Fertile spaces: The productivity of urban space in northern Europe

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 515-548

  Arnade, Peter ^a   Howell, Martha C ^b   Simons, Walter ^c  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^c Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1642583183     PISSN: 00221953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/002219502317345493     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. For medievalists who are (re)turning to issues of space, see, for example, Barbara A. Hanawalt and Michal Kobialka (eds.), Medieval Practices of Space (Minneapolis, 2000);
2. Marc Boone and Peter Stabel (eds.), Shaping Urban Identity in Late-Medieval Europe: The Uses of Space and Images (Louvain-la-Neuve, 2001);
3. Spazio urbano e organizzazione economica nell'Europa medievale, Annali della Facoltà di Scienze Politiche, XXIX (1993/94);
4. Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur, D'une ville a l'autre: structures matérielles et organisation de l'espace dans les villes européennes (XIIIe-XVI siècles) (1989).
5. Henri Lefebvre (trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith), The Production of Space (Cambridge, Mass., 1991;
6. orig. pub. Paris, 1971, as La production de l'espace).
7. Mark Gottdiener, The Social Production of Urban Space (Austin, 1985), 123.
8. Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society (London, 1887);
9. Robert Park, "The Urban Community as a Spatial Pattern and a Moral Order," in Ernest W. Burgess (ed.), The Urban Community (Chicago, 1926);
10. Robert Park, idem, "The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Behavior in the Urban Environment," in Richard Sennett (ed.), Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities (New York, 1969).
11. On the ethnographic treatment of space, see Robert Rotenberg and Gary McDonogh (eds.), The Cultural Meaning of Urban Space (Westport, 1993).
12. Lefebvre, Production of Space, 15.
13. Lefebvre, Ibid., Production of Space, 265, 271.
14. John Agnew, "The Devaluation of Place in Social Science," in idem and James S. Duncan (eds.), The Power of Place: Bringing Together Geographical and Sociological Imaginations (Boston, 1989), 9-29.
15. For recent North American scholarship, see, in particular, Michael Sorkin (ed.), Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the Decline of Public Space (New York, 1992);
16. William Leach, Country of Exiles: The Destruction of Place in American Life (New York, 1999).
17. Quotations from Sennett, The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities (New York, 1990), xi;
18. Sennett, idem, Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization (New York, 1994).
19. Michael Foucault, Power/Knowledge (Brighton, 1980), 149.
20. Quotations from Edward W. Soja, Postmodern Geographies: the Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (New York, 1989), 43-75, which credits Anglo-American and French historical geographers of urban capitalism with bringing a spatial dimension to the fore in the 1970s and 1980s.
21. Edward W. Soja, Idem, The City: Los Angeles and Urban Theory at the End of the Twentieth Century (Berkeley, 1996);
22. Michael J. Dear, The Post-Modern Urban Condition (Oxford, 2000).
23. For an excellent critique of Los Angeles' postmodern exceptionalism by a historian of the early modern city, see Robert A. Schneider, "The Postmodern City from an Early Modern Perspective," American Historical Review, CV (2001), 1668-1675.
24. For another approach with a similar conclusion, see Michael Camille, "Signs of the City: Place, Power, and Public Fantasy in Medieval Paris," in Hanawalt and Kobialka (eds.), Medieval Practices of Space, 1-37.
25. The work of Natalie Davis on ritual power, particularly the articles collected in Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Stanford, 1975), are exemplary.
26. For a discussion of the importance of this kind of historiography, see, for example, Lynn Hunt, The New Cultural History (Berkeley, 1989)
27. See, for example, Henri Pirenne, "Stages in the Social History of Capitalism," American Historical Review, XIX (1914), 494-514;
28. Lefebvre, Production of Space, 263-275.
29. For Lefebvre's discussion of the medieval and Renaissance city, see Lefebvre, Production of Space, 268.
30. Enne, Die europäische Stadt des Mittelalters (Göttingen, 1972; 3rd. ed. 1979), 1.
31. The distinction between "space" and "place" is discussed in Kobialka, "Staging Place/ Space in the Eleventh-Century Monastic Practices," in Hanawalt and idem (eds.), Medieval Practices of Space, 128-149.
32. See also de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life (Berkeley, 1988), which Kobialka cites.
33. On the urban and rural divide, see, especially, Karl Marx, "The German Ideology" in Robert C. Tucker (ed.), The Marx-Engels Reader (New York, 1978; 2d ed.).
34. For the historiographical importance of this formulation, see the recent survey by Robert S. DuPlessis, Transitions to Capitalism in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1997).
35. Otto von Gierke, Das deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht (Graz, 1954; orig. pub. 1868-1913), 4v.
36. Pirenne, Medieval Cities.
37. The French version of this work was reprinted in the anthology of his essays published as Les villes et les institutions urbaines (Paris, Brussels, 1939), 2v.
