Clinical Breast Lymphoscintigraphy: Optimal Techniques for Performing Studies, Image Atlas, and Analysis of Images

Radiographics

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 121-139

  Krynyckyi, Borys R ^a,b   Kim, Chun K ^a   Goyenechea, Martin R ^a   Chan, Peggy T ^a   Zhang, Zhuang Yu ^a   Machac, Josef ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MOUNT SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast neoplasms, metastases, 07.33; Breast neoplasms, radionuclide studies, 00.12161; Breast neoplasms, staging, 00.32; Lymphatic system, neoplasms, 997.8331; Lymphatic system, radionuclide studies, 997.12961

Indexed keywords

RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; TECHNETIUM SULFUR COLLOID TC 99M;

COLLIMATOR; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; INFECTION PREVENTION; INJECTION SITE; ISOTOPE LABELING; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATIENT POSITIONING; REVIEW; SCINTIMAMMOGRAPHY;

EID: 1642456488     PISSN: 02715333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1148/rg.241025713     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Mariani L, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized study comparing breast conserving surgery with radical mastectomy for early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1227-1232.
2. Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:1233-1241.
3. Keshtgar MR, Ell PJ. Clinical role of sentinellymph-node biopsy in breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2002; 3:105-110.
4. Krag D. Why perform randomized clinical trials for sentinel node surgery for breast cancer? Am J Surg 2001; 182:411-413.
5. Krynyckyi BR, Kim CK, Shafir MK, Mosci K, Machac J. Breast cancer and its management: the utility and technique of lymphoscintigraphy. In: Freeman LM, ed. Nuclear medicine annual, 2003. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003; 131-169.
6. Burak WE, Hollenbeck ST, Zervos EE, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy results in less postoperative morbidity compared with axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer. Am J Surg 2002; 183: 23-27.
7. Mariani G, Gipponi M, Moresco L, et al. Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant cutaneous melanoma. J Nucl Med 2002; 43: 811-827.
8. Mariani G, Moresco L, Viale G, et al. Radio-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer surgery. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:1198-1215.
9. Strickland AH, Beechey-Newman N, Steer CB, Harper PG. Sentinel node biopsy: an in depth appraisal. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 44:45-70.
10. Krynyckyi BR, Firestone M, Eskandar Y, et al. Dual method injection technique for breast lymphoscintigraphy to maximize visualization of sentinel nodes (abstr). J Nucl Med 2000; 41:281.
11. Krynyckyi BR, Miner M, Ragonese JM, Firestone M, Kim CK, Machac J, Technical aspects of performing lymphoscintigraphy: optimization of methods used to obtain images. Clin Nucl Med 2000; 25:978-985.
12. Wong SL, Edwards MJ, Chao C, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: impact of number of sentinel nodes removed on false negative rate. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192:684-689.
13. Schrenk P, Rehberger W, Shamiyeh A, Wayand W. Sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer: does the number of sentinel nodes removed have an impact on the accuracy of finding a positive node? J Surg Oncol 2002; 80:130-136.
14. McCarter MD, Yeung H, Fey J, Borgen PI, Cody HS 3rd. The breast cancer patient with multiple sentinel nodes: when to stop? J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192:692-697.
15. Gommans GM, van Dongen A, van der Schors TG, et al. Further optimization of 99mTc-Nanocoll sentinel node localization in carcinoma of the breast by improved labeling. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28:1450-1455.
16. Krynyckyi BR, Zhang ZY, Kim CK, Lipszyc H, Mosci K, Machac J. Effects of high specific activity sulfur colloid preparations on sentinel node count rates. Clin Nucl Med 2002; 27:92-95.
17. Feldman SM, Krag DN, McNally RK, et al. Limitation in gamma probe localization of the sentinel node in breast cancer patients with large excisional biopsy. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 188:248-254.
18. Uren RF, Thompson JF, Howman-Giles RB. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Lancet 1998; 352:1472-1473.
19. Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdes Olmos RA, Kroon BB. Anatomy and physiology of lymphatic drainage of the breast from the perspective of sentinel node biopsy. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192:399-409.
20. Van der Ent FW, Kengen RA, Van der Pol HA, et al. Sentinel node biopsy in 70 unselected patients with breast cancer: increased feasibility by using 10 mCi radiocolloid in combination with a blue dye tracer. Eur J Surg Oncol 1999; 25:24-29.
21. Paganelli G, Galimberti V, Trifiro G, et al. Internal mammary node lymphoscintigraphy and biopsy in breast cancer. Q J Nucl Med 2002; 46: 138-144.
