A Review of the Effects of Aircraft Noise on Wildlife and Humans, Current Control Mechanisms, and the Need for Further Study

Environmental Management

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 418-432

  Pepper, Christopher B ^a   Nascarella, Marc A ^a   Kendall, Ronald J ^a  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aircraft; Aircraft noise; Environmental law; Human effects; Military; Overfights; Wildlife effects

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CIVIL AVIATION; LAND USE; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; MILITARY AIRCRAFT; NOISE ABATEMENT; PUBLIC POLICY;

AIRCRAFT NOISE; WILDLIFE;

NOISE POLLUTION;

AIRCRAFT; MILITARY LAND; NOISE POLLUTION; POLLUTION CONTROL; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

ACOUSTICS; AIRCRAFT NOISE; CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEARING ACUITY; HUMAN; LAW; NOISE POLLUTION; NONHUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PUBLIC HEALTH; QUALITY OF LIFE; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; UNITED STATES; WILDLIFE;

AIRCRAFT; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; DATA COLLECTION; HUMANS; NOISE; POLICY MAKING; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC POLICY; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SAMPLE SIZE; UNITED STATES;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1642458220     PISSN: 0364152X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00267-003-3024-4     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. AFCEE (Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence) 1997. NOISEMAP Version 6.5. Available: http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/ec/noise/noisemodels/noisemodels.asp
2. ANCA (Airport Noise and Capacity Act). 1990. 49 United States Code app. 2151-2158 (Supp. 1994).
3. Allison v. DOT. 1990. 285 U.S. App D.C. 265, 908 F.2d 1024, 1990 U.S. App. LEXIS 12935.
4. American Academy of Pediatrics. 1997. Noise: A hazard for the fetus and newborn (RE9728). Pediatrics 100(4), pp 724-727
5. Bakken, M., R. O. Moe, A. J. Smith, and G. M. E. Selle. 1999. Effects of environmental stressors on deep body temperature and activity levels in silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64:141-151.
6. Baliles, G. L. 2001. Aircraft noise: removing a barrier to aviation growth. Southern Methodist University School of Law Journal of Air Law and Commerce 66:1333-1342.
7. Bender, A. 1977. Noise impact on wildlife: an environmental impact assessment. Pages 155-165 in Proceedings of the 9th Conference of Space Simulation NASA (P-20007).
8. Bond, J., Rumsey, T. S. Menear, J. R. Colbert, L. I. Kern, D. Weinland, B. T. 1974. Effects of simulated sonic booms on eating patterns, feed intake and behavioral activity of ponies and beef cattle. International Livestock Symposium. SP-0174, American Society of Agriculture Engineers, US Department of Agriculture, ARS, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
9. Boudreau, G. W. 1968. Alarm sounds and responses of birds and their application in controlling problem species. Living Bird 7:27-46.
10. Brach, V. W. 1983. Measurements of the influence of aviation noise at peripartal and postpartal casualties of minks (Mustela vison f. catherdral). Veterinary Medicine Doctoral Dissertation. Institute of Animal Hygiene, Veterinary University of Hanover.
11. Broadbent, D. E. 1978. The current state of noise research: reply to Poulton. Psychological Bulletin 85:1052-1067.
12. Bullinger, M. H., G. W. Evans, M. Meis, and S. von Mackensen. 1998. The psychological cost of aircraft noise for children. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed Aug 2020:127-3.
13. Branning v. United States. 1981. 228 Ct. Cl. 240, 654 F.2d 88, 1981 U.S. Ct. Cl. LEXIS 655.
14. Brown v. United States. 1996. 73 F.3d 1100, 1996 U.S. App. LEXIS 478.
15. Brown, K. E. 2002. The International Civil Aviation Organization is the appropriate jurisdiction to settle hushkit dispute between the United States and the European Union. Dickinson School of Law, Penn State International Law Review 20:465-485.
16. Brown, K. M., R. M. Erwin, M. E. Richmond, P. A. Buckley, J. T. Tanacredi, and D. Avrin. 2001. Managing birds and controlling aircraft in the Kennedy Airport-Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge complex: the need for hard data and soft opinions. Environmental Management 28:207-224.
