Political transfer and "Trading Up"?: Transatlantic trade in genetically modified food and U.S. politics

World Politics

Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 457-484

  Young, Alasdair R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM; REGULATORY FRAMEWORK; TRADE LIBERALIZATION; TRADE POLICY;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1642456490     PISSN: 00438871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/wp.2003.0026     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. David Vogel and Robert A. Kagan, eds., Dynamics of Regulatory Change: How Globalization Affects National Regulatory Policies (Berkeley: University of California Press/University of California International and Area Studies Digital Collection, 2002), vol. 1.
2. Sebastian B. M. Princen, "The California Effect in the Transatlantic Relationship" (Ph.D. diss., University of Utrecht, 2002).
3. Brian Hocking, "Introduction: Trade Politics: Environments, Agendas and Processes," in Brian Hocking and Stephen McGuire, eds., Trade Politics: International, Domestic, and Regional Perspectives (London: Routledge, 1999);
4. David Vogel, Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995).
5. David Vogel and Robert A. Kagan, "National Regulations in a Global Economy," in Vogel and Kagan (fn. 1), 10.
6. Helen V. Milner and David B. Yoffie, "Between Free Trade and Protectionism: Strategic Trade Policy and a Theory of Corporate Trade Demands," International Organization 43 (Spring 1989).
7. Young Duk Park and Georg C. Umbricht, "WTO Dispute Settlement, 1995-2000: A Statistical Analysis," Journal of International Economic Law 4 (January 2001);
8. Alasdair R. Young, "Trade Wars and the 'War on Terrorism': Transatlantic Economic Relations since September 11, 2001" (Paper presented at the European Union Studies Association Eighth Biennial International Conference, Nashville, March 27-29, 2003).
9. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Statistics 200 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000).
10. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Fact Book 1999 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000).
11. Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986);
12. Kathleen Thelen and Sven Steinmo, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," in Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
13. Marsha A. Echols, "Food Safety Regulation in the European Union and the United States: Different Cultures, Different Laws," Columbia Journal of European Law 4 (Fall 1998);
14. David Vogel, "Ships Passing in the Night: The Changing Politics of Risk Regulation in Europe and the United States," RSC Working Paper 01/16 (San Domenico di Fiesole: European University Institute, 2001).
15. David Vogel, "EU Consumer and Environmental Politics and Policies in Comparative Perspective" (Paper presented at the Robert Schuman Centre Luncheon Seminar, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole, December 12, 2000).
16. Sheila Jasanoff, "Cultural Aspects of Risk Assessment in Britain and the United States," in B. B. Johnson and V. T. Covello, eds., The Social and Cultural Construction of Risk (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing, 1987).
17. Janet L. Andersen, "Testimony before the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, United States Senate," October 7, 1999; Vogel (fn. 19).
18. (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/_e1lrd/whbio53.html, accessed October 20, 2000).
19. Sally L. McCammon, Statement before the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, October 7, 1999.
20. Joseph A. Levitt, "FDA's Policy on Genetically Modified Food" (Presentation at the millennium conference of the Association for Food and Drug Officials, Burlington, Vt., June 19, 2000).
21. James H. Maryanski, Statement on Biotechnology Issues before the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, October 7, 1999.
22. Lee Ann Patterson, "Biotechnology Policy," in Helen Wallace and William Wallace, eds., Policy-Making in the European Union, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
23. Stephen Woolcock, "The Precautionary Principle in the European Union and Its Impact on International Trade Relations" (Paper presented at the final international forum of the Collaboration Projects, Environmental Study Group, organized by the Economic and Social Research Institute [ESRI], Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Tokyo, February 18-21, 2002).
24. Tony Van der Haegen, in the transcript, "Are U.S. and Europe Heading for a Fight over Genetically Modified Food?" (October 24, 2001; http://pewagbiotech.org/events/1024, accessed May 23, 2002).
25. United States Trade Representative, 1998 National Trade Report on Foreign Barriers (Washington, D.C.: USTR, 1998).
26. http://ww.ncga.com/11biotechnology:/know_where/statement.htm.
27. (www.amsoy.org/biotech/approvalbkgd.htm, December 14, 2000, accessed February 28, 2001).
28. (ww.uswheat.org, February 5, 2001, accessed May 18, 2001).
29. American Bakers Association, "American Bakers Association Biotechnology Position Statement" September 2001).
30. www.ncga.com/biotechnology/main/position.htm, February 2001, accessed May 30, 2001).
31. www.uswheat.org.
32. Mark A. Pollack and Gregory C. Shaffer, "The Challenge of Reconciling Regulatory Differences: Food Safety and Genetically Modified Organisms in the Transatlantic Relationship," in Pollack and Shaffer, eds., Transatlantic Governance in the Global Economy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001).