22. Borgstein PJ, Meijer S, Pijpers R. Intradermal blue dye to identify the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. Lancet 1997; 349:1668-1669.
23. Linehan DC, Hill AD, Akhurst T, et al. Intradermal radiocolloid and intraparenchymal blue dye injection optimize sentinel node identification in breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 1999; 6:450-454.
24. McMasters KM, Wong SL, Martin RC 2nd, et al. Dermal injection of radioactive colloid is superior to peritumoral injection for breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy: results of a multiinstitutional study. Ann Surg 2001; 233:676-687.
25. Roumen RM, Geuskens LM, Valkenburg JG. In search of the true sentinel node by different injection techniques in breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol 1999; 25:347-351.
26. Rettenbacher L, Kassmann H, Galvan G, Menzel C, Reitsamer R, Holzmannhofer J. Lymphoscintigraphy in breast cancer patients: comparison of peritumoural and intradermal injection. Nuklearmedizin 2000; 39:152-155.
27. Klimberg VS, Rubio IT, Henry R, Cowan C, Colvert M, Korourian S. Subareolar versus peritumoral injection for location of the sentinel lymph node. Ann Surg 1999; 229:860-864.
28. Mertz L, Mathelin C, Marin C, et al. Subareolar injection of 99m-Tc sulfur colloid for sentinel nodes identification in multifocal invasive breast cancer. Bull Cancer 1999; 86:939-945.
29. Kern KA, Rosenberg RJ. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy during lymphatic mapping for breast cancer: improved sentinel node imaging using subareolar injection of technetium 99m sulfur colloid. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 191:479-489.
30. Alazraki N, Styblo T, Grant S, et al. Optimum injection methods (peritumoral [PT], subdermal [SD] and periareolar [PA]) to image sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in breast cancer (abstr). J Nucl Med 2001; 42:116.
31. Gambir S, Azad M, Barlow R, et al. Tumor quadrant and depth independent subareolar injection of 99mTc-albumin colloid (AC) and blue dye (BD) in detection of sentinel lymph node/s (SLN) in breast carcinoma (abstr). J Nucl Med 2001; 42:116.
32. Winzer KJ, Geworski L, Zander A, Muller J, Munz DL. Prospective intraindividual comparative study of peritumoral and subareolar application of 99mTc nanocolloid in sentinel node (SN) detection in breast cancer (abstr). J Nucl Med 2001; 42:117.
33. Kern KA. Breast lymphatic mapping using subareolar injections of blue dye and radiocolloid: illustrated technique. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192: 545-550.
34. Tuttle TM, Colbert M, Christensen R, et al. Subareolar injection of 99mTc facilitates sentinel lymph node identification. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9:77-81.
35. Valdes-Olmos RA, Jansen L, Hoefnagel CA, et al. Evaluation of mammary lymphoscintigraphy by a single intratumoral injection for sentinel node identification. J Nucl Med 2000; 41:1500-1506.
36. Tanis PJ, Deurloo EE, Valdes Olmos RA, et al. Single intralesional tracer dose for radio-guided excision of clinically occult breast cancer and sentinel node. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 8:850-855.
37. Doting MH, Jansen L, Nieweg OE, et al. Lymphatic mapping with intralesional tracer administration in breast carcinoma patients. Cancer 2000; 88:2546-2552.
38. Miner TJ, Shriver CD, Jaques DP, Maniscalco-Theberge ME, Krag DN. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: the role of previous biopsy on patient eligibility. Am Surg 1999; 65:493-498.
39. Haigh PI, Hansen NM, Qi K, Giuliano AE. Biopsy method and excision volume do not affect success rate of subsequent sentinel lymph node dissection in breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7:21-27.
40. Bass SS, Cox CE, Salud CJ, et al. The effects of postinjection massage on the sensitivity of lymphatic mapping in breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192:9-16.
41. Rosser RJ. A point of view: trauma is the cause of occult micrometastatic breast cancer in sentinel axillary lymph nodes. Breast J 2000; 6:209-212.
42. Rosser RJ. Sentinel lymph nodes and postinjection massage: it is premature to reject caution (letter). J Am Coll Surg 2001; 193:338-339.
43. Maurer AH, Rodman MS, Vitti RA, Revez G, Krevsky B. Gastrointestinal bleeding: improved localization with cine scintigraphy. Radiology 1992; 185:187-192.
44. Haigh PI, Hansen NM, Giuliano AE, Edwards GK, Ye W, Glass EC. Factors affecting sentinel node localization during preoperative breast lymphoscintigraphy. J Nucl Med 2000; 41:1682-1688.
45. Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Renwick SB, Gillett D. Lymphatic mapping of the breast: locating the sentinel lymph nodes. World J Surg 2001; 25: 789-793.
46. Pierini A, Dworkin HJ. Is the upright position more sensitive than the supine position in breast cancer sentinel node lymphoscintigraphy? Clin Nucl Med 2001; 26:823-825.
47. Krynyckyi BR, Kim CK, Goyenechea M, Machac J. Methods to outline the patient during lymphoscintigraphy (letter). J Nucl Med 2003; 44:992.
48. Clarke E, Notghi A, Harding K. Improved body-outline imaging technique for localization of sentinel lymph nodes in breast surgery. J Nucl Med 2002; 43:1181-1183.
