Will Asia's Past Be Its Future?

International Security

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 149-164

  Acharya, Amitav ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1642633928     PISSN: 01622889     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/016228803773100101     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. David C. Kang, "Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks," International Security, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 57-85; and Aaron L. Friedberg, "Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Winter 1993/94), pp. 5-33. Further references to Kang's article appear parenthetically in the text.
2. David C. Kang, "Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks," International Security, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 57-85; and Aaron L. Friedberg, "Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Winter 1993/94), pp. 5-33. Further references to Kang's article appear parenthetically in the text.
3. Aaron L. Friedberg, "Europe's Past, Asia's Future?" SAIS Policy Forum Series, No. 3 (October 1998).
4. Incidentally, if Kang's observation is correct, then he may actually be reinforcing, rather than challenging, Friedberg's pessimism.
5. See Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987); and Randall L. Schweller, "Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 72-107.
6. See Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987); and Randall L. Schweller, "Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 72-107.
7. Amitav Acharya, "Containment, Engagement, or Counter-Dominance? Malaysia's Response to the Rise of Chinese Power," in Alastair lain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., Engaging China: The Management of a Rising Power (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 129-151.
8. Randall L. Schweller and William C. Wohlforth, "Power Test: Evaluating Realism in Response to the End of the Cold War," Security Studies, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Spring 2000), p. 82.
9. I have called this posture "counter-dominance." See Acharya, "Containment, Engagement, or Counter-Dominance?" Past examples of this approach include the willingness of Indonesia and Malaysia in the 1980s to negotiate with Vietnam for a diplomatic settlement of the Cambodia conflict in return for Hanoi's willingness to reduce its dependence on the Soviet Union, and ASEAN's move in granting membership to Burma so as to lessen its strategic dependence on China.
10. On institutional binding in Asia, see Amitav Acharya, "Regional Institutions and Security Order: Norms, Identity, and Prospects for Peaceful Change," in Muthiah Alagappa, ed., Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2002).
11. Kenneth N. Waltz, "Political Structures," in Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), p. 73.
12. Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 440.
13. David A. Lake, "Beyond Anarchy: The Importance of Security Institutions," International Security, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Summer 2001), pp. 129-160.
14. John K. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968). A new body of work that emphasizes Chinese realpolitik has challenged this earlier notion of a Chinese world order emphasizing Confucian virtues, such as the emperor's impartiality and benevolence toward tributary states. Alastair lain Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998).
15. John K. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968). A new body of work that emphasizes Chinese realpolitik has challenged this earlier notion of a Chinese world order emphasizing Confucian virtues, such as the emperor's impartiality and benevolence toward tributary states. Alastair lain Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998).
16. John K. Fairbank, "Introduction," in Denis Twitchett and Fairbank, eds., The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10: Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911, Pt. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 30.
17. Fairbank, "A Preliminary Framework," in Fairbank, The Chinese World Order, p. 9.
18. Wang Gungwu, "China's Overseas World," in Wang, To Act Is to Know: Chinese Dilemmas (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 2003), p. 306.
19. Wang Gungwu, "Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia," in Fairbank, The Chinese World Order, p. 50.
20. Ibid., p. 61.
21. Wang, "China's Overseas World," p. 302.
22. Ibid., p. 303.
23. Warren I. Cohen, East Asia at the Center (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), pp. 243-244.
24. Andrew J. Nathan and Robert S. Ross, The Great Wall and Empty Fortress: China's Search for Security (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997), p. 21.
25. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 234; and Friedberg, "Europe's Past, Asia's Future?" p. 9. Friedberg was quoting Kishore Mahbubani, a Singapore foreign ministry official. Kishore Mahbubani, "The Pacific Impulse," Survival, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring 1995), p. 117.
26. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 234; and Friedberg, "Europe's Past, Asia's Future?" p. 9. Friedberg was quoting Kishore Mahbubani, a Singapore foreign ministry official. Kishore Mahbubani, "The Pacific Impulse," Survival, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring 1995), p. 117.
27. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 234; and Friedberg, "Europe's Past, Asia's Future?" p. 9. Friedberg was quoting Kishore Mahbubani, a Singapore foreign ministry official. Kishore Mahbubani, "The Pacific Impulse," Survival, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Spring 1995), p. 117.
28. Cited in William Henderson, "The Development of Regionalism in Southeast Asia," International Organization, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Autumn 1955), p. 466.
29. Hong Kong Economic Journal editorial, July 19, 1999, translated as "Too Much for China to Lose," Straits Times, July 22, 1999, p. 46.
30. Hong Kong Economic Journal editorial, July 19, 1999, translated as "Too Much for China to Lose," Straits Times, July 22, 1999, p. 46.
31. Friedberg, "Ripe for Rivalry," pp. 20-21.
32. Ibid., p. 22.
33. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change," International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Autumn 1998), p. 251.
34. Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989), p. 34.
35. For further development of this argument, see Amitav Acharya, "The Evolution of Norms: The Social Construction of Non-interference in Asian Regionalism," paper presented at the Forty-fourth Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Portland, Oregon, February 25-March 1, 2003.
36. Roselan Abdulghani, The Bandung Spirit: Moving on the Tide of History (Jakarta: Badan Penerbit, 1964), p. 103.
37. Alagappa, Asian Security Order; and Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order "(London: Routledge, 2001).
38. Alagappa, Asian Security Order; and Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order "(London: Routledge, 2001).
39. Barry Buzan and Gerald Segal, "Rethinking East Asian Security, " Survival, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Summer 1994), p. 11.
40. Muthiah Alagappa, "Introduction," in Alagappa, ed., Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Perspectives (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 9.
41. Christopher Shea, "Political Scientists Clash Over Value of Area Studies," Chronicle of Higher Education, January 10, 1997, pp. A12-A13.
42. Robert H. Bates, "Area Studies and the Discipline: A Useful Controversy?" PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (December 1997), pp. 166-169.
43. Benedict O. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); and James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985).
44. Benedict O. Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); and James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985).