an active thunderstorm
97. Intense ionospheric electric and magnetic field pulses generated by lightning
98. On the electromagnetic fields, Poynting vector, and peak power radiated by lightning return strokes
99. On the peak electromagnetic fields radiated by lightning return strokes toward the middle‐atmosphere
100. Sunspots, the QBO and the stratospheric temperature in the north pole region
101. Associations between the 11‐year solar cycle, the QBO and the atmosphere, I, The troposphere and the stratosphere of the northern hemisphere in winter
102. Association between the 11‐year solar cycle, the QBO and the atmosphere, III, Aspects of the association
103. Anomalous optical events detected by rocket‐borne sensor in the WIPP campaign
104. Conjugate observations of ionospheric convection patterns
105. Balloon observations of nightside Pc 5 quasi‐electrostatic waves above the South Pole
106. Observations of ionospheric flux ropes above South Pole
107. Statistical studies of impulsive events at high latitudes
108. Characteristics of luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms as imaged by low‐light video
109. Low‐light video observations of frequent luminous structures in the stratosphere above thunderstorms
110. Some characteristics of cloud‐to‐stratosphere “lightning” and considerations for its detection
111. Finite difference time domain simulation of ELF wavelets initiated by lightning
112. Responses of atmospheric electric field and air‐earth current to variations of conductivity profiles
113. Electricite atmospherique
114. Ionospheric potential measurements obtained from aircraft measurements of potential gradient
115. Airborne atmospheric electrical measurements of the variation of ionospheric potential and electrical structure in the exchange layer over the ocean
116. Atmospheric electricity and the sun‐weather problem
117. Aircraft measurements of the atmospheric electrical global circuit during the period 1971–1984
118. Ionospheric potential measurements at Hawaii and Christmas Island
119. Global change monitoring through the temporal variation of ionospheric potential
120. Solar wind control of the Earth's electric field
121. Model of the High Altitude Lightning
122. Middle atmosphere electrical structure during MACEPSILON
123. Stratospheric ion and aerosol chemistry and possible links with cirrus cloud microphysics ‐ A critical assessment
124. Lightning from non‐thunderstorm clouds
125. Magnetospheric electric field properties deduced from simultaneous balloon flights
126. New determination of the air‐earth current over the ocean and measurement of ionospheric potentials
127. Horizontal electric fields in the ionosphere derived from air electric measurements
128. Interpretation of the solar influence on the atmospheric electrical parameters
129. Downward mapping of high‐latitude electric fields to the ground
130. Solar magnetic sector effects on the vertical atmospheric electric field at Vostok, Antarctica
131. Comparison of two dimensional and three dimensional mapping of ionospheric electric field
132. The diurnal variation of the electric potential of the atmosphere over the oceans
133. Some topics in atmospheric electricity
134. Relation of ELF noise and Schumann resonances to thunderstorm activity
135. Schumann resonances
136. Global surface temperatures and the atmospheric electrical circuit
137. Lightning, atmospheric electricity and climate change
138. A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions
139. What determines the cloud‐to‐ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms?
140. Possible implications of global climate change on global lightning distributions and frequencies
141. On the extra low frequency spectrum of the Earth‐ionosphere cavity response to electrical storms
142. The ionosphere
143. Electrical structure of the middle atmosphere
144. Charge balance at the summer polar mesopause: Ice particles, electrons, and PMSE
145. The electric potential of the ionosphere as controlled by the solar magnetic sector structure
146. On modeling component processes in the Earth's global electric circuit
147. A quasi‐static model of global atmospheric electricity, 2. Electrical coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere
148. The global atmospheric‐electrical circuit
149. D region disturbances caused by electromagnetic pulses from lightning
150. A case study of lightning, whistlers, and associated ionospheric effects during a substorm particle injection event
151. D region breakdown by lightning driven EMP
152. Atmospheric electric currents at widely spaced stations
153. Über die strahlungslosen Eigenschwing‐ungen einer leitenden Kugel, die von einer Luftschicht und einer Ionosphärenhülle umgeben ist
154. PC monitors lightning worldwide
155. Approximate Schumann resonance parameters for a two‐scale‐height ionosphere
156. Simultaneous observations of Schumann resonances in California and Australia: Evidence for intensity modulation by the local height of the D region
157. Observations of upper atmospheric optical flashes recorded from an aircraft
158. ELF/VLF Signatures of Red Sprites and Blue Jets
159. A global model of thunderstorm electricity
160. Optical signatures of lightning induced heating of the D region
161. Interaction with the lower ionosphere of electromagnetic pulses from lightning: Heating, attachment, and ionization
162. (Lord Kelvin) Electricity Atmospheric
163. Apparent response of air‐earth current and the 500 mbar Vorticity Area Index to Volcanic Aerosols and Highly Relativistic Electrons
164. Are atmospheric electricity changes due to external forcing affecting cloud microphysics and atmospheric dynamics?
165. Reply
166. Solar wind mechanism suggested for weather and climate change
167. Apparent tropospheric response to MeV‐GeV particle flux variations: A connection via electrofreezing of supercooled water in high‐level clouds?
168. Correlations of atmospheric dynamics with solar activity evidence for a connection via the solar wind, atmospheric electricity and cloud microphysics
169. Stratospheric volcanic aerosols and changes in air‐earth current density and tropospheric vorticity at solar wind magnetic sector boundaries as conditions for the Wilcox tropospheric vorticity effect
170. Association between the 11‐year solar cycle, the QBO, and the atmosphere, II, Surface and 700 mb on the northern hemisphere in winter
171. Observations of nocturnal thunderstorms and lightning displays as seen during recent shuttle missions
172. Recent observations of lightning discharges from the top of a thundercloud into the clear air above
173. A cloud‐to‐space lightning as recorded by the Space Shuttle pay load bay TV cameras
174. Possible mechanism for the formation of thunderstorm electricity
175. How the external currents flowing to a thundercloud influence its electrification
176. Problems for research in atmospheric electricity
177. The atmospheric electricity paradigm
178. Lightning‐induced electron precipitation
179. The elements of fair‐weather electricity
180. The structure of fair‐weather electricity
181. Elements of fair weather electricity
182. The production of free electrons in the ionospheric D layer by solar and galactic cosmic rays and the resultant absorption of radio waves
183. Blue jets, a newly documented upper atmospheric phenomenon
184. On the association of the diurnal variation of electric potential gradient in fine weather with the distribution of thunderstorms over the globe
185. Solar magnetic structure: Influence on stratospheric circulation
186. Influence of solar magnetic structure on terrestrial atmospheric vorticity
187. Solar modulation of the supply current for atmospheric electricity
188. The Schumann resonance: A global tropical thermometer
189. Global circuit response to seasonal variations in global surface air temperature
190. The global electrical circuit as global thermometer
191. The local diurnal variation of cloud electrification and the global diurnal variation of negative charge on the earth
192. An analysis of the conditional instability of the tropical atmosphere
193. Extraction of information on global lightning activity from single‐station measurements in the Schuman band
194. A radar and electrical study of tropical “hot towers”
195. Investigation on lightning discharges and on the electric field of thunderstorms
196. A theory of thundercloud electricity
197. Fast low‐level light pulses from the night sky observed with the SKYFLASH program
198. Path‐dependent properties of subionospheric VLF amplitude and phase perturbations associated with lightning