17. Burger, J. 1981. Behavioral responses of herring gulls (Larus Argentatus) to aircraft noise. Environmental Pollution. (Series A) 24:177-184.
18. Burger, J. 1983. Jet aircraft noise and bird strikes: why more birds are being hit. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 30:143-152.
19. Casady, R. B., and Lehmann, R. P. 1967. Response of farm animals to sonic booms, studies at Edwards Air Force Base, June 6-30, 1966. Interim Rep., U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Div., Beltsville, Maryland, 8 pp.
20. Charlie Lee v. United States Air Force. 2002. 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 17876.
21. Chen, A. C., and K. Charuk. 2001. Speech interference levels at airport noise impacted schools. Sound and Vibration 35:26-31.
22. Clacs, B. A. 2000. Aircraft noise regulation in the European Union: the hushkit problem. Southern Methodist University School of Law Journal of Air Law and Commerce 62:329-382.
23. Cohen, S., G. W. Evans, D. S. Krantz, and D. Stokols. 1980. Physiological, motivational, and cognitive effects of aircraft noise on children: moving from the laboratory to the field. American Psychologist 35:231-243.
24. Conomy, J. T., J. A. Collazo, J. A. Dubovsky, and W. J. Fleming. 1998a. Dabbling duck behavior and aircraft activity in coastal North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1127-1134.
25. Conomy, J. T., J. A. Dubovsky, A. Collazo, and W. J. Fleming. 1998b. Do black ducks and wood ducks habituate to aircraft disturbance?. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1135-1142.
26. Delaney, D. K., T. G. Grubb, P. Beier, L. L. Pater, and M. H. Reiser. 1999. Effects of helicopter noise on Mexican spotted owls. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:60-76.
27. DOT US Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration) 2000. Aviation Noise Abatement Policy 2000. Federal Register 65 (136):43802-43824.
28. Edwards, R. G., Broderson, A. B. and Barbour, R. W. 1979. Assessment of the environmental compatibility of differing helicopter noise certification standards. US Department of Transportation, FAA.
29. Efroymson, R. A., and G. W., II Suter. 2001. Ecological risk assessment framework for low-altitude overflights: II estimating effects on wildlife. Risk Analysis 21:263-274.
30. Efroymson, R. A., Rose, W. H. Suter, G. W., II. 2000. Ecological risk assessment framework for low altitude overflights by fixed-wing and rotary-wing military aircraft. ORNL/TM-2000/289, ES-5048.
31. Efroymson, R. A., G. W. Suter, II, W. H. Rose, and S. Nemeth. 2001. Ecological risk assessment framework for low-altitude aircraft overflights: I. planning the analysis and estimating exposure. Risk Analysis 21:251-262.
32. Ellis, D. H., and C. H. Ellis. 1991. Raptor responses to low-level jet aircraft and sonic booms. Environmental Pollution 74:53-83.
33. Ely, F., and W. E. Peterson. 1941. Factors involved in the ejection of milk. Journal of Dairy Science 14:211-223.
34. EPA. 1971. Community noise. NTID300.3. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
35. EPA. 1974. Information on levels of environmental noise requisite to protect public health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety. Report No. 5509-74-004. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
36. Ernenwein, R. L. 1992. A study to define the effects of aircraft overflights on parks and wildlife areas. Sound and Vibration 00:6-7.
37. Espmark, Y., L. Falt, and B. Falt. 1974. Behavioral responses in cattle and sheep exposed to sonic booms and low-altitude subsonic flight noise. The Veterinary Record 94:106-113.
38. Falzone, K. L. 1999. Airport noise pollution: is there a solution in sight? Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 26:769-805.
39. FICN (Federal Interagency Committee on Noise). 1970. Federal Agency Review of Selected Airport Noise Analysis Issues. August 1992. As reported by M. C. Branch and others Outdoor Noise and the Metropolitan Environment, Department of City Planning, City of Los Angeles, 1970.
40. FAA. (Federal Ariation Administration). 2002. Estimated airplane noise levels in A-weighted decibles. Advisor Circular 36-3H. Available: http://www.aee.faa.gov/noise/
41. Fidell, S., L. Silvati, and E. Haboly. 2002. Social survey of community response to a step change in aircraft noise exposure. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111:200-209.
