메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 5-16

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Review

Author keywords

Assertive community treatment; Atypical antipsychotics; Cognitive remediation; Cognitive behavioral therapy; Family interventions; Negative symptoms; Positive symptoms; Psychoeducation; Residual symptoms; Schizophrenia; Social skills training

Indexed keywords

AMPHETAMINE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CANNABIS; CLOZAPINE; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; ILLICIT DRUG; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

EID: 1642580625     PISSN: 15274160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00131746-200401000-00002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (114)

References (64)
  • 2
    • 0019133853 scopus 로고
    • Catamnestic long term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenics
    • Ciompi L. Catamnestic long term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenics. Schizophr Bull 1980;6:606-18.
    • (1980) Schizophr Bull , vol.6 , pp. 606-618
    • Ciompi, L.1
  • 3
    • 0035003730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery from psychotic illness: A 15- and 25-year international follow-up study
    • Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, et al. Recovery from psychotic illness: A 15- and 25-year international follow-up study. Br J Psychiatry 2001;178:506-18.
    • (2001) Br J Psychiatry , vol.178 , pp. 506-518
    • Harrison, G.1    Hopper, K.2    Craig, T.3
  • 4
    • 0026730897 scopus 로고
    • A two year prospective study of treatment compliance in patients with schizophrenia
    • Buchanan A. A two year prospective study of treatment compliance in patients with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1992;22:787-97.
    • (1992) Psychol Med , vol.22 , pp. 787-797
    • Buchanan, A.1
  • 5
    • 0344228787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of an educational intervention on insight and suicidal ideation in schizophrenia
    • Carroll Z, Clyde S, Fattah I, et al. The effect of an educational intervention on insight and suicidal ideation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998;29:28-9.
    • (1998) Schizophr Res , vol.29 , pp. 28-29
    • Carroll, Z.1    Clyde, S.2    Fattah, I.3
  • 6
    • 0041828598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of violent victimization in severe mental illness
    • Walsh E, Moran P, Scott K, et al. Prevalence of violent victimization in severe mental illness. Br J Psychiatry 2003;183:233-8.
    • (2003) Br J Psychiatry , vol.183 , pp. 233-238
    • Walsh, E.1    Moran, P.2    Scott, K.3
  • 7
    • 0031938381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occurrence and clinical correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with psychotic disorders
    • Cassano G, Pini S, Saettoni M, et al. Occurrence and clinical correlates of psychiatric comorbidity in patients with psychotic disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:60-8.
    • (1998) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 60-68
    • Cassano, G.1    Pini, S.2    Saettoni, M.3
  • 8
    • 84990518246 scopus 로고
    • Compliance, quality assurance, and standards for relapse in schizophrenia
    • Kissling W. Compliance, quality assurance, and standards for relapse in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;89 (suppl 382):16-24.
    • (1994) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.89 , Issue.SUPPL. 382 , pp. 16-24
    • Kissling, W.1
  • 9
    • 0032147105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of intensive cognitive behavior therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia
    • Tarrier N, Yusupoff L, Kinney C, et al. randomized controlled trial of intensive cognitive behavior therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia. BMJ 1998;317:303-7.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 303-307
    • Tarrier, N.1    Yusupoff, L.2    Kinney, C.3
  • 10
    • 0023755549 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric morbidity of a long stay hospital population with chronic schizophrenia and implications for future community care
    • Curson DA, Patel M, Liddle PF, et al. Psychiatric morbidity of a long stay hospital population with chronic schizophrenia and implications for future community care. BMJ 1988;297:819-22.
    • (1988) BMJ , vol.297 , pp. 819-822
    • Curson, D.A.1    Patel, M.2    Liddle, P.F.3
  • 11
    • 0030689616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of treatment-resistant schizophrenia
    • Conley RR, Buchanan RW. Evaluation of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1997;23:663-74.
    • (1997) Schizophr Bull , vol.23 , pp. 663-674
    • Conley, R.R.1    Buchanan, R.W.2
  • 12
    • 0026537892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical management of patients in relation to efficiency and side effects
    • Naber D, Perro C, Hippins H, et al. Clinical management of patients in relation to efficiency and side effects. Br J Psychology 1998;17:54-9.
    • (1998) Br J Psychology , vol.17 , pp. 54-59
    • Naber, D.1    Perro, C.2    Hippins, H.3
  • 17
    • 0002168344 scopus 로고
    • The experimental analysis of social performance
    • Berkowitz L, ed. New York: Academic Press
    • Argyle M, Kendon A. The experimental analysis of social performance. In: Berkowitz L, ed. Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press; 1967.
    • (1967) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
    • Argyle, M.1    Kendon, A.2
