High-resolution ostracode records of the Paleocene/Eocene transition in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt - Taxonomy, biostratigraphy, paleoecology and paleobiogeography

Senckenbergiana Lethaea

Volumn 83, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 61-93

  Morsi, Abdel Mohsen M ^a   Speijer, Robert P ^b  

^a Ain Shams University   (Egypt)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Biostratigraphy; Egypt; Ostracoda; Paleobiogeography; Paleocene Eocene boundary; Paleoecology; PETM; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; EOCENE; MICROPALEONTOLOGY; OSTRACODE; PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY; PALEOCENE; PALEOCENE-EOCENE BOUNDARY; PALEOECOLOGY; STRATIGRAPHY;

AFRICA; EASTERN DESERT; EGYPT; NORTH AFRICA;

BAIRDIA; CYTHERELLA; LEGUMINOCYTHEREIS; OSTRACODA;

EID: 1642399781     PISSN: 00372110     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03043306     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. AL-SHEIKHLY, S. S. J. (1985): The new genus Ordoniya (Ostracoda) from the Paleogene of the Middle East. - Proc. 2nd Jordan. Geol. Conf. Amman: 238-273, 5 pls.; Amman.
2. APOSTOLESCU, V. (1961): Contribution à l'étude paléontologique (Ostracodes) et stratigraphique des bassins crétacés et tertiaires de l'Afrique occidentale. - Rev. Inst. Franç. Pétr., 16 (7-8): 779-867; Paris.
3. AUBRY, M.-P. (1998): Early Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton evolution: A tale of climatic amelioration. - In: M.-P. AUBRY, S. G. LUCAS & W. A. BERGGREN (Hrsg.), Late Paleocene-early Eocene climatic and biotic events in the marine and terrestrial records: 158-203; New York (Columbia University Press).
4. AUBRY, M.-P., BERGGREN, W. A., CRAMER, B., DUPUIS, C., KENT, D. V., OUDA, K., SCHMITZ, B. & STEURBAUT, E. (1999): Paleocene/Eocene boundary sections in Egypt. - In: H. A. SOLIMAN & K. A. K. OUDA (Hrsg.), The First International Conference on the Geology of Africa, Nov. 23-25, 1999: 1-11; Assiut.
5. AUBRY, M.-P., CRAMER, B. S., MILLER, K. G., WRIGHT, J. D., KENT, D. V. & OLSSON, R. K. (2000): Late Paleocene event chronology; unconformities, not diachrony. - Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., 171 (3): 367-378; Paris. - [2000a]
6. AUBRY, M.-P., REQUIRAND, C. & COOK, J. (2000): The Rhomboaster-Tribrachiatus lineage; a remarkable succession of events from 55.5 to 53.2 Ma. - In: B. SCHMITZ, B. SUNDQUIST & F. P. ANDREASSON (Hrsg.), Early Paleogene warm climates and biosphere dynamics. - GFF, 122 (1): 15-18; Stockholm. - [2000b]
7. BARSOTTI, G. (1963): Paleocenic ostracods of Libya (Sirte basin) and their wide African distribution. - Rev. Inst. Franç. Pétr., 18 (11): 1520-1535, 3 pls.; Paris.
8. BASSIOUNI, M. A. A. (1969): Ostracoden aus dem Eozän von Ägypten, 2. Die Unterfamilien Hemicytherinae, Thaerocytherinae und Campylocytherinae. - Geol. Jb., 88: 203-234, 4 pls.; Hannover. - [1969a]
9. BASSIOUNI, M. A. A. (1969): Einige Costa- und Carinocythereis (Reticutina)-Arten aus dem Paläozän und Eozän von Jordanien (Ostracoda). - N. Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol., Abh., 134 (1): 1-16, 2 pls.; Stuttgart, - [1969b]
10. BASSIOUNI, M. A. A. (1970): Ostracoden (Mauritsininae und Trachyleberidinae) und ihre Bedeuteung für die Biostratigraphie des Maastrichts und Alttertiärs von Jordanien. - Beih. Geol. Jahrb., 106: 5-52, 5 pls.; Hannover.
