Interaction between local air pollution and global warming and its policy implications for Belgium

International Journal of Global Environmental Issues

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 266-286

  Proost, Stef ^a,b   Van Regemorter, Denise ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b Center for Economic Studies   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Ancillary benefits; Global warming; Policy design

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; EMISSION CONTROL; GLOBAL WARMING; GREENHOUSE GAS; POLLUTION CONTROL;

BELGIUM; BENELUX; EURASIA; EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 1642344799     PISSN: 14666650     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJGENVI.2003.003931     Document Type: Article

References (19)

1. Rübbelke, D. (2002) International Climate Policy to Combat Global Warming - an analysis of the ancillary benefits of reducing carbon emissions, Edward Elgar.
2. 2 emissions.
3. An alternative formulation would take into account an international market for GHG permits. In this case the permit price can be seen as a constant marginal damage (or revenue foregone) of GHG emissions.
4. This is obviously a strong assumption as income distribution issues (within generations and over generations) are ruled out.
5. 5 The Markal model has been implemented in Belgium with support of the Federal Science Office by CES-KULeuven and VITO since 1990. The current use is covered by the 'Global Change and Sustainable Development' research programme of the Science Policy Office, contract n GC/DD/221 and 222. The Markal model structure is the product of 20 years of cooperation in ETSAP, which is an implementing agreement of the IEA and the model is used in 25 countries for energy policy analysis.
6. 6 Poles is a model, developed for DG Research under the Joule research programme, that represents the world energy demand and supply. (POLES 2.2, Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems, IEPE (Institut d'Economie et de Politique de l'Energie-CNRS).
7. 7 The GEM-E3 model is a general equilibrium macroeconomic model for the 15 countries of the EU, developed for the European Commission (DG Research - Joule research programme) [19].
8. 8 Resulting from natural emissions and emissions from geographic areas that are not included in the country set.
9. Holland, M. (1997) 'Transfer of ExternE data to GEM-E3 and PRIMES', mimeo.
10. EMEP (1996) 'Transboundary air pollution in Europe', MSC-W Status Report 1/96 (July).
11. Simpson (1992) 'Long period modelling of photochemical oxidants in Europe: A) Hydrocarbon reactivity and ozone formation in Europe. B) On the linearity of country-to-country ozone calculations in Europe'. EMEP/MSC-W Note 1/92, Norway.
12. 3 aerodynamic diameter, is taken as the relevant index of ambient particulate concentrations.
13. European Commission (1995-1998-2000) JOULE PROGRAMME. ExternE, Externalities of Energy, Vols. 1-10.
14. The altruistic cost, i.e. pain and suffering to other people is not included in the ExternE figures.
15. Markandya, A. (1997) 'Monetary valuation issues in extended ExternE', ExternE Core Project, Maintenance Note 7.
16. The VSL estimates are based on studies of individuals with normal life expectancies whereas the pollution impacts for some kinds of mortality were on individuals with much shorter life expectancies.
17. The latest ExternE figures (1997) are expressed in ECU 1995. They were transformed into ECU in 1990, assuming a price increase of 20.8% between 1990 and 1995.
18. In this exercise the country is taken as 'one' grid.
19. Capros, P., Georgakopoulos, P., Van Regemorter, D., Proost, S., Schmit, T., Koschel, H., Conrad, C. and Vouyoukas, E. (1999) Climate Change Strategies 2: The macro-economic cost and benefit of reducing Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU, New York: Physica Verlag, Heidelberg, p.224.