Electoral systems experimentation in the new Eastern Europe: The single transferable vote and the additional member system in Estonia and Hungary

East European Quarterly

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 487-507

  Ishiyama, John T ^a  

^a TRUMAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 1642380055     PISSN: 00128449     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Douglas Rae, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws (new Haven: Yale University Press, 1967);
2. Maurice Duverger, Political Parties, trans. Barbara and Robert North, (New York: Wiley, 1954);
3. Duverger, "What is the Best Electoral System?" in Arend Lijphart and Bernard Grofman, eds., Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives (New York: Praeger, 1984);
4. Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis, Vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).
5. Joseph A. Schlesinger, "On the Theory of Party Organization," The Journal of Politics 46 (1984), pp. 369-400.
6. Arend Lijphart, Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries (New Have: Yale University Press, 1984).
7. Ivo D. Duchacek, "Antagonistic Cooperation: Territorial and Ethnic Communities," Publius 7 (1977), pp. 3-29;
8. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
9. Indeed, as Sartori notes, "electoral systems...are the most specifically manipulative instruments of politics." Giovanni Sartori, "Representational Systems," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 13 (New York: Macmillan/Free Press, 1968), p. 273.
10. Guillermo O'Donnell, Phillipe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, Part IV (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University press, 1986), p. 10.
11. Richard Rose, "Is Choice Enough? Elections and Political Authority," in Guy Hermet, Richard Rose, and Alaine Rouquie, eds., Elections Without Choice (London: Macmillan, 1978), p. 211.
12. This is the subject of a forthcoming article by the author.
13. Rein Taagepera, "The Baltic States," Electoral Studies (1990) 9:4, pp. 303-311.
14. Reported in Izvestiya, December 4, 1989, p. 3.
15. The abolition of both the Republic-level Congress of Peoples' Deputies and the institution of the pre-electoral nomination meetings, which had limited who could participate in the nomination of candidates, was reported in Izvestiya, August 13, 1989;
16. see also Yuri Kraft, "Should Democracy be Egged On?" Moscow News, August 13-20, 1989, p. 9.
17. Yuri Kraft, "Should Democracy be Egged On?" Moscow News, 1989, p. 9.Ibid.
18. Yuri Kraft, "Should Democracy be Egged On?" Moscow News, 1989, p. 9.Ibid.
19. Sovetskaya Estoniya, December 7, 1989, p. 2, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service - Soviet Union, (hereafter referred to as FBIS-SOV) December 28, 1989, p. 67.
20. Molodezh Estoniya, November 17, 1989, p. 1 in FBIS-SOV, December 14, 1989, p. 74.
21. Moscow Trud, December 12, 1989, in FBIS-SOV, December 15, 1989, p. 38.
22. Moscow Television Service, December 18, 1989, in FBIS-SOV, December 21, 1989.
23. John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1862).
24. Richard Katz, "The Single Transferable Vote and Proportional Representation," in Lijphart and Grofman, eds., Choosing an Electoral System, p. 135.
25. See S.E. Finer, ed., Adversary Politics and Electoral Reform (London: Wigram, 1977);
26. and Enid Lakeman, "The Case for Proportional Representation," in Lijphart and Grofman, eds., Choosing an Electoral System, pp. 41-52.
27. Lakeman, 1984.
28. P.M. Sacks, "Bailiwicks, Locality and Religion: Three Elements in an Irish Dail Constituency Election," Economic and Social Review 1 (1970), pp. 531-554;
29. Peter Mair, "Districting Choices Under the Single Transferable Vote," in Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (New York: Agathon, 1986).
30. For a detailed account of the counting process in STV, see G. Hand, "Ireland," in Hand et al., eds., European Electoral Handbook (London: Butterworths, 1979), pp. 121-139.
31. Mair, 1986, p. 293.
32. See Katz, 1980; Mair, 1984.
33. Arend Lijphart and R.W. Gibberd, "Threshold and Payoffs in List Systems of Proportional Representation," European Journal of Political Research 5 (1977), pp. 219-44.
34. See R.S. Katz, A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
35. For this point, see John T. Ishiyama, "Founding Elections and the Development of Transitional Parties in Ethnically Cleaved Societies: The Cases of Estonia and Latvia," Journal of Communist and Post-Communist Studies 1:3 (September, 1993).
36. For a detailed discussion of the Hungarian electoral law, see Colloquium on Hungarian Electoral Law (Washington, D.C.: National Republican Institute for International Affairs, 1990).
37. Dieter Nohlen, Wahlsysteme der Welt - Daten und Analysen: Ein Handbuch (Munich: Piper, 1978).
38. See Lakeman, 1984.
39. Nohlen, 1978, pp. 301-06.
40. See B.G. Farah, "Political Representation in West Germany: The Institutionalization and Maintenance of Mass-Elite Linkages," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1981, pp. 167-86; Nohlen, 1978, pp. 305-306.