33. Scott Kilman, "Refiners Shun Bioengineered Sugar Beets, Frustrating Plans for Monsanto, Aventis," Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2001.
34. Charlene Barshefsky, "Testimony on America's Agricultural Trade Agenda," Senate Committee on Agriculture, June 24, 1999;
35. Michael Dykes, testimony to the hearing on Issues in U.S.-European Union Trade: European Privacy Legislation and Biotechnology/Food Safety Policy, International Relations Committee, House of Representatives, May 7, 1998;
36. Stuart E. Eizenstat, "Prepared Statement before the House International Relations Committee, Subject-The Future of Our Economic Partnership with Europe," June 15, 1999;
37. Richard G. Lugar, Opening Statement to the hearing on the Science of Biotechnology and Its Potential Applications to Agriculture, the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, October 6, 1999;
38. Robert E. Smith, Thomas W. Ewing, and Collin C. Peterson, "European Union-Germany-France Report: Committee on Agriculture, Agriculture Trade Expansion Delegation," June 1998.
39. (http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/ag/hag1066.000/hag1066_0.htm).
40. (http://agriculture.house.gov/106.pr990324a.html.)
41. Jeffery Barach, Testimony to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, United States Senate, October 7, 1999;
42. L. Val Giddings, Testimony to the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, October 7, 1999;
43. Gary Kushner, "Testimony of the Grocery Manufacturers of America before the Senate Agriculture Committee Hearing on Biotechnology," October 7, 1999.
44. Dan Glickman, "New Crops, New Century, New Challenges: How Will Scientists, Farmers and Consumers Learn to Love Biotechnology and What Will Happen If They Don't?" (Remarks to the National Press Club, Washington, D.C., July 13, 1999;
45. (www.usda.gov/news/releases/1999/07/0285).
46. National Academy of Sciences, Environmental Effects of Transgenic Plants: The Scope and Adequacy Regulation (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002).
47. Food and Drug Administration, "Premarker Notice Concerning Bioengineered Foods," Federal Register, 66/12 (January 18, 2001).
48. M. F. Jacobson, "Common Sense on Biotechnology," Wall Street Journal, January 25, 2001.
49. (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/_e1dms/biolabgu.html, January 2001, accessed January 22, 2001).
50. (www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS01043.html).
51. Thomas O. McGarity and Patricia I. Hansen, "Breeding Distrust: An Assessment and Recommendations for Improving the Regulation of Plant Derived Genetically Modified Foods" (Report prepared for the Food Policy Institute of the Consumer Federation of America, January 11, 2001).
52. (www.epa.gov/scipoly/summary.pdf, 2001).
53. (http://pewagbiotech.orgresources/factsheets/bills/factshhet.php3, accessed January 29, 2003)
54. Joseph A. Levitt, "Testimony before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions on 'The Future of Food: Biotechnology and Consumer Confidence,'" September 26, 2000; author interview with a USDA official, Washington, D.C., January 12, 2001.
55. Carol Tucker Foreman, "Statement before the Food and Drug Administration Public Meeting on Bioengineered Plants" (Washington, D.C.: Consumer Federation of America, November 30, 1999);
56. (http://www.consumerunion.org/news/news.html, accessed May 22, 2001).
57. (http://www.consumerscouncil.org/ccc/gmo/gmo.htm, accessed May 22, 2000).
58. (http://www.consumerfed.org/releases.html, accessed May 25, 2001).
59. www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/etc/script.html.
60. (http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/ge/gereleasestext.htm)
61. (http://www.sierraclub.org/biotech)
62. (http://www.foe.org/safefood) is June 1999.
63. (www.foe.org/safefood/companyletter.html, August 6, 1999, accessed May 22, 2001).
64. Wall Street Journal, October 12, 1999.
65. National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2000 (Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 2000).
66. Juan Enriquez and Ray A. Goldberg, "Transforming Life, Transforming Business: The Life-Science Revolution," Harvard Business Review 78 (March-April 2000);
67. Julia A. Moore, in the transcript "Are the U.S. and Europe Heading for a Fight over Genetically Modified Food?" October 24, 2001
68. (http://pewagbiotech.org/events/1024, accessed May 23, 2002).
69. (www.ilfb.org/, accessed May 17, 2001).
70. (http://www.useu.be/Categories/Agriculture/AgricCornGrowersBiotech 15June01.html, accessed May 16, 2002).
71. (www.amsoy.org/documents/fdabiotech.htm).
72. (www.fb.org/issues/backgrd/bioengineered.html, September 2000, accessed February 28, 2001).
73. (www.gmabrands.com/pubpolicy/buzz/pp_update/2001/013001.htm, 2001, accessed February 28, 2001).
74. New York Times, August 2, 2002.
75. (www.bio.org/newsroom/newsitem.asp?id-2002_080101, accessed August 21, 2002).
76. (www.cfsan.fda.gov/_e1dms/opa-armg.html, accessed January 23, 2001).
77. NFPA Journal 2 (December 2000).
78. Leonard J. Schoppa, "Two-Level Games and Bargaining Outcomes: Why Gaiatsu Succeeds in Japan in Some Cases but Not Others," International Organization 47 (Summer 1993).
79. David G. Victor, "WTO Efforts to Manage Differences in National Sanitary and Phytosanitary Policies," in Vogel and Kagan (fn. 1).
80. Joyce Gelb, "Feminism, NGO's, and the Impact of the New Transnationalisms," in Vogel and Kagan (fn. 1).
81. Grant Isaac, Shondeep Banerji, and Steve Woolcock, "International Trade Policy and Food Safety," Consumer Policy Review 10 (November-December 2000); Vogel (fn. 16).