11. BASSIOUNI, M. A. A., BOUKHARY, M. A. & ANAN, H. S. (1977): Ostracodes from Gebel Gurnah, Nile Valley, Egypt. - Proc. Egypt. Acad. Sci., 30:1-9, 3 pls.; Cairo.
12. BASSIOUNI, M. A. A. & LUGER, P. (1990): Maastrichtian to early Eocene Ostracoda from southern Egypt: Palaeontology, palaeoecology, paleobiogeography and biostratigraphy. - In: E. KLITZSCH & E. SCHRANK (Hrsg.), Research in Sudan, Somalia, Egypt and Kenya; results of the special research project "Geoscientific problems in arid and semiarid areas" (Sonderforschungsbereich 69); period 1987-1990. - Berl. Geowiss. Abh., Rh. A: Geol. Paläontol., 120 (2): 755-928, 16 figs., 14 tabs., 25 pls.; Berlin.
13. BASSIOUNI, M. A. A. & LUGER, P. (1996): Middle Eocene Ostracoda from Northern Somalia. - Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg, 129: 1-139, 27 pls.; Frankfurt am Main.
14. BASSIOUNI, M. A. A. & MORSI, A. M. (2000): Paleocene-Lower Eocene ostracodes from El Quss Abu Said Plateau (Farafra Oasis), Western Desert, Egypt. - Palaeontographica, Abt. A, 257: 27-84, 12 pls.; Stuttgart.
15. BATE, R. H. (1972): Upper Cretaceous Ostracoda from the Carnavoran Basin, Western Australia.- Spec. Pap. Paleontology, 10: 85 pp., 27 pls.; London.
16. BENSON, R. H. (1977): Evolution of Oblitacythereis from Paleocosta (Ostracoda: Trachyleberididae) during the Cenozoic in the Mediterranian and Atlantic. - Smiths. Contr. Paleobiol., 33, 47 pp.; Washington.
17. BENSON, R. H. (1990): Ostracoda and the discovery of global Cainozoic palaeoceanographical events. - In: R. WHATLEY & C. MAYBURY (Hrsg.), Ostracoda and global events: 41-58, British Micropaleontological Society Publication Series; London (Chapman and Hall).
18. BERGGREN, W. A. & MILLER, K. G. (1989): Cenozoic bathyal and abyssal calcareous benthic foraminiferal zonation. - Micropaleontology, 35: 308-320; New York.
19. BERGGREN, W. A., AUBRY, M.-P., VAN FOSSEN, M., KENT, D. V, NORRIS, R. D. & QUILLÉVÉRÉ, F. (2000): Integrated Paleocene calcareous plankton magnetobiochronology and stable isotope stratigraphy; DSDP Site 384 (NW Atlantic Ocean). - Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 159 (1/2): 1-51; Amsterdam.
20. BERGGREN, W. A., KENT, D. V., SWISHER, C. C. & AUBRY, M.-P. (1995): A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. - In: W. A. BERGGREN, D. V. KENT, M.-P. AUBRY & J. HARDENBOL (Hrsg.), Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation, SEPM Special Publication, 54: 129-212; Tulsa.
21. BOLLE, M.-P., TANTAWY, A. A., PARDO, A., ADATTE, T., BURNS, S. & KASSAB, A. (2000): Climatic and environmental changes documented in the upper Paleocene to lower Eocene of Egypt. - Eclog. Geol. Helv., 93: 33-51; Basel.
22. BOUKHARY, M. A., DAMOTTE, R. & MOHAMED, M. (1982): Un nouveau genre d'ostracodes du Maestrichtien d'Egypte: Aegyptiana abutarturensis n. gen., n.sp. - Cah. Micropaleont., 1982 (1): 7-12, 1 pl.; Paris. - [1982a]
23. BOUKHARY, M. A., GUERNET, C. & MANSOUR, H. (1982): Ostracodes du Tertiaire inférieur de l'Egypte. - Cah. Micropaléontol., 1982 (1): 13-20; Paris. - [1982b]
24. CARBONNEL, G. (1986): Ostracodes tertiaires (Paléogène à Néogène) du bassin sénégalo- guinéen. - Doc. B.R.G.M., 101: 34-217, 13pls.; Orléans.
