Therapeutic options for esophageal cancer

Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (Australia)

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 4-12

  Law, Simon ^a   Wong, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Esophageal cancer; Multimodality treatment; Radiotherapy; Stent; Surgery

Indexed keywords

CISPLATIN; DNA TOPOISOMERASE INHIBITOR; DOCETAXEL; FLUOROURACIL; GEMCITABINE; IRINOTECAN; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TOPOTECAN;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DYSPHAGIA; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS INTUBATION; ESOPHAGUS PROSTHESIS; ESOPHAGUS RESECTION; HUMAN; LAPAROSCOPY; LAPAROTOMY; LONG TERM CARE; LYMPHADENECTOMY; MEDIASTINOSCOPY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; STOMACH MOTILITY; SURVIVAL TIME; THORACOSCOPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 1642520890     PISSN: 08159319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03154.x     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Blazeby JM, Farndon JR, Donovan J, Alderson D. A prospective longitudinal study examining the quality of life of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 1781-7.
2. Rosch T. Endosonographic staging of esophageal cancer: a review of literature results. Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 1995; 5: 537-47.
3. Nickl NJ, Bhutani MS, Catalane M et al. Clinical implications of endoscopic ultrasound: the American Endosonography Club Study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1996; 44: 371-7.
4. Hunerbein M, Dohmoto M, Rau B, Schlag PM. Endosonography and endosonography-guided biopsy of upper-GI-tract tumors using a curved-array echoendoscope. Surg. Endosc. 1996; 10: 1205-9.
5. Flamen P, Lerut A, Van Cutsem E et al. Utility of positron emission tomography for the staging of patients with potentially operable esophageal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000; 18: 3202-10.
6. Lerut T, Flamen P, Ectors N et al. Histopathologic validation of lymph node staging with FDG-PET scan in cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: a prospective study based on primary surgery with extensive lymphadenectomy. Ann. Surg. 2000; 232: 743-52.
7. Meltzer CC, Luketich JD, Friedman D et al. Whole-body FDG positron emission tomographic imaging for staging esophageal cancer comparison with computed tomography. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2000; 25: 882-7.
8. Krasna MJ, Reed CE, Nedzwiecki D et al. CALGB 9380: a prospective trial of the feasibility of thoracoscopy/ laparoscopy in staging esophageal cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001; 71: 1073-9.
9. Czerny V. Neue operationen. Zentralbl-Chir. 1877; 4: 433 (in German).
10. Torek F. The first successful case of resection of the thoracic portion of the esophagus for carcinoma. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1913; 16: 614.
11. Denk W. Zur radikaloperation des oesophaguskarzinoms. Zentralbl-Chir. 1913; 40: 1065.
12. Turner G. Excision of thoracic esophagus for carcinoma with construction of extrathoracic gullet. Lancet 1933; 2: 1315.
13. LeQuesne L. Pharyngolaryngectomy, with immediate pharyngogastric anastomosis. Br. J. Surg. 1966; 53: 105-9.
14. Ong GB, Lee Y. Pharyngogastric anastomosis after oesophago-pharyngectomy for carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical oesophagus. Br. J. Surg. 1960; 48: 193-200.
15. Kirschner MB. Ein neues Verfahren der Oesophagoplastik. Langenbecks Arch. Chir. 1920; 114: 606-10 (in German).
16. Ohsawa T. Esophageal surgery. J. Jpn Surg. Soc. 1933; 34: 1318-950.
17. Lewis I. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third. Br. J. Surg. 1946; 34: 18.
18. Tanner NC. The present position of carcinoma of the esophagus. Postgrad. Med. J. 1947; 23: 109.
19. Oschner A, DeBakey M. Surgical aspects of carcinoma of the esophagus. J. Thoracic Surg. 1941; 10: 401-45.
20. Earlam R, Cunha-Melo JR. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. I. A critical review of surgery. Br. J. Surg. 1980; 67: 381-90.
21. Muller JM, Erasmi H, Stelzner M, Zieren U, Pichlmaier H. Surgical therapy of oesophageal carcinoma. Br. J. Surg. 1990; 77: 845-57.
22. Jamieson GG, Mathew G. Surgical management of esophageal cancer: the Western experience. In: Daly JM, Hennessy TPJ, Reynolds JV, eds. Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer. London: W.B. Saunders, 1999; 183-99.
23. Orringer MB, Marshall B, Iannettoni MD. Transhiatal esophagectomy: clinical experience and refinements. Ann. Surg. 1999, 230: 392-400.
24. Whooley BP, Law S, Murthy SC, Alexandrou A, Wong J. Analysis of reduced death and complication rates after esophageal resection. Ann. Surg. 2001; 233: 338-44.
25. Zhang DW, Cheng GY, Huang GJ et al. Operable squamous esophageal cancer: current results from the East. World J. Surg. 1994; 18: 347-54.