49. Fujii H, Yamashita H, Nakahara T, et al. Outlining the body contour using the scattered photons in lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel nodes (abstr). J Nucl Med 2000; 41:279.
50. Paganelli G, Galimberti V, Trifiro G, et al. Internal mammary node lymphoscintigraphy and biopsy in breast cancer. Q J Nucl Med 2002; 46: 145-151.
51. Shimazu K, Tamaki Y, Taguchi T, et al. Lymphoscintigraphic visualization of internal mammary nodes with subtumoral injection of radiocolloid in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg 2003; 237:390-398.
52. Krynyckyi BR, Chun H, Kim HH, Eskandar Y, Kim CK, Machac J. Factors affecting visualization rates of internal mammary sentinel nodes during lymphoscintigraphy. J Nucl Med 2003; 44:1387-1393.
53. Lucci A Jr, Kelemen PR, Miller C 3rd, Chardkoff L, Wilson L. National practice patterns of sentinel lymph node dissection for breast carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192:453-458.
54. Cserni G, Szekeres JP. Internal mammary lymph nodes and sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Surg Oncol 2001; 10:25-33.
55. Noguchi M. Internal mammary sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer: is it practicable and relevant? Oncol Rep 2002; 9:461-468.
56. Veronesi U, Marubini E, Mariani L, et al. The dissection of internal mammary nodes does not improve the survival of breast cancer patients: 30-year results of a randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:1320-1325.
57. Bevilacqua J, Gucciardo G, Cody H, et al. A selection algorithm for internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002; 28:603-614.
58. Dupont E, Cox CE, Nguyen K, et al. Utility of internal mammary lymph node removal when noted by intraoperative gamma probe detection. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 8:833-836.
59. Tanis PJ, Nieweg OE, Valdes Olmos RA, et al. Impact of non-axillary sentinel node biopsy on staging and treatment of breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:705-710.
60. Kern KA. A rational approach to internal mammary node biopsy in the era of lymphatic mapping for breast cancer. J Surg Oncol 2002; 79:5-9.
61. Krynyckyi BR, Kim CK, Mosci K, et al. Areolarcutaneous "junction" injections to augment sentinel node count activity. Clin Nucl Med 2003; 28: 97-107.
62. Feezor RJ, Kasraeian A, Copeland EM 3rd, et al. Sequential dermal-peritumoral radiocolloid injection for sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer: the University of Florida experience. Am Surg 2002; 68:684-688.
63. Giuliano AE, Kirgan DM, Guenther JM, Morton DL. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 391-398.
64. Cox CE, Pendas S, Cox JM, et al. Guidelines for sentinel node biopsy and lymphatic mapping of patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 645-653.
65. Cody HS, Fey J, Akhurst T, et al. Complementarity of blue dye and isotope in sentinel node localization for breast cancer: univariate and multivariate analysis of 966 procedures. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 8:13-19.
66. McMasters KM, Tuttle TM, Carlson DJ, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: a suitable alternative to routine axillary dissection in multi-institutional practice when optimal technique is used. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:2560-2566.
67. Alazraki NP, Styblo T, Grant SF, Cohen C, Larsen T, Aarsvold JN. Sentinel node staging of early breast cancer using lymphoscintigraphy and the intraoperative gamma-detecting probe. Semin Nucl Med 2000; 30:56-64.
68. Dowlatshahi K, Fan M, Bloom KJ, et al. Occult metastases in the sentinel lymph nodes of patients with early stage breast carcinoma: a preliminary study. Cancer 1999; 86:990-996.
69. Motomura K, Komoike Y, Inaji H, et al. Multiple sectioning and immunohistochemical staining of sentinel nodes in patients with breast cancer. Br J Surg 2002; 89:1032-1034.
70. Bostick PJ, Huynh KT, Sarantou T, et al. Detection of metastases in sentinel lymph nodes of breast cancer patients by multiple-marker RT-PCR. Int J Cancer 1998; 79:645-651.
71. Krag DN, Weaver DL. Pathological and molecular assessment of sentinel lymph nodes in solid tumors. Semin Oncol 2002; 29:274-279.
72. Salem AA, Douglas-Jones AG, Sweetland HM, Newcombe RG, Mansel RE. Evaluation of axillary lymph nodes using touch imprint cytology and immunohistochemistry. Br J Surg 2002; 89:1386-1389.
73. Creager AJ, Geisinger KR. Intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes for breast carcinoma: current methodologies. Adv Anat Pathol 2002; 9:233-243.
74. Brenot-Rossi I, Houvenaeghel G, Jacquemier J, et al. Nonvisualization of axillary sentinel node during lymphoscintigraphy: is there a pathologic significance in breast cancer? J Nucl Med 2003; 44: 1232-1237.
75. Bass SS, Cox CE, Salud CJ, et al. The effects of postinjection massage on the sensitivity of lymphatic mapping in breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192:9-16.
76. Celliers L, Mann GB. Alternative sites of injection for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. ANZ J Surg 2003; 73:600-604.