25. CARBONNEL, G., ALZOUMA, K. & DIKOUMA, M. (1990): Les Ostracodes paléocènes du Niger; taxinomie; un témoignage de l'existence éventuelle de la Mer transsaharienne? - Geobios, 23 (6): 671-697; Lyon.
26. CARBONNEL, G. & JOHNSON, A. (1989): Les ostracodes Paléogène du Togo: taxonomie, biostratigraphie, apports dans l'organisation et l'evolution du Bassin.- Geobios, 22 (4): 409-443, 4 pls.; Lyon.
27. CARRONNEL, G. & MANCIARDINI, C. (1995): Ostracodes Paléogène au dépouché de la mer transsaharienne (Mali, Niger). - Documents de la Laboratoire de Géologie, 135: 1-123; Lyon.
28. CARBONNEL, G. & OYEDE, M. (1991): Les ostracodes du site d'Onigbolo (Paléocène, Benin). Leur place dans le bassin Togo-Nigeria. - Ann. Paléont., 77(2): 65-106, 4 pls.; Paris.
29. 18O isotopes from foraminiferal calcite. - Paleoceanography, 13: 106-118; Washington.
30. COLIN, J.-P., TAMBAREAU, Y. & KRASHENINNIKOV, A. (1998): Maastrichtian and Paleocene ostracode assemblages of Mali (Western Africa). - Dela-Opera SAZU 4 razr., 34 (2): 273-345, 8 pls.; Ljubljana.
31. CROUCH, E. M., HEILMANN-CLAUSEN, C., BRINKHUIS, H., MORGANS, H. E. G., ROGERS, K. M., EGGER, H. & SCHMITZ, B. (2001): Global dinoflagellate event associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum. - Geology, 29 (4): 315-318; Boulder.
32. DAMOTTE, R. & FLEURY, J. J. (1987): Ostracodes maastrichtiens et paléocènes du Djebel Dyr, près de Tebessa, (Algérie orientale). - In: Tenth African micropaleontology symposium; B, The Mesozoic. - Géol. Méditerr., 14 (2): 87-107, 3 pls.; Aix-en-Provence.
33. DICKENS, G. R., O'NEIL, J. R., REA, D. K. & OWEN, R. M. (1995): Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. - Paleoceanography, 10 (6): 965-971; Washington.
34. DIGBEHI, B. Z., CARBONNEL, G. & DUFAURE, P. (1994): Contribution à l'analyse microfaunistique (ostracodes et foraminifères) à la reconstitution paléogéographique du bassin "onshore" de Côte d'lvoire à la limite Paléocène/Eocène. - Rev. Micropaléontol., 37: 189-199; Paris.
35. DIOP, A., GUERNET, C. & POIGNANT, A. (1982): Microfaune du Paléocène de quelques sondages du Dome de Sénégal occidental; observations sur les Ostracodes. - Geobios, 15 (1): 19-31, 2 pls.; Lyon.
36. DONZE, P., COLIN, J.-P., DAMOTTE, R., OERTLI, H. J., PEYPOUQUET, J. P. & SAID, R. (1982): Les Ostracodes du Campanien terminal à l'Éocène inférieur de la coupe du Kef, Tunisie Nord-Occidentale. - Bull. Centr. Rech. Expl. Prod., Elf-Aquitaine, 6 (2): 273-335, 14 pls.; Pau.
37. ELEWA, A. M. T. & ISHIZAKI, K. (1994): Ostracodes from Eocene rocks of the El Sheikh Fadl - Ras Gharib stretch, the Eastern Desert, Egypt; biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments. - Chikyu Kagaku (Earth Science), 48 (2): 143-157, 1 pl.; Tokyo.
