Risk assessment of stoat control methods for New Zealand

Science for Conservation

Volumn , Issue 237, 2004, Pages 5-34

  Parkes, John ^a   Murphy, Elaine ^b  

^a LANDCARE RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^b DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Constraints; Control methods; Mustela erminea; Risks; Stoat

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; MUSTELID; POISONING; PREDATOR CONTROL; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; TRAPPING;

AUSTRALASIA; NEW ZEALAND;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; FAGUS; MUSTELA; MUSTELA ERMINEA; RODENTIA;

EID: 1642587074     PISSN: 11732946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Alterio, N. 2000: Controlling small mammal predators using sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in bait stations along forestry roads in a New Zealand beech forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 24:3-9.
2. Alterio, N.; Moller, H.; Brown, K. 1999: Trapability and densities of stoats (Mustela erminea) and ship rats (Rattus rattus) in a South Island Nothofagus forest, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23:95-100.
3. Barlow, N.; Choquenot, D. 2002: Predicting the impact and control of stoats: a review of modelling approaches. Science for Conservation 191. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 46 p.
4. Beaven, B.M. 1998: Northern Te Urewera ecosystem restoration project, Te Urewera National Park. Department of Conservation, Gisborne, New Zealand. 104 p.
5. Bell, J.; Ross, W.D. 1982: Acceptability of pollard and bran pellets to wild rabbits. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 11: 73-75.
6. Brown, K. 2003. Identifying long-term cost-effective approaches to stoat control. A review of sixteen sites in 2002. DOC Science Internal Series 137. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 26 p.
7. Brown, K.P.; Alterio, N.; Moller, H. 1998: Secondary poisoning of stoats (Mustela erminea) at low mouse (Mus musculus) abundance in a New Zealand Nothofagus forest. Wildlife Research 25: 419-426.
8. Butler, D. 2002. Rotoiti nature recovery project. St Arnaud's mainland island, Nelson Lakes National Park. Triennual Report to the Department of Conservation, July 1998-June 2001 (unpublished). 73 p.
9. Campbell-Hunt, D. 2002: Developing a sanctuary. The Karori experience. Victoria Link Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand. 144 p.
10. Choquenot, D.; Ruscoe, W.A.; Murphy, E. 2001: Colonisation of new areas by stoats: time to establishment and requirements for detection. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 25: 83-88.
11. Christie, J.E.; Westbrooke, I.; Murphy, É.C. 2003. Improving stoat trapping efficiency: A pilot study exploring the usefulness of existing data sets. Report to Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 28 p.
12. Clapperton, B.K. 2001: Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990-2000. Feral ferret. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31: 185-203.
13. Clapperton, B.K.; Day, T.D. 2001: Cost-effectiveness of exclusion fencing for stoat and other pest control compared with conventional control. DOC Science Internal Series 14. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 19 p.
14. Cowan, P. 2000: Biological control of possums: prospects for the future. Pp. 262-270 in Montague, T.L. (Ed.): The brushtail possum. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand.
15. Day, T.; MacGibbon, R. 2001: Cost estimates for Xcluder™ pest proof fences. Report to the Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 6 p.
16. Department of Conservation 2001: What's happening with stoat research? Third report on the five-year stoat research programme. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 40 p.
17. Department of Conservation 2002: What's happening with stoat research? Fourth report on the five-year stoat research programme. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 54 p.
18. Dilks, P.; Lawrence, B. 2000: The use of poison eggs for the control of stoats. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 173-182.
19. Dilks, P.J.; O'Donnell, C.F.J.; Elliott, G.P.; Phillipson, S.M. 1996: The effect of bait type, tunnel design, and trap position on stoat control operations for conservation management. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23: 295-306.
20. Domigan, I. 2001: Automatic stoat-trap pilot study. Report to the Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 13 p.
21. Domigan, I. 2003a: 'Thumper' tunnel stoat trap Class 'A'. Report to the Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 4 p.
22. Domigan, I. 2003b: 'Hammer' Class 'A' ferret/stoat trap. Report to the Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 3 p.
23. Dowding, J.E.; Elliott, M.J. 2003: Ecology of stoats in a South island braided river valley. Report to the Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 35 p.
24. Eason, C.T.; Batcheler, D. 1991: Iophenoxic and iopanoic acid as bait markers for feral goats. Wildlife Research 18: 85-90.