42. Gesualdi, J. F. 1987. Gonna fly now: all the noise about the aircraft access problem. Hofstra Law Review. 16:213-285.
43. Gladwin, D. N., Asherin, D. A. and Manci, K. M. 1987. Effects of aircraft noise and sonic booms on fish and wildlife: results of a survey of US Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered Species and Ecological Services Field Offices, Refuges, Hatcheries, and Research Centers. NER-88/30. US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Ecology Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, 24 pp.
44. Gladwin, D. N., Manci, K. M. and Villella, R. 1988. Effects of aircraft noise and sonic booms on domestic animals and wildlife: bibliographic abstracts. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service National Ecology Research Center, Fort. Collins, Colorado. NERC-88/32. 78 pp.
45. Glass, D. C., and J. E. Singer. 1972. Urban stress: experiments on noise and social stressors. Academic Press, New York.
46. Goh, J. 1995. Problems of transnational regulation: a case study of aircraft noise regulation in the European Community. Transportation Law Journal University of Denver 23:277-300.
47. Gomes, L. M. P., A. J. F. Martinho Pimenta, and N. A. A. Castelo Branco. 1999. Effects of occupational exposure to low frequency noise on cognition. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 70:A115-A118.
48. Gosling, G. D. 2001. 2001: An airspace odyssey, summary proceedings of the 2001 airport noise symposium and airport air quality symposium. Proceedings UCB-ITS-P-2001-1. ISSN 0192 4117.
49. Griggs v. Allegheny County. 1962. 369 U.S. 84.
50. Heuwieser, V. W. 1982. Influence of aviation noise on the gestation of the cow (beef) under special consideration of endocrinological and physiological coefficient factors. Veterinary medicine doctoral dissertation. Institute of Animal Hygiene, Veterinary University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
51. Janssen, R. 1980. Future scientific activities in effects of noise on animals. Pages 632-637 in J. V. Tobias, G. Jansen, and W. D. Ward. Eds, Proceedings of the third international congress on noise as a public health problem. American Speech-Language- Hearing Association, Rockville, Maryland.
52. Jenkins, J.J., Jr. 1994. The Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990: has congress finally solved the aircraft noise problem? Journal of Air Law and Commerce 59:1023-1055.
53. King, W.S., M A J. 1997. The Fifth Amendment takings implications of Air Force aircraft overflights and the air installation compatible use zone program. The Air Force Law Review 43:197-237.
54. Klein, D.R. 1973. The reaction of some northern mammals to aircraft disturbance. Pages 377-383 in 11th International Congress on Game Biology. 3-7 September 1973, Stockholm, Sweden. National. Swedish Environmental Protection Board, Stockholm, Sweden.
55. Knipschild, P., VI. 1977. Medical effects of aircraft noise: community cardiovascular survey. International Archives of Occupational Environmental Health 40:185-190.
56. Krantz, D.S., D.C. Glass, and M.L. Snyder. 1970. Helplessness, stress level and the coronary prone behavior pattern. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 10:284-300.
57. Krausman, P.R., M.C. Wallace, C.L. Hayes, and D.W. De Young. 1998. Effects of jet aircraft on mountain sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1246-1254.
58. Leatherwood, J.D., B.M. Sullivan, K.P. Shepherd, D.A. McCurdy, and S.A. Brown. 2002. Summary of Recent NASA Studies of Human Response to Sonic Booms. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111:586-598.
59. Lercher, P., Brauchle, G. Kofler, W. Widmann, U. and Meis, M. 2000. The assessment of noise annoyance in schoolchildren and their mothers. InterNoise. The 29th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering. 27-30 August 2000, Nice, France.
60. Linnell, M.A., Conover, M.R. and Ohashi, T.J. 1996. Analysis of bird strikes at a tropical airport. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:935-945.
61. Maier, J.A., S.M. Murphy, R.G. White, and M.D. Smith. 1998. Responses of caribou to overflights by low-altitude jet aircraft. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:752-766.