38. ESKER, G. C. (1968): Danian ostracodes from Tunisia. - Micropaleontology, 14 (3): 319-333, 4 pls.; New York.
39. FOSTER, C. A., SWAIN, F. M. & PETTERS, S. W. (1983): Late Paleocene Ostracoda from Nigeria. - Rev. Esp. Micropaleont., 15 (1): 103-166, 16 pls.; Madrid.
40. GINGERICH, P. D. (2000): Paleocene/Eocene boundary and continental vertebrate faunas of Europe and North America. - In: B. SCHMITZ, B. SUNDQUIST & F. P. ANDREASSON (Hrsg.), Early Paleogene warm climates and biosphere dynamics. - GFF, 122 (1): 57-59; Stockholm.
41. GUERNET, C. & MOLINA, E. (1997): Les ostracodes et le passage Paléocène-Éocène dans les Cordillères bétiques (Coupe de Caravaca, Espagne). - Geobios, 30 (1): 31-43; Lyon.
42. HONIGSTEIN, A. & ROSENFELD, A. (1995): Paleocene ostracods from southern Israel. - Rev. Micropaléontol., 38 (1): 49-62, 3 pls.; Paris.
43. HONIGSTEIN, A., ROSENFELD, A. & BENJAMINI, C. (1991): Ostracods and foraminifera from the early-middle Eocene of Qeren Sartaba, Jordan Valley. - J. Micropalaeontol., 10 (1): 95-107, 2 pls.; London.
44. ISMAIL, A. A. (1992): Late Campanian to early Eocene Ostracoda from Esh el Mallaha area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. - Rev. Micropaléontol., 35 (1): 39-52; 2 pls.; Paris.
45. ISMAIL, A. A. (1996): Biostratigraphy and palaeoceology of Maastrichtian-early Eocene ostracods of west-central Sinai, Egypt. - Rev. Paléobiol., 15 (1): 37-54; 3 pls.; Genève.
46. KATZ, M. E., PAK, D. K., DICKENS, G. R. & MILLER, K. G. (1999): The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum. - Science, 286 (5444): 1531-1533; Washington.
47. KEEN, M. C., AL-SHEIKLY, S. S. J., ELSOGHER, A. & GAMMUDI, A. M. (1994): Tertiary ostracods of North Africa and the Middle East. - In: M. D. SIMMONS (Hrsg.), Micropalaeontology and hydrocarbon exploration in the Middle East: 371-401, 6 pls.; London (Chapman & Hall).
48. KELLY, D. C., BRALOWER, T. J., ZACHOS, J. C., PREMOLI SILVA, I. & THOMAS, E. (1996): Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP Site 865) during the late Paleocene thermal maximum. - Geology, 24 (5): 423-426; Boulder.
49. KENNETT, J. P. & STOTT, L. D. (1991): Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. - Nature, 353 (6341): 225-229; London.
50. KHALIFA, H., El YOUNSY, A. R. & EL BOUKHARY, M. A. (1984): The Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary as defined by ostracodes at the north western approaches of Kharga Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. - Bull. Fac. Sci., Assiut Univ., (B), 13 (1): 159-173, 2 pls.; Assiut.
51. MALZ, H. (1988): The Bairdia dynasty; review-activities-aspects. - In: HANAI, T., IKEYA, N. & ISHIZAKI, K. (eds.): Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda; its fundamentals and applications; Proc. 9th Int. Symp. Ostracoda, Shizuoka, 1985: Developments in paleontology and stratigraphy 11: 75-80; Tokyo (Kodansha Ltd).
52. MOHAMED, M.-F. (1982): Micropaléontologie et biostratigraphie du Crétace supérieur et de l'Eocène inférieur de l'Egypte centrale (Region de Duwi, Vallée du Nil, Oasis de Kharga et de Dakhla). - Thése Doct. d'etat, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, 438 pp, 50 pls.; Paris.
53. MONECHI, S., ANGORI, E. & SPEIJER, R. (2000): Upper Paleocene biostratigraphy in the Mediterranean region : zonal markers, diachronism and preservational problems. - In: B. SCHMITZ, B. SUNDQUIST & F. P. ANDREASSON (Hrsg.), Early Paleogene warm climates and biosphere dynamics. - GFF, 122 (1): 108-110; Stockholm.