25. Eason, C.T.; Murphy, E.C. 2001: Recognising and reducing secondary and tertiary poisoning risks associated with brodifacoum. Pp. 157-163 in Johnston, J.J. (Ed.): Pesticides and wildlife. A.C.S. Symposium Series 771. American Chemical Society, Washington, USA.
26. Eckery, D.C.; Ng Chie, W.; Colbourne, L.E.; Heath, D.A.; Lawrence, S.B.; Lun, S.; Whale, L.; Thompson, E.G.; Mahoney, P.M.; Wen, J.; Juengel, J.L.; Fidler, A.E.; Moore, L.G.; McLeod, B.J.; McNatty, K.P. 1999: Search for regulators of gonadal development and pituitary function and development of delivery systems for fertility control of possums. Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 56: 65-71.
27. Fenner, F.; Fantini, B. 1999: Biological control of vertebrate pests. The history of myxomatosis-an experiment in evolution. CABI Publishing, New York, USA. 339 p.
28. Fisher, P. 1999: Review of using Rhodamine B as a marker for wildlife studies. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27: 318-329.
29. Fitzgerald, G.; Saunders, L.; Wilkinson, R. 1996. Public perceptions and issues in the present and future management of possums. MAF Policy Technical Paper 96/4, 36 p.
30. Fitzgerald, G.; Fitzgerald, N.; Wilkinson, R: 2002: Social acceptability of stoats and stoat control methods: focus group findings. Science for Conservation 207. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 45 p.
31. Forester, N.T.; Lumsden, J.S.; Parton, K.; Cowan, P.E.; O'Toole, P.W. 2003. Detection and isolation of Helicobacter mustelae from stoats in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 51: 142-145.
32. Forsyth, D.M.; Parkes, J.P. 1995: Suitability of aerially sown artificial baits as a technique for poisoning feral goats. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 19: 73-76.
33. Gillies, C.A.; Pierce, R.J. 1999: Secondary poisoning of mammalian predators during possum and rodent control operations at Trounson Kauri Park, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23: 183-192.
34. Gillies, C.A.; Leach, M.R.; Coad, N.B.; Theobald, S.W.; Campbell, J.; Herbert, T.; Graham, P.J.; Pierce, R.J. 2003. Six years of intensive pest mammal control at Trounson Kauri Park, a Department of Conservation 'mainland island', June 1996-July 2002. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 30: 399-420.
35. Hamilton, B. 2002. Conservation benefits from the use of colour as an attractant for tracking and trapping stoats. Ecosystems Consultants Research Report Number 24. 26 p.
36. Henderson, R.; Frampton, C.; Ross, J. 2002: Development of a long-life bait for control of stoats. DOC Science Internal Series 51. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 15 p.
37. Hinds, L.A.; Williams, C.K.; Pech, R.P.; Spratt, D.M.; Robinson, A.J.; Reubel, G.H. 2000: Feasibility of immunocontraception for managing stoats in New Zealand. Science for Conservation 158. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 109 p.
38. Keymer, I.F.; Epps, H.B.G. 1969: Canine distemper in the family Mustelidae. Veterinary Record 85: 204-205.
39. King, C.M. 1980: Field experiments on the trapping of stoats (Mustela erminea). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 7: 261-266.
40. King, C.M. 1983. The relationship between beech (Nothofagus sp.) seedfall and populations of mice (Mus musculus), and the demographic and dietary response of stoats (Mustela erminea), in three New Zealand forests. Journal of Animal Ecology 52: 141-166.
41. King, C. 1990: The natural history of weasels and stoats. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, USA. 253 p.
42. King, C.M.; Moody, J.E. 1982: The biology of the stoat (Mustela erminea) in the National Parks of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 9: 49-144.
43. King, C.M.; Griffiths, K.; Murphy, E.C. 2001: Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990-2000: stoat and weasel. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31: 165-183.
44. Lawrence, B. 1999. Live rats and mice as lures for stoats. Conservation Advisory Science Notes 234. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 2 p.
45. Lawrence, B.L.; Dilks, P.J. 2000: Effectiveness of diphacinone to control stoat populations. Conservation Advisory Science Notes 306. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 12 p.
46. Maxwell, J.; Torr, S.; Leary, H.; Coates, G.; Forbes, V. 1997: Predator research in Fiordland trialing stoat control methods. Pp. 69-72 in Sim J.; Sanders, A. (Eds): Predator workshop 1997. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand.
47. McDonald, R.A.; Lariviere, S. 2001: Diseases and pathogens of Mustela spp., with special reference to the biological control of introduced stoat Mustela erminea populations in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31: 721-744.
48. McDonald, R.A.; Day, M J.; Birtles, R.J. 2001: Histological evidence of disease in wild stoats (Mustela erminea) in England. The Veterinary Record 149: 671-675.
49. McDonald, R.A.; Day, M.J.; Birtles, R.J. 2002: Diseases and pathogens of stoats and other wildlife in New Zealand. Report to Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (unpublished). 24 p.
50. McLennan, J.A. 1998: Unrestrained mice as lures for stoat traps. Landcare Research report (unpublished). 5 p.
