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Among these exceptions, in prokaryotes, the use of D-amino acids in bacterial cell-walls is well known. In eukaryotes, recently, several receptor agonists and neuroactive tetrapeptides containing a D-amino acid residue have been isolated from amphibian and mollusc. These peptides are synthesized via post-translational enzymatic epimerization from an all-L precursor: Heck, S.D., Faraci, W.S., Kelbaugh, P.R., Saccomano, N.A., Thadeio, P.F. and Volkmann, R.A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93 (1996) 4036; reviews: Lamzin, V.S., Dauter, Z. and Wilson, K.S., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 5 (1995) 830; Mor, A., Amiche, M. and Nicolas, P., Trends Biochem. Sci., 17 (1992) 481. For other examples of racemases, but from prokaryotic origin, see References 3 and 4.
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Among these exceptions, in prokaryotes, the use of D-amino acids in bacterial cell-walls is well known. In eukaryotes, recently, several receptor agonists and neuroactive tetrapeptides containing a D-amino acid residue have been isolated from amphibian and mollusc. These peptides are synthesized via post-translational enzymatic epimerization from an all-L precursor: Heck, S.D., Faraci, W.S., Kelbaugh, P.R., Saccomano, N.A., Thadeio, P.F. and Volkmann, R.A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93 (1996) 4036; reviews: Lamzin, V.S., Dauter, Z. and Wilson, K.S., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 5 (1995) 830; Mor, A., Amiche, M. and Nicolas, P., Trends Biochem. Sci., 17 (1992) 481. For other examples of racemases, but from prokaryotic origin, see References 3 and 4.
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For other examples of racemases, but from prokaryotic origin, see References 3 and
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Among these exceptions, in prokaryotes, the use of D-amino acids in bacterial cell-walls is well known. In eukaryotes, recently, several receptor agonists and neuroactive tetrapeptides containing a D-amino acid residue have been isolated from amphibian and mollusc. These peptides are synthesized via post-translational enzymatic epimerization from an all-L precursor: Heck, S.D., Faraci, W.S., Kelbaugh, P.R., Saccomano, N.A., Thadeio, P.F. and Volkmann, R.A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93 (1996) 4036; reviews: Lamzin, V.S., Dauter, Z. and Wilson, K.S., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 5 (1995) 830; Mor, A., Amiche, M. and Nicolas, P., Trends Biochem. Sci., 17 (1992) 481. For other examples of racemases, but from prokaryotic origin, see References 3 and 4.
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All the genetically coded amino acids have only one stereogenic atom (the α-carbon atom), with the exception of isoleucine and threonine. In these two cases, the β-carbon is also stereogenic. The configuration of natural L-isoleucine is 2S, 3S and that of L-threonine 2S, 3R. The configuration of D-isoleucine is 2R, 3R and that of D-threonine is 2R, 3S.
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From a strict point of view, in the case of amino acids with two stereogenic centers, the appropriate replacement for the native L-amino acid is not the D-amino acid but the D-allo amino acid. Thus, D-allo-isoleucine has a 2R, 3S configuration and D-allo-threonine has a 2R, 3R configuration, i.e. they have the same configuration as native L-isoleucine and L-threonine at the side-chain atoms and opposite configuration at the backbone. For recent examples of the synthesis of protected D-allo-threonine and D-allo-isoleucine, see References 13 and 14.
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However, atropisomers are, in general, enantiomers, not diastereomers. Furthermore, atropisomerism has a kinetic origin e.g. the lack of accessibility of conformations where the two phenyl rings are coplanar.
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With only one disulfide bridge, this compound can also be meso.
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