54. MOORE, R. C. (ed.) (1961): Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. Q, 3, Arthropoda, Crustacea, Ostracoda. - xxiii + 442 pp., 334 fig., Univ. Kansas Press, Lawrence; Kansas.
55. MORSI, A. M. (1999): Paleocene to early Eocene ostracodes from the area of east-central Sinai, Egypt. - Rev. Paléobiol., 18 (1): 31-55; Genève.
56. NEUFVILLE, E. M. H. (1973): Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene Ostracoda from the South Atlantic. - Spec. Publ. Paleont. Inst. Univ. Uppsala, 1, 205 pp, 25 p1s.; Uppsala.
57. NORRIS, R. D. & RÖHL, U. (1999): Carbon cycling and chronology of climate warming during the Paleocene/Eocene transition. - Nature, 401 (6755): 775-778; London.
58. OKOSUN, E. A. (1987): Ostracod biostratigraphy of the eastern Dahomey basin, Niger Delta and the Benue trough of Nigeria. - Bull. Geol. Surv. Nigeria, 41: 1-151; Lagos.
59. OKOSUN, E. A. (1989): Eocene Ostracoda from Oshosun Formation southwestern Nigeria. - J. Afr. Earth Sci., 9(3/4): 669-676; London.
60. PEYPOUQUET, J. P., CARBONEL, P., DUCASSE, O., TÖLDERER-FARMER, M. & LÉTÉ, C. (1988): Environmentally-cued polymorphism of ostracods; A theoretical and practical approach. A contribution to geology and to the understanding of ostracod evolution. - In: T. HANAI, N. IKEYA & K. ISHIZAKI (Hrsg, , Evolutionary biology of Ostracoda; its fundamentals and applications: 1003-1019; Amsterdam (Elsevier).
61. PEYPOUQUET, J. P., GROUSSET, F. & MOURGUIART, P. (1986): Paleoceanography of the Mesogean Sea based on ostracods of the northern Tunisian continental shelf between the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene. - Geol. Rundsch., 75 (1): 159-174; Stuttgart.
62. REYMENT, R. A. (1963): Studies on Nigerian upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary Ostracoda; part II, Danian, Paleocene and Eocene Ostracoda. - Stockh. Contr. Geol., 10: 1-286, 23 p1s.; Stockholm.
63. REYMENT, R. A. (1981): The Ostracoda of the Kalambaina Formation (Paleocene), northwestern Nigeria. - Bull. Geol. Inst. Univ. Uppsala, 9:51-65, 10 pls.; Uppsala.
64. REYMENT, R. A. & REYMENT, E. R. (1959): Bairdia ilaroensis sp.nov. aus dem Paleozän Nigeriens und die Gültigkeit der Gattung Bairdoppilata (Ostr. Crust.). - Stockh. Contr. Geol., 3 (2): 59-70, 1 pl.; Stockholm.
65. REYMENT, R. A. & REYMENT, E. R. (1980): The Paleocene trans-Saharan transgression and its ostracod fauna.- In: SALEM, M. J. & BUSREVIL, M. I. (eds.): The Geology of Libya, 1: 245-254, 1 pl.; London (Academic Press).
66. SAID, R. (1962): The Geology of Egypt. - 377 S.; Amsterdam (Elsevier).
67. SAID, R. (1978): Etude stratigraphique et micropaléontologique du passage Crétacé-Tertiaire du Synclinal d'Elles (Région Siliana-Sers) Tunisie céntrale. - Thèse Doct. 3eme Cycle, Univ. Paris, VI, 275 pp., 30 pls.; Paris.
68. SAID-BENZARTI R. (1998): Les Ostracodes du Campanien supérieur à l'Ypresien de la coupe d'Elles (Tunisie du Centre Nord) - biostratigraphie, paléoécologie et paléobiogéographie. - Bull. Centre Rech. Elf Explor. Prod., Mém. 20: 197-211, Pau.