38. See also idem, Histoire économique de l'Occident médiéval (Bruges, 1951).
39. For Pirenne's influence on urban historiography, see Raymond Van Uytven, "Les origines des villes dans les anciens Pays-Bas (jusque vers 1300),"
40. and Walter Prevenier, "Henri Pirenne et les villes des anciens Pays-Bas aux bas moyen âge (XIVe-XVe siècles)," in Georges Despy and Adriaan Verhulst (eds.), La fortune historiographique des thèses d'Henri Pirenne (Brussels, 1986), 14-26, 27-50, respectively;
41. Verhulst, "L'historiographie concernant l'origine des villes dans les anciens Pays-Bas depuis la mort de Henri Pirenne (1935)," in Franz Bierlaire and Jean-Louis Kupper (eds.), Henri Pirenne. De la cité de Liège à la ville de Gand (Liège, 1986), 107-116.
42. For a new synthesis that critically acknowledges its debts to Pirenne, see Verhulst, "idem, The Rise of Cities in North- West Europe (Cambridge, 1999).
43. Max Weber (ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich), "The City," in idim, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (New York, 1968), III, 1212-1372;
44. Horst Callies, "Der Stadtbegriff bei Max Weber," in Herbert Jankuhn, Walter Schlesinger, and Heiko Steuer (eds.), Vor- und Frühformen der europäischen Stadt im Mittelalter (Göttingen, 1973), I, 56-60;
45. K. Schreiner, "Die mittelalterliche Stadt in Webers Analyse und die Deutung des okzidentalen Rationalismus," in Jurgen Kocka (ed.), Max Weber, der Historiker (Göttingen, 1986), 119-150;
46. Wilfried Nippel, "Max Weber's 'The City' Revisited," in Anthony Molho, Kurt Raaflaub, and Julia Emlen (eds.), City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor, 1991), 19-30.
47. For a general overview of the way that cities claimed physical, economic, jurisdictional, and political space, see Société Jean Bodin, La ville (Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin VI and VII) (Brussels, 1954/5);
48. Ennen, Die europäische Stadt und die Kultur des Burgertums im Mittelalter (Göttingen, 1955);
49. and M. M. Postan (ed.) Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Cambridge, 1965), III.
50. Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900-1300 (New York, 1984).
51. For the relationship between the urban and rural economy, see, for example, Richard H. Britnell, The Commercialisation of English Society (Manchester, 1996; 2d ed.);
52. Peter Stabel, Dwarfs among Giants: The Flemish Urban Network in the Late Middle Ages (Louvain, 1997);
53. David Nicholas, Town and Countryside: Social, Economic, and Political Tensions in Fourteenth-Century Flanders (Bruges, 1971).
54. For the relationship between urban and rural religion, see Miri Rubin, "Religious Culture in Town and Country: Reflections on a Great Divide," in David Abulafia, Michael Franklin, and idem (eds.), Church and City 1000-1500: Essays in Honour of Christopher Brooke (Cambridge, 1992), 3-22.
55. For relations between cities and territorial sovereigns, see, for example, Bernard Chevalier, Les bonnes villes de France du XIVe au XVI siècle (Paris, 1982).
56. John H. Mundy and Peter Riesenberg, The Medieval Town (New York, 1958), discuss the gap between the appearance and reality of city life.
57. A good overview of Anglo-American historiography in the larger context of Renaissance scholarship on Italian city life is found in Edward Muir, "The Italian Renaissance in America," American Historical Review, C (1995), 1095-1118.
58. For a collection that stresses multiple schools of urban history - and scholarly traditions sensitive to the classical and medieval world - see Molho, Raaflaub, and Emlen (eds.), City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy.
59. Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (Harmondsworth, 1990;
60. orig. pub. Basel, 1860, as Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien).
61. Muir and Ronald Weissman, "Social and Symbolic Places in Renaissance Venice and Florence," in Agnew and Duncan (eds.), The Power of Place, 81-103,
62. who cite Richard A. Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence: An Economic and Social History (Baltimore, 1980);
63. Marvin B. Becker, Medieval Italy: Constraints and Creativity (Bloomington, 1981), as recent examples of the traditional approach.
64. See also Goldthwaite, Wealth and the Demand for Art in Italy 1300-1600 (Baltimore, 1993), which powerfully combines studies of economic growth and the accumulation of capital with the traditional view.
65. Hans Baron's classic work is The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (Princeton, 1955 [2v.];
66. The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (2d ed., 1966 [IV.]).
67. For an assessment of Baron's influence, see Molho and John Tedeschi (eds.), Renaissance Studies in Honor of Hans Baron (Dekalb, Ill., 1970);
68. Riccardo Fubini, "Renaissance Historian: The Career of Hans Baron," Journal of Modern History, LXIV (1992), 541-574.
69. Gene A. Brucker, Renaissance Florence (Berkeley, 1969; 2d ed.), 100-101.
70. Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, "'Kins, Friends, and Neighbors': The Urban Territory of a Merchant Family in 1400," in idem, Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy (Chicago, 1985), 68-93
71. (originally published as "Parenti, amici, vicini," in Quaderni storici, XXXIII [1976], 953-982).