  • 18
    • 0036020715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: II. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and cognitive remediation
    • Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E, et al. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: II. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and cognitive remediation. Psychol Med 2002;32:783-91.
    • (2002) Psychol Med , vol.32 , pp. 783-791
    • Pilling, S.1    Bebbington, P.2    Kuipers, E.3
  • 19
    • 0034128935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychosocial treatments in schizophrenia: A review of the past 20 years
    • Huxley NA, Rendall M, Sederer L. Psychosocial treatments in schizophrenia: A review of the past 20 years. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000;188:187-201.
    • (2000) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.188 , pp. 187-201
    • Huxley, N.A.1    Rendall, M.2    Sederer, L.3
  • 21
    • 0016680699 scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenic performance when distractors are present: Attentional deficit or differential task difficulty?
    • Oltmanns TF, Neale JM. Schizophrenic performance when distractors are present: Attentional deficit or differential task difficulty? J Abnorm Psychol 1975;84:205-9.
    • (1975) J Abnorm Psychol , vol.84 , pp. 205-209
    • Oltmanns, T.F.1    Neale, J.M.2
  • 22
    • 0024248861 scopus 로고
    • Probing prefrontal function in schizophrenia with neuropsychological paradigms
    • Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Probing prefrontal function in schizophrenia with neuropsychological paradigms. Schizophr Bull 1988;14:179-83.
    • (1988) Schizophr Bull , vol.14 , pp. 179-183
    • Goldberg, T.E.1    Weinberger, D.R.2
  • 23
    • 0008909598 scopus 로고
    • Integrated cognitive and behavioral interventions in treatment of schizophrenia
    • Brenner HD, Hodel B, Roder V. Integrated cognitive and behavioral interventions in treatment of schizophrenia. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 1990;13:41-3.
    • (1990) Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal , vol.13 , pp. 41-43
    • Brenner, H.D.1    Hodel, B.2    Roder, V.3
  • 24
    • 0026521151 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Should we attempt it?
    • Spring BJ, Ravdin L. Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Should we attempt it? Schizophr Bull 1992;18:15-20.
    • (1992) Schizophr Bull , vol.18 , pp. 15-20
    • Spring, B.J.1    Ravdin, L.2
  • 25
    • 0002475476 scopus 로고
    • The influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic illness
    • Brown GW, Monck EM, Carstairs GM, et al. The influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic illness. Br J Prev Soc Med 1962;16:55-68.
    • (1962) Br J Prev Soc Med , vol.16 , pp. 55-68
    • Brown, G.W.1    Monck, E.M.2    Carstairs, G.M.3
  • 26
    • 0026511310 scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in expressed emotion and schizophrenia
    • Kavanaugh D. Recent developments in expressed emotion and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:601-20.
    • (1992) Br J Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 601-620
    • Kavanaugh, D.1
  • 27
    • 0036020712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. Meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behavior therapy
    • Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E, et al. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. Meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behavior therapy. Psychol Med 2002;32:763-82.
    • (2002) Psychol Med , vol.32 , pp. 763-782
    • Pilling, S.1    Bebbington, P.2    Kuipers, E.3
  • 28
    • 79955671551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders
    • Oxford: Update Software, Ltd
    • Marshall M, Lockwood A. Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental disorders (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, Ltd; 2003.
    • (2003) The Cochrane Library , Issue.3
    • Marshall, M.1    Lockwood, A.2
  • 29
    • 0017576536 scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability - A new view on schizophrenia
    • Zubin J, Spring B. Vulnerability - A new view on schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 1977;86:103-26.
    • (1977) J Abnorm Psychol , vol.86 , pp. 103-126
    • Zubin, J.1    Spring, B.2
  • 30
    • 0003738519 scopus 로고
    • Harmondsworth: Penguin
    • Oswald I. Sleep. Harmondsworth: Penguin; 1974.
    • (1974) Sleep
    • Oswald, I.1
  • 31
    • 0000760879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving understanding and coping in people with schizophrenia by changing attitudes
    • Turkington D, Siddle R. Improving understanding and coping in people with schizophrenia by changing attitudes. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills 2000;4:300-20.
    • (2000) Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills , vol.4 , pp. 300-320
    • Turkington, D.1    Siddle, R.2
  • 33
    • 0033933897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: A controlled trial 3: Five year follow up
    • Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: A controlled trial 3: Five year follow up. Br J Psychiatry 2000;177:8-14.
    • (2000) Br J Psychiatry , vol.177 , pp. 8-14
    • Drury, V.1    Birchwood, M.2    Cochrane, R.3
  • 34
    • 0035034085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia: An empirical review
    • Rector NA, Beck AT. Cognitive behavioural therapy for schizophrenia: An empirical review. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001;189:278-87.