26. DeMeester TR, Zaninotto G, Johansson KE. Selective therapeutic approach to cancer of the lower esophagus and cardia. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1988; 95: 42-54.
27. Law SY, Fok M, Cheng SW, Wong J. A comparison of outcome after resection for squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and cardia. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1992; 175: 107-12.
28. Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, Kajiyama Y. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann. Surg. 1994; 220: 364-72.
29. Tsui SL, Law S, Fok M et al. Postoperative analgesia reduces mortality and morbidity after esophagectomy. Am. J. Surg. 1997; 173: 472-8.
30. Watson A, Allen PR. Influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on outcome after resection for esophageal cancer. Surgery 1994; 115: 429-32.
31. Matthews HR, Powell DJ, McConkey CC. Effect of surgical experience on the results of resection for oesophageal carcinoma. Br. J. Surg. 1986; 73: 621.
32. Patti MG, Costantini M, Godwin DH, Way LW. A hospital's annual rate of esophagectomy influences the operative mortality rates. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 1998; 2: 186-92.
33. Sutton DN, Wayman J, Griffin SM. Learning curve for oesophageal cancer surgery. Br. J. Surg. 1998; 85: 1399-402.
34. Law S, Fok M, Chu KM, Wong J. Comparison of handsewn and stapled esophagogastric anastomosis after esophageal resection for cancer: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Ann. Surg. 1997; 226: 169-73.
35. Whooley BP, Law S, Alexandrou A, Murthy SC, Wong J. Critical appraisal of the significance of intrathoracic anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy for cancer. Am. J. Surg. 2001; 181: 198-203.
36. Law S, Wong J. Does lymphadenectomy add anything to the treatment of esophageal cancer? Adv. Surg. 1999; 33: 311-27.
37. Law S, Wong J. What is appropriate treatment for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus? World J. Surg. 2001; 25: 189-95.
38. Bolton JS, Sardi A, Bowen JC, Ellis JK. Transhiatal and transthoracic esophagectoomy: a comparative study. J. Surg. Oncol. 1992; 51: 249-53.
39. Hurley JP, Keeling P. Transhiatal oesophagectomy: its role for tumours of the middle third of the intrathoracic oesophagus. Ir. Med. J. 1990; 83: 23-5.
40. Goldminc M, Maddern G, Le Prise E et al. Oesophagectomy by a transhiatal approach or thoracotomy: a prospective randomized trial. Br. J. Surg. 1993; 80: 367-70.
41. Chu KM, Law SY, Fok M, Wong J. A prospective randomized comparison of transhiatal and transthoracic resection for lower-third esophageal carcinoma. Am. J. Surg. 1997; 174: 320-4.
42. Rindani R, Martin CJ, Cox MR. Transhiatal versus Ivor-Lewis oesophagectomy: is there a difference? Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 1999; 69: 187-94.
43. Alderson D, Courtney SP, Kennedy RH. Radical transhiatal oesophagectomy under direct vision. Br. J. Surg. 1994; 81: 404-7.
44. Pinotti HW, Cecconello I, De OM. Transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 1997; 13: 253-8.
45. Siewert JR, Stein HJ. Adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction: classification, pathology and extent of resection. Dis. Esophagus 1996; 9: 173-82.
46. Law SY, Fok M, Wong J. Pattern of recurrence after oesophageal resection for cancer: clinical implications. Br. J. Surg. 1996; 83: 107-11.
47. Dresner SM, Wayman ], Shenfine J et al. Pattern of recurrence following subtotal oesophagectomy with two field lymphadenectomy. Br. J. Surg. 2000; 87: 362-73.
48. Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, Tijssen JG, Obertop H, van Lanschot JJ. The recurrence pattern of esophageal carcinoma after transhiatal resection. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2000; 191: 143-8.
49. Kato H, Watanabe H, Tachmimori Y, lizuka T. Evaluation of neck lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1991; 51: 931-5.
50. Nishihira T, Hirayama K, Mori S. A prospective randomized trial of extended cervical and superior mediastinal lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Am. J. Surg. 1998; 175: 47-51.
51. Peracchia A, Rosati R, Fumagalli U, Bona S, Chella B. Thoracoscopic dissection of the esophagus for cancer. Int. Surg. 1997; 82: 1-4.
52. McAnena OJ, Rogers J, Williams NS. Right thoracoscopically assisted oesophagectomy for cancer. Br. J. Surg. 1994; 81: 236-8.
53. Cuschieri A. Thoracoscopic subtotal oesophagectomy. Endosc. Surg. Allied Technol. 1994; 2: 21-5.
54. Collard J-M, Lengele B, Otte J-B, Kestens P-J. En bloc and standard esophagectomies by thoracoscopy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1993; 56: 675-9.