72. In a similar vein, but reminiscent of the association of local space with medieval practice, is Diane O. Hughes, "Kinsmen and Neighborhoods in Medieval Genoa," in Harry Miskimin et al. (eds.), The Medieval City (New Haven, 1977), 95-111.
73. Richard Trexler, Public Life in Renaissance Florence (Ithaca, 1980);
74. Muir, Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice (Princeton, 1981).
75. See also Weissmann, Ritual Brotherhood in Renaissance Florence (New York, 1982);
76. Weissmann, idem, "The Importance of Being Ambiguous: Social Relations, Individualism, and Identity in Renaissance Society," in idem and Susan Zimmerman (eds.), Urban Life in the Renaissance (Newark, 1989), 269-280.
77. Work on gender, social behavior and public space includes Dennis Romano, "Gender and the Urban Geography of Renaissance Venice," Journal of Social History, XXIII (1989), 339-353,
78. and, more recently, Robert C. Davis, "The Geography of Gender in the Renaissance," in Judith C. Brown and idem (eds.), Gender and Society in Renaissance Italy (New York, 1998).
79. Enrico Guidoni, "Città e ordini mendicanti. Il ruolo dei conventi nella crescita e nella progettazione urbana del XIII e XIV secolo," in Quaderni Medievali, IV (1977), 69-106.
80. See also the special issue of Storia della città, IX (1978), 1-92;
81. "Les ordres mendiants et la ville en Italie centrale (v. 1220-v. 1350). Actes de la Table Ronde, Rome, 27-28 avril 1977," in Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Moyen Âge et Temps Modernes, LXXXIX (1977), 555-773.
82. Elisabeth Crouzet-Paven, "Cultures et contre-cultures: à propos des logiques spatiales de l'espace public Vénitien," in Boone and Stabel (eds.), Shaping Urban Identity in Late Medieval Europe: The Use of Space and Images (forthcoming).
83. One work that questions the modernity of the Italian Renaissance city is Marina Vitale and Domenico Scafoglio (eds.), La piazza nella storia: eventi, liturgie, rappresentazioni (Naples, 1995).
84. Robert C. Davis, The War of the Fists: Popular Culture and Public Violence in Late Renaissance Venice (Oxford, 1994),
85. took issue with some of the more traditional approaches to space in Crouzet-Pavan, "Sopra le acque salse." Espaces, pouvoir, et société à Venise à la fin du Moyen Age (Rome, 1992).
86. The Renaissance as not fully modern is discussed in Hayden White, Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Baltimore, 1973), 246-247.
87. See also Burckhardt, Judgements on History and Historians (Boston, 1958).
88. See Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism. II. The Wheels of Commerce (Berkeley, 1992), for a general discussion of markets in this age and the functioning of market spaces. When the city was "en foire," the entire city, or particular sections of it, were opened to all commerce, all commercants, and all buyers.
89. See Anna Maslakovic, "Common and Public: A Genealogy of Urban Space in Late Medieval and Early Modern Lyon," unpub. Ph.D. diss. (Columbia Univ., 2000), for an analysis of this history in the creation of public space in Lyon.
90. Stabel, "Women at the Market: Gender and Retail in the Towns of Late Medieval Flanders," in Wim Blockmans, Boone, and Thérèse de Hemptinne (eds.), Secretum Scriptorum: Liber Alumnorum Walter Prevenier (Louvain, 1999), 259-276.
91. For an early, but provocative, effort to write this history for the Florentine bourgeoisie, see Goldthwaite, Building of Renaissance Florence.
92. For the increasing isolation of household activity, see, for an overview, Merry Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1993);
93. Hanawalt, Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe (Bloomington, 1986);
94. Howell, Women, Production and Patriarchy in Late Medieval Cities (Chicago, 1986).
95. Maslakovic, "Common and Public."
96. For the police powers of municipalities, the German literature is especially extensive. See, for a summary, Ennen, Die europäische Stadt.
97. For a study of the relationship of police powers to the emergence of a bien public, see Weidenfeld, La police de la petite voirie à la fin du moyen âge (Paris, 1996).
98. For the medieval royal entry, see, most recently, Gordon Kipling, Enter the King: Theatre, Liturgy and Ritual in the Medieval Civic Triumph (New York, 1998).
99. For an analysis of civic and state ritual encounters for the Burgundian Netherlands, see Arnade, Realms of Ritual: Burgundian Ceremony and Civic Life in Late Medieval Ghent (Ithaca, 1996).
100. On politics and ritual in general, see David Kertzer, Ritual, Politics and Power (New Haven, 1988).