51. McLennan, J.A.; Potter, M.A.; Robertson, H.A.; Wake, G.C.; Colbourne, R.; Dew, L.; Joyce, L.; McCann, A.J.; Miles, J.; Miller, P.J.; Reid, J. 1996: Role of predation in the decline of kiwi, Apteryx spp., in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 20: 27-35.
52. Miller, N. 2003. Paired trial of fresh and long-life stoat baits in a warm, coastal environment. DOC Science Internal Series 100. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 11 p.
53. Moller, H.; Ratz, H.; Alterio, N. 1995. Protection of yellow-eyed penguins, Megadyptes antipodes, from predators. University of Otago Wildlife Management Report 65. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 56 p.
54. Montague, T.L. 2002: Meat and rodent scented lures as attactants for stoats (Mustela erminea). DOC Science Internal Series 45. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 14 p.
55. Moorhouse, R.; Greene, T.; Dilks, P.; Powlesland, R.; Moran, L.; Taylor, G.; Jones, A.; Knegtmans, J.; Wills, D.; Pryde, M.; Fraser, I.; August, A.; August, C. 2003. Control of introduced mammalian predators improves kaka, Nestor meridionalis, breeding success: reversing the decline of a threatened New Zealand parrot. Biological Conservation 110: 33-44.
56. Morgan, D.R. 1982. Field acceptance of non-toxic baits by populations of the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 5: 36-43.
57. Murphy, B. D. 1983: Precocious induction of luteal activation and termination of delayed implantation in mink with the dopamine antagonist pimozide. Biology of Reproduction 21: 517-21.
58. Murphy, E.C.; Bradfield, P. 1992. Change in diet of stoats following poisoning of rats in a New Zealand forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 16: 137-140.
59. Murphy, E.C.; Dowding, J.E. 1995. Ecology of the stoat in Nothofagus forest: Home range, habitat use and diet at different stages of the beech mast cycle. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 19: 97-109.
60. Murphy, E.; Fechney, L. 2003: What's happening with stoat research? Fifth report on the five-year stoat research programme. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 44 p.
61. Murphy, E.; Gardiner, C.; Eggleston, W. 1992: Preliminary bait trials with captive stoats. Science & Research Internal Report 128. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 6 p.
62. Murphy, E.C.; Clapperton, B.K.; Bradfield, P.M.F.; Speed, H.J. 1998: Effects of rat-poisoning operations on abundance and diet of mustelids in New Zealand podocarp forests. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 25: 315-328.
63. Murphy, E.C.; Robbins, L.; Young, J.B.; Dowding, J.E. 1999: Secondary poisoning of stoats after an aerial 1080 poison operation in Pureora forest, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23: 175-182.
64. Nett, T.M.; Baker, D.L.; Wild, M. A. 2001: Evaluation of GNRH-PAP as a chemosterilant in captive mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus). Pp. 68-69 in Bertaschinger, H.J.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. (Eds): Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Fertility Control in Wildlife.
65. Norbury, G. 2000. The potential for biological control of stoats (Mustela erminea). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 145-163.
66. Nugent, G.; Fraser, K.W.; Asher, G.W.; Tustin, K.G. 2001: Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990-2000. Deer. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31: 263-298.
67. O'Connor, C.E. 2002: Evaluation of new toxins for mustelid control. DOC Science Internal Series 56: Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 14 p.
68. O'Donnell, C.J.F.; Dilks, P.J.; Elliott, G.P. 1996: Control of a stoat. (Mustela erminea) population irruption to enhance mohua (yellowhead) (Moboua ochrocepbala) breeding success in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23: 279-286.
69. O'Keefe, J. 2001: Stoat pathogen survey, submission and testing protocol. Conservation Advisory Science Notes 339. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 7 p.
70. Parkes, J.P. in press: Does commercial harvesting of introduced wild mammals contribute to their management as conservation pests? In Allen, R.B.; Lee, W.G. (Eds): Biological invasions in New Zealand. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
71. Parkes, J.P.; Choquenot, D. 1999: Proceedings of workshops on project 2398: optimising possum control through adaptive management. Landcare Research Contract Report LC9900/B (unpublished). 17 p.
72. Parkes, J.P.; Norbury, G.L.; Heyward, R.P.; Sullivan, G. 2002: Epidemiology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in the South Island, New Zealand, 1997-2001. Wildlife Research 29: 543-555
73. Ragg, J.R.; Moller, H.; Waldrup, K.A, 1995: The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) infections in feral populations of cats (Felis catus), ferrets (Mustela furo) and stoats (Mustela erminea) in Otago and Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 43: 333-337.