55. Gossot D, Cattan P, Fritsch S et al. Can the morbidity of esophagectomy be reduced by the thoracoscopic approach? Surg. Endosc. 1995; 9: 1113-5.
56. Kawahara K, Maekawa T, Okabayashi K et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg. Endosc. 1999; 13: 218-23.
57. Bumm R, Holscher AH, Feussner H et al. Endodissection of the thoracic esophagus. Technique and clinical results in transhiatal esophagectomy. Ann. Surg. 1993; 218: 97-104.
58. Robertson GSM, Lloyd DM, Wicks A, Veitch PS. No obvious advantages for thoracoscopic two-stage esophagectomy. Br. J. Surg. 1996; 83: 675-8.
59. Watson DI, Jamieson GG, Devitt PG. Endoscopic cervico-thoraco-abdominal esophagectomy. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2000; 190: 372-8.
60. Swanstrom LL, Hansen P. Laparoscopic total esophagectomy. Arch. Surg. 1997; 132: 943-7.
61. Dexter SP, Martin IG, McMahon MJ. Radical thoracoscopic esophagectomy for cancer. Surg. Endosc. 1996; 10: 147-51.
62. Akaishi T, Kaneda I, Higuchi N et al. Thoracoscopic en bloc total esophagectomy with radical mediastinal lymphadenectomy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1996; 112: 1533-40.
63. Law S, Fok M, Chu KM, Wong J. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surgery 1997; 122: 8-14.
64. Law SY, Fok M, Wei WI et al. Thoracoscopic esophageal mobilization for pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000; 70: 418-22.
65. Segalin A, Bonavina L, Rosati R, Bettazza S. Parietal seeding of esophageal cancer after thoracoscopic resection. Dis. Esophagus 1994; 7: 64-5.
66. Dixit AS, Martin CJ, Flynn P. Port-site recurrence after thoracoscopic resection of oesophageal cancer. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 1997; 67: 148-9.
67. Lehnert T. Multimodal therapy for squamous carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br. J. Surg. 1999; 86: 727-39.
68. Launois B, Delarue D, Campion JP, Kerbaol M. Preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg. Gynecol Obstet. 1981; 153: 690-2.
69. Fok M, McShane J, Law SY, Wong J. A prospective randomized study on radiotherapy and surgery in the treatment of oesophageal carcinoma. Symposium on oesophageal carcinoma in the Asian-Pacific rim. Asian J. Surg. 1994; 17: 223-9.
70. Gignoux M, Roussel A, Paillot B et al. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: results of a study of the EORTC. World J. Surg. 1987; 11: 426-32.
71. Wang M, Gu XZ, Yin WB et al. Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: report on 206 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1989; 16: 325-7.
72. Arnott SJ, Duncan W, Kerr GR et al. Low dose preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the oesophagus: results of a randomized clinical trial. Radiother. Oncol. 1992; 24: 108-13.
73. Nygaard K, Hagen S, Hansen HS et al. Pre-operative radiotherapy prolongs survival in operable esophageal carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter study of pre-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J. Surg. 1992; 16: 1104-9.
74. Ténière P, Hay J-M, Fingerhut A, Fagniez P-L. Postoperative radiation therapy does not increase survival after curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower esophagus as shown by a multicenter controlled trial. Surg. Gynecol Obstet. 1991; 173: 123-30.
75. Fok M, Sham JS, Choy D, Cheng SW, Wong J. Postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Surgery 1993; 113: 138-47.
76. Zieren HU, Muller JM, Jacobi CA et al. Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy after curative resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: a prospective randomized study. World J. Surg. 1995; 19: 444-9.
77. Roth JA, Pass HI, Flanagan MM et al. Randomized clinical trial of preoperative and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, vindesine, and bleomycin for carcinoma of the esophagus. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1988; 96: 242-8.
78. Schlag PM. Randomized trial of preoperative chemotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Arch. Surg. 1992; 127: 1446-50.
79. Law S, Fok M, Chow S, Chu KM, Wong J. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective randomized trial. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997; 114: 210-7.
80. Kok TC, van Lanschot JJ, Siersema PD et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with surgery in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 12 (Suppl. B): 297.
81. Kelsen DP, Ginsberg R, Pajak TF et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N. Engl J. Med. 1998; 339: 1979-84.
82. Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Party. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1727-33.
83. Geh JI, Crellin AM, Glynne-Jones R. Preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiotherapy in oesophageal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 2001; 88: 338-56.
84. Urba SG, Orringer MB, Turrisi A et al. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001; 19: 305-13.
85. Le Prise E, Etienne PL, Meunier B et al. A randomized study of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer 1994; 73: 1779-84.
86. Apihop C, Puttisak P, Preecha N. A prospective study of combined therapy in esophageal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1994; 41: 391-3.
87. Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D et al. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 335: 462-7.
88. Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337: 161-7.
89. Herskovic A, Martz K, al Sarraf M et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992; 326: 1593-8.
90. Al-Sarraf M, Martz K, Herskovic A et al. Progress report of combined chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with esophageal cancer: an intergroup study. J. Clin. Oncol. 1997; 15: 277-84.
91. Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA 1999; 281: 1623-7.
92. Coia LR, Minsky BD, John MJ et al. The evaluation and treatment of patients receiving radiation therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: results of the 1992-94 Patterns of Care Study. Cancer 1999; 85: 2499-505.
93. Coia LR, Minsky BD, Berkey BA et al. Outcome of patients receiving radiation for cancer of the esophagus: results of the 1992-94 Patterns of Care Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000; 18: 455-62.
94. Daly JM, Fry WA, Little AG et al. Esophageal cancer: results of an American College of Surgeons Patient Care Evaluation Study. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2000; 190: 562-72.
95. Law S. Chemoradiotherapy: Panacea for esophageal cancer? Commentary for 'Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer. Long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). JAMA Southeast Asia 1999; 15: 9-11.
96. Minsky BD, Neuberg D, Kelsen DP et al. Final report of Intergroup Trial 0122 (ECOG PE-289, RTOG 90-12): Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus concurrent chemotherapy and high-dose radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1999; 43: 517-23.
97. Minsky BD, Berkey B, Kelsen D et al. Preliminary results of Intergroup INT 0123 randomized trial of combined modality therapy (CMT) for esophageal cancer: standard vs. high dose radiation therapy. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncology 2000; 19: A927.
98. Jones DR, Parker LAJ, Detterbeck FC, Egan TM. Inadequacy of computed tomography in assessing patients with esophageal carcinoma after induction chemoradiotherapy. Cancer 1999; 85: 1026-32.
99. Zuccaro G, Rice TW, Goldblum J et al. Endoscopic ultrasound cannot determine suitability for esophagectomy after aggressive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999; 94: 906-12.
100. O'Rourke IC, McNeil RJ, Walker PJ, Bull. CA. Objective evaluation of the quality of palliation in patients with oesophageal cancer comparing surgery, radiotherapy and intubation. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg. 1992; 62: 922-30.
101. Fink U, Stein HJ, Wilke H, Roder JD, Siewert JR. Multimodal treatment for squamous cell esophageal cancer. World J. Surg. 1995; 19: 198-204.
102. Enzinger PC, Ilson DH, Kelsen DP. Chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. Semin. Oncol. 1999; 26: 12-20.
103. Fleming DR, Glisson SD, Bhupalam L et al. Phase I study of paclitaxel and day 1/day 8 gemcitabine in patients with solid malignancies. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000; 23: 349-52.
104. Inoue H. Endoscopic mucosal resection for esophageal and gastric mucosal cancers. Can. J. Gastroenterol. 1998; 12: 355-9.
105. Baron TH. Expandable metal stents for the treatment of cancerous obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. N. Engl.J. Med. 2001; 344: 1681-7.
106. Ramirez FC, Dennert B, Zierer ST, Sanowski RA. Esophageal self-expandable metallic stents - indications, practice, techniques, and complications: results of a national survey. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1997; 45: 360-4.
107. Knyrim K, Wagner HJ, Bethge N, Keymling M, Vakil N. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. N. Engl.J. Med. 1993; 329: 1302-7.
108. De Palma G, Di Matteo E, Romano G et al. Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable esophageal thoracic carcinoma: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1996; 43: 478-82.
109. Siersema PD, Hop WCJ, Dees J, Tilanus HW, van Blankenstein M. Coated self-expanding metal stents versus latex prostheses for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy, a controlled, prospective study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1998; 47: 113-20.
110. Nicholson DA, Haycox A, Kay CL et al. The cost effectiveness of metal oesophageal stenting in malignant disease compared with conventional therapy. Clin. Radiol. 1999; 54: 212-5.
111. Kocher M, Dlouhy M, Neoral C et al. Esophageal stent with antireflux valve for tumors involving the cardia: work in progress. J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol. 1998; 9: 1007-10.
112. Binmoeller KF, Krug C, Rehner M, Seifert H, Soehendra N. Endoscopic prosthesis implantation in stenoses and fistulas of the proximal cervical esophagus. Zentralbl. Chir. 1997; 122: 44-8 (in German).
113. Law S, Tung PH, Chu KM, Wong J. Self-expanding metallic stents for palliation of recurrent malignant esophageal obstruction after subtotal esophagectomy for cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. 1999; 50: 427-36.
114. Mayoral W, Fleischer D, Salcedo J et al. Nonmalignant obstruction is a common problem with metal stents in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2000; 51: 556-9.