62. Manci, K.M., Gladwin, D.N. and Villella, R. 1988. Effects of aircraft noise and sonic booms on domestic animals and wildlife: a literature synthesis. NERC 88/29, AFESC RE 88.14.
63. Muldoon, J.P., and R.L. Miller. 1989. Low levels of aircraft noise from expanded east coast plan operations. Inter-noise 89:665-670.
64. (NCA Noise Control Act). 1972. 42 U.S.C. §§ 4901-4918 (1994), Public Law Number 92-574.
65. (NRC National Research Council). 1982. Assembly of behavioral and social sciences. Prenatal effects of exposure to high-level noise. Report of working group 85. Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Biomechanics (CHABA), Washington, DC.
66. Passcheir-Vermeer, W. and W.F. Passchier. 2000. Noise exposure and public health. Environmental Health Respiratory 108:123-131.
67. Parker, J.B., and Bayley. N.D. 1960. Investigation of effects of aircraft sound on milk production of dairy cattle 1957-1958. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 22 pp.
68. Persyn v. United States. 1996. 25 Fed. CI., 708, 1996 U.S. Claims LEXIS 95.
69. Peterson, A.P., and E.E. Gross. 1972. Handbook of noise measurement. General Radio Company, Concord, Massachusetts.
70. Peterson, E.A., J.S. Augenstein, D.C. Tanis, and D.G. Augenstein. 1981. Noise raises blood pressure without impairing auditory sensitivity. Science 211:4150-1452.
71. Rosenlund, M., N. Berglind, G. Pershagen, L. Jarup, and G. Bluhm. 2001. Increased prevalence of hypertension in a population exposed to aircraft noise. Occupational Environmental Medicine 68:769-773.
72. Russell, W. 2001. Estimated annual cost of noise to the Army. US Army, Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine, 4 pp.
73. Schoen, J. 1986. Comment, airport noise: how state and local governments can protect airports from urban encroachment. Arizona State Law Journal 309:315.
74. Schueck, L.S., J.M. Marzluff, and K. Steenhof. 2001. Influence of military activities on raptor abundance and behavior. The Condor 103:606-615.
75. Sontag, L.W. 1944. Differences in the modifiability of fetal behavior and physiology. Psychosomatic Medicine 6:151-154.
76. Sontag, L.W., and T.W. Richards. 1938. Studies in Fetal Behavior: I. Fetal Heart Rate as a Behavioral Indicator. Child Development Monographs 3:73.
77. Sontag, L.W., and R. F. Wallace. 1934. Preliminary report of the Fels Fund: study of fetal activity. American Journal of Diseases of Children 48:1050-1057.
78. Sontag, L.W., and R.F. Wallace. 1936. Changes in the rate of the human fetal heart in response to vibratory stimuli. American Journal of Diseases of Children 51:583-589.
79. Stadelman, W.J. 1957. Observations with growing chickens on the effects of sounds of varying intensities. Poultry Science 37:776-779.
80. Stalmaster, M.V., and J.L. Kaiser. 1997. Flushing responses of wintering bald eagles to military activity. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1307-1313.
81. Suter, A.H. 1992. Noise sources and effects - a new look. Sound and Vibration 25th Anniversary Issue: 18-38.
82. Suter, A.H. 1994. Report on the proposed reduction in noise levels at the Seattle- Tacoma Airport. www.rcaanews.org/suter94.htm, last visited 26 July 2002.
83. Sutton, S. T. 1999. Aircraft noise impacts: a case study in the glacier region of the west coast of New Zealand. Noise Control Engineering Journal 47:87-90.
84. Travis, H.F., Richardson, G.V. Menear, J. R. and Bond, J. 1968. The effects of simulated sonic booms on reproduction and behavior of farm-raised mink. United States Department of Agriculture, ARS 44-200.
85. United States v. Causby. 1946. 328 U.S. 256.
86. US Air Tours Association v. F A A. 2002. 298 F. 3d 997, 2002 U.S. app. LEXIS 16535.
87. Visser, H.G., and R.A.A. Wijnen. 2001. Optimization of Noise Abetment Departure Trajectories. Journal of Aircraft 38:620-627.
88. Vistnes, I., and C. Nellemann. 2001. Avoidance of cabins, roads, and power lines by reindeer during cabing. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:915-925.
89. Ward, D.H., R.A. Stehn, W.P. Erickson, and D.V. Derksen. 1999. Response of fall-staging brant and Canada geese to aircraft overflights in southwestern Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:373-381.
90. Weisenberger, M.E., P.R. Krausman, M.C. Wallcace, D.W. De Young, and O.E. Maughan. 1996. Effects of simulated jet aircraft noise on heart rate and behavior of desert ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:52-61.