69. SALAHI, D. (1966): Ostracodes du Crétacé supérieur et du Tertiaire en provenance d'un sondage de la région de Zeiten (Libye). - Rev. Inst. Franc. Petr., 21(1): 3-43, 5 pls.; Paris.
70. SALIS, K. VON, MONECHI, S., BYBELL, L. M., SELF-TRAIL, J. & YOUNG, J. (2000): Remarks on the calcareous nannofossil markers Rhomboaster and Tribrachiatus around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary. - In: B. SCHMITZ, B. SUNDQUIST & F. P. ANDREASSON (Hrsg.), Early Paleogene warm climates and biosphere dynamics. - GFF, 122 (1): 138-140; Stockholm.
71. 3 as proxies of biological productivity in the Middle East during the Palaeocene and the latest Palaeocene benthic extinction event. - Terra Nova, 9: 95-99; Oxford.
72. 18O) records. - Geology, 24 (4): 347-350; Boulder.
73. SHAHIN, A. (2000): Tertiary ostracods of Gebel Withr, southwestern Sinai, Egypt: Palaeontology, biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography. - J. Afr. Earth Sci., 31 (2): 285-315; Amsterdam.
74. SIDDIQUI, Q. A. (1971): Early Tertiary ostracoda of the family Trachyleberididae from West Pakistan. - Bull. Brit. Mus. Hist. Geol., 9: 98 pp., London.
75. SPEIJER, R. P. & MORSI, A. M. (2002): Ostracode turnover and sea-level changes associated with the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. - Geology, 30 (1): 23-26; Boulder
76. SPEIJER, R. P. & SCHMITZ, B. (1998): A benthic foraminiferal record of Paleocene sea level and trophic/redox conditions at Gebel Aweina, Egypt. - Palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 137 (1-2): 79-101; Amsterdam.
77. SPEIJER, R. P., SCHMITZ, B., AUBRY, M.-P. & CHARISI, S. D. (1996): The latest Paleocene benthic extinction event: Punctuated turnover in outer neritic foraminiferal fauna from Gebel Aweina, Egypt. - Isr. Jour. Earth Sci., 44: 207-222. - [1996a]
78. SPEIJER, R. P., SCHMITZ, B. & LUGER, P. (2000): Stratigraphy of late Palaeocene events in the Middle East; implications for low- to middle-latitude successions and correlations. - Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., 157 (1): 37-47; London.
79. SPEIJER, R. P. & WAGNER, T. (2002): Sea-level changes and black shales associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Organic-geochemical and micropaleontologic evidence from the southern Tethyan margin (Egypt-Israel). - In: C. KOEBERL & K. G. MACLEOD (Hrsg.), Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, Geol. Soc. America. Spec. Pap., 356: 533-549; Boulder.
80. SPEIJER, R. P., ZWAAN, G. J. VAN DER & SCHMITZ, B., (1996): The impact of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary events on middle neritic benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Egypt. - Mar. Micropaleontol., 28: 99-132; Amsterdam. - [1996b]
81. THOMAS, E. (1998): Biogeography of the late Paleocene benthic foraminiferal extinction. - In: M.-P AUBRY, S. G. LUCAS & W. A. BERGGREN (Hrsg.), Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records: 214-243; New York (Columbia University Press).
82. TJALSMA, R. C. & LOHMANN, G. P. (1983): Paleocene-Eocene bathyal and abyssal benthic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean. - Micropaleontology, Spec. Publ., 4: 90 pp.; New York.
83. TOUMARKINE, M. & LUTERBACHER, H. (1985): Paleocene and Eocene planktic foraminifera. - In: H. M. BOLLI, J. B. SAUNDERS & K. PERCH-NIELSEN (Hrsg.), Plankton Stratigraphy: 87-154; Cambridge (Cambridge University Press).
84. ZACHOS, J. C., LOHMANN, K. C., WALKER, J. C. G. & WISE, S. W. (1993): Abrupt climate changes and transient climates during the Paleogene; a marine perspective. - J. Geol., 101 (2): 191-213; Chicago.