74. Robertson, H.A.; Colbourne, R.M.; Graham, P.J.; Miller, P.J.; Pierce, R.J. 1999: Survival of brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) exposed to brodifacoum poison in Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 23: 225-231.
75. Robley, A.J.; Choquenot, D. 2002: Assessing the alignment of Parks Victoria's fox control program with priorities for reducing risk to native fauna. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria, Australia. 30 p.
76. Saunders, A. 2000: A review of Department of Conservation mainland restoration projects and recommendations for further action. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 219 p.
77. Seamark, R.F. 2001: Biotech prospects for the control of introduced mammals in Australia. Reproduction Fertility and Development 13: 705-711.
78. Sinclair, A.R.E. 1977: The African buffalo: a study of resource limitation of populations. Wildlife Behavior and Ecology Series. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA. 353 p.
79. Smith, D.; Jamieson, I.G. 2002: Movement, diet and relative abundance of stoats, Mustela erminea, in an alpine habitat in the Murchison Mountains, Fiordland. Report to the Department of Conservation (unpublished). 16 p.
80. Spurr, E.B. 1997: Assessment of the effectiveness of Transonic® ESP and Yard Gard® ultrasonic devices for repelling stoats (Mustela erminea). Conservation Advisory Science Notes 151. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 4 p.
81. Spurr, E.B. 1999a: Developing a long-life toxic bait and lures for mustelids. Science for Conservation 127. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 24 p.
82. Spurr, E.B. 1999b: Toxicants for control of stoats' (Mustela erminea). Conservation Advisory Science Notes 261. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 8 p.
83. Spurr, E.B. 2000: Hen eggs poisoned with sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) for control of stoats (Mustela erminea) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 165-172.
84. Spurr, E.B. 2002a: Iophenoxic acid as a systemic blood marker for assessment of bait acceptance by stoats (Mustela erminea) and weasels (Mustela nivalis). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 29: 135-142.
85. Spurr, E.B. 2002b: Rhodamine B as a systemic hair marker for assessment of bait acceptance by stoats (Mustela erminea). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 29: 187-194.
86. Spurr, E.B.; Hough, S.J. 1994: Behaviour of stoats to trapping tunnels. Conservation Advisory Science Notes 81. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 4 p.
87. Spurr, E.B.; O'Connor, C.E. 1998: Secondary poisoning of stoats with diphacinone. Rare Bits 30: 29.
88. Spurr, E.B.; O'Connor, C.E. 1999: Sound lure for stoats. Pp. 25-38 in Department of Conservation 1999: Progress in mammal pest control on New Zealand conservation lands. Science for Conservation 127. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 74 p.
89. Spurr, E.B.; Wright, G.R.G.; Potts, M.D. 1998: Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) and diphacinone in hen eggs for control of stoats (Mustela erminea). Conservation Advisory Science Notes 173. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 6 p.
90. Spurr, E.B.; O'Connor, C.E.; Airey, A.T.; Kerr, J.H. 2001: Feracol® for the control of stoats (Mustela ermirea). DOC Science Internal Series 61. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 15 p.
91. Tenquist, J.D.; Charleston, W.A.G. 2001: A revision of the annotated checklist of ectoparasites of terrestrial mammals in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31: 481-542.
92. Theobald, S. and Coad, N. 2002. The control of stoats (Mustela erminea) in Trounson Kauri Park, Northland. DOC Science Internal Series 90. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 15 p.
93. Thomas, M.D. 2001: Kill-traps for stoat (Mustela erminea) control. Report to Department of Conservation (unpublished). 9 p.
94. Turner, Jr, J.W.; Liu, I.K.M.; Flanagan, D.R.; Bynum, K.S.; Rutberg, A.T. 2002: Porcine zona pellucida (PZP) immunocontraception of wild horses (Equus caballus) in Nevada: a 10-year study. Reproduction Supplement 60: 177-186.
95. Tyndale-Biscoe, C.H. 1994: Virus-vectored immunocontraception of feral mammals. Reproduction Fertility and Development 6: 281-287.
96. Warburton, B.; Poutu, N.; Domigan, I. 2002: Effectiveness of the Victor Snap-back trap for killing stoats. DOC Science Internal Series 83. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 12 p.
97. Wickstrom, M.L.; Eason, C.T. 1999: Literature search for mustelid-specific toxins. Pp. 57-65 in Department of Conservation 1999: Progress in mammal pest control on New Zealand conservation lands. Science for Conservation 127. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 74 p.
98. Williams, E.S.; Thorne, E.T.; Appel, M.J.G.; Belitsky, D.W. 1988: Canine distemper in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) from Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24: 385-398.
99. Wilson, P.R.; Karl, B.J.; Beggs, J.R.; Taylor, R.H. 1998: The role of introduced predators and competitors in the decline of kaka (Nestor meridionalis) populations in New Zealand. Biological Conservation 83: 175-185.