    • (2001) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.189 , pp. 278-287
    • Rector, N.A.1    Beck, A.T.2
  • 35
    • 0035970656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive therapy for psychosis in schizophrenia: An effect size analysis
    • Gould RA, Mueser KT, Bolton E, et al. Cognitive therapy for psychosis in schizophrenia: An effect size analysis. Schizophr Res 2001;48:335-42.
    • (2001) Schizophr Res , vol.48 , pp. 335-342
    • Gould, R.A.1    Mueser, K.T.2    Bolton, E.3
  • 36
    • 0031944489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness evaluation of compliance therapy for people with psychosis
    • Healy A, Knapp M, Astin J, et al. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of compliance therapy for people with psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172:420-4.
    • (1998) Br J Psychiatry , vol.172 , pp. 420-424
    • Healy, A.1    Knapp, M.2    Astin, J.3
  • 37
    • 0036260427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention in the treatment of schizophrenia
    • Turkington D, Kingdon D, Turner T, et al. Effectiveness of a brief cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention in the treatment of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2002;180:523-7.
    • (2002) Br J Psychiatry , vol.180 , pp. 523-527
    • Turkington, D.1    Kingdon, D.2    Turner, T.3
  • 38
    • 0033969038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication
    • Sensky T, Turkington D, Kingdon D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:165-72.
    • (2000) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.57 , pp. 165-172
    • Sensky, T.1    Turkington, D.2    Kingdon, D.3
  • 39
    • 0027406180 scopus 로고
    • A trial of two cognitive-behavioural methods of treating drug resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients I. Outcome
    • Tarrier N, Beckett R, Harwood S, et al. A trial of two cognitive-behavioural methods of treating drug resistant residual psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients I. Outcome. Br J Psychiatry 1993;162:524-32.
    • (1993) Br J Psychiatry , vol.162 , pp. 524-532
    • Tarrier, N.1    Beckett, R.2    Harwood, S.3
  • 40
    • 0030928978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London-East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis, I: Effects of the treatment phase
    • Kuipers E, Garety P, Fowler D, et al. London-East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis, I: Effects of the treatment phase. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:319-27.
    • (1997) Br J Psychiatry , vol.171 , pp. 319-327
    • Kuipers, E.1    Garety, P.2    Fowler, D.3
  • 41
    • 0031837536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London-East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis, III: Follow up and economic evaluation at 18 months
    • Kuipers E, Fowler D, Garety P, et al. London-East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis, III: Follow up and economic evaluation at 18 months. Br J Psychiatry 1998;173:61-8.
    • (1998) Br J Psychiatry , vol.173 , pp. 61-68
    • Kuipers, E.1    Fowler, D.2    Garety, P.3
  • 42
    • 0033060951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive behavioural therapy and clozapine for patients with schizophrenia
    • Pinto A, La Pia S, Menella R, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy and clozapine for patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 1999;50:901-4.
    • (1999) Psychiatr Serv , vol.50 , pp. 901-904
    • Pinto, A.1    La Pia, S.2    Menella, R.3
  • 44
    • 0031790111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cognitive analysis of the maintenance of auditory hallucinations: Are voices to schizophrenia what bodily sensations are to panic?
    • Morrison AP. A cognitive analysis of the maintenance of auditory hallucinations: Are voices to schizophrenia what bodily sensations are to panic? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1998;26:289-302.
    • (1998) Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , vol.26 , pp. 289-302
    • Morrison, A.P.1
  • 46
  • 47
    • 0035758217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive therapy for auditory hallucinations: A theory-based approach
    • Morrison AP, Renton JC. Cognitive therapy for auditory hallucinations: A theory-based approach. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 2001;8:147-60.
    • (2001) Cognitive and Behavioral Practice , vol.8 , pp. 147-160
    • Morrison, A.P.1    Renton, J.C.2
  • 48
    • 1242320511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cognitive model of hallucinations
    • Beck AT, Rector NA. A cognitive model of hallucinations. Cognit Ther Res 2003;27:19-52.
    • (2003) Cognit Ther Res , vol.27 , pp. 19-52
    • Beck, A.T.1    Rector, N.A.2
  • 49
    • 0035119033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
    • Garety P, Kuipers E, Fowler D, et al. Cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychol Med 2001;31:189-95.
    • (2001) Psychol Med , vol.31 , pp. 189-195
    • Garety, P.1    Kuipers, E.2    Fowler, D.3
  • 50
    • 0029884081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPPIC: An evolving system of early detection and optimal management
    • McGorry P, Edwards S, Milhalopolous M, et al. EPPIC: An evolving system of early detection and optimal management. Schizophr Bull 1996;22:305-26.
    • (1996) Schizophr Bull , vol.22 , pp. 305-326
    • McGorry, P.1    Edwards, S.2    Milhalopolous, M.3
  • 51
    • 0036791949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms
    • McGorry P, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, et al. randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:921-8.
    • (2002) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 921-928
    • McGorry, P.1    Yung, A.R.2    Phillips, L.J.3
  • 52
    • 0036731820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of early detection and cognitive therapy for preventing transition to psychosis in high risk individuals
    • Morrison AP, Bentall RP, French P, et al. randomized controlled trial of early detection and cognitive therapy for preventing transition to psychosis in high risk individuals. Br J Psychiatry 2002;181(suppl 43):78-84.
    • (2002) Br J Psychiatry , vol.181 , Issue.SUPPL. 43 , pp. 78-84
    • Morrison, A.P.1    Bentall, R.P.2    French, P.3
  • 54
    • 0025852064 scopus 로고
    • Family psychoeducation, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the after care treatment of schizophrenia: II Two year effects of a controlled study on relapse and adjustment
    • Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, et al. Family psychoeducation, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the after care treatment of schizophrenia: II Two year effects of a controlled study on relapse and adjustment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:340-7.
    • (1991) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 340-347
    • Hogarty, G.E.1    Anderson, C.M.2    Reiss, D.J.3
  • 55
    • 0030777694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, I: Description of study and effects of relapse rates
    • Hogarty GE, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald D, et al. Three year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, I: Description of study and effects of relapse rates. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1504-13.
    • (1997) Am J Psychiatry , vol.154 , pp. 1504-1513
    • Hogarty, G.E.1    Kornblith, S.J.2    Greenwald, D.3
  • 56
    • 0029852927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: A controlled trial: 1. Impact on psychotic symptoms
    • Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R, et al. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: A controlled trial: 1. Impact on psychotic symptoms. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:593-601.
    • (1996) Br J Psychiatry , vol.169 , pp. 593-601
    • Drury, V.1    Birchwood, M.2    Cochrane, R.3
  • 57
    • 18144447675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: Acute phase outcomes
    • Lewis S, Tarrier N, Haddock G, et al. randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: Acute phase outcomes. Br J Psychiatry 2002;181:S91-S97.
    • (2002) Br J Psychiatry , vol.181
    • Lewis, S.1    Tarrier, N.2    Haddock, G.3
  • 58
    • 0034810457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders
    • Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, et al. randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioural therapy and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1706-13.
    • (2001) Am J Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 1706-1713
    • Barrowclough, C.1    Haddock, G.2    Tarrier, N.3
  • 59
    • 84907034377 scopus 로고
    • Persisting hallucinations following childhood sexual abuse
    • Heins T, Gray A, Tennant M. Persisting hallucinations following childhood sexual abuse. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1990;24:561-5.
    • (1990) Aust N Z J Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 561-565
    • Heins, T.1    Gray, A.2    Tennant, M.3
  • 61
    • 0035087344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychometric evaluation of trauma and post traumatic stress disorder assessments in persons with severe mental illness
    • Mueser KT, Salyers MP, Rosenberg SD, et al. Psychometric evaluation of trauma and post traumatic stress disorder assessments in persons with severe mental illness. Psychol Asess 2001;13:110-17.
    • (2001) Psychol Asess , vol.13 , pp. 110-117
    • Mueser, K.T.1    Salyers, M.P.2    Rosenberg, S.D.3
  • 62
    • 0028657047 scopus 로고
    • Developments in cognitive behavioural therapy for persistent psychotic symptoms
    • Haddock G, Sellwood W, Tarrier N, et al. Developments in cognitive behavioural therapy for persistent psychotic symptoms. Behav Change 1994;11:200-12.
    • (1994) Behav Change , vol.11 , pp. 200-212
    • Haddock, G.1    Sellwood, W.2    Tarrier, N.3
  • 63
    • 0001286245 scopus 로고
    • Recognition and management of neuroleptic noncompliance
    • Shriqui CL, Nasrallah HA, eds. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
    • Weiden PJ, Mott T, Curcio N. Recognition and management of neuroleptic noncompliance. In: Shriqui CL, Nasrallah HA, eds. Contemporary issues in the treatment of schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1995:411-34.
    • (1995) Contemporary Issues in the Treatment of Schizophrenia , pp. 411-434
    • Weiden, P.J.1    Mott, T.2    Curcio, N.3
  • 64
    • 0030048806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compliance therapy in psychotic patients: Randomized controlled trial
    • Kemp R, Hayward P, Applethwaite G, et al. Compliance therapy in psychotic patients: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 1996;312:345-9.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 345-349
    • Kemp, R.1    Hayward, P.2    Applethwaite, G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.