메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 189-197

Big questions, small worlds: Microbial model systems in ecology

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEM MODELING; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; MICROBIAL ECOLOGY;

EID: 1642334899     PISSN: 01695347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.008     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (329)

References (83)
  • 3
    • 0036136025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and resource factors influencing high microbial diversity in soil
    • Zhou J., et al. Spatial and resource factors influencing high microbial diversity in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:2002;326-334.
    • (2002) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , vol.68 , pp. 326-334
    • Zhou, J.1
  • 4
    • 0000060456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Ecotron facility at Silwood Park: The value of 'big bottle' experiments
    • Lawton J.H. The Ecotron facility at Silwood Park: the value of 'big bottle' experiments. Ecology. 77:1996;665-669.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 665-669
    • Lawton, J.H.1
  • 5
    • 0001972564 scopus 로고
    • Overview: Laboratory experiments, field experiments and natural experiments
    • J.M. Diamond, & T.J. Case. Harper and Row
    • Diamond J.M. Overview: laboratory experiments, field experiments and natural experiments. Diamond J.M., Case T.J. Community Ecology. 1986;3-22 Harper and Row.
    • (1986) Community Ecology , pp. 3-22
    • Diamond, J.M.1
  • 6
    • 3042757014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology
    • Carpenter S.R. Microcosm experiments have limited relevance for community and ecosystem ecology. Ecology. 77:1996;677-680.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 677-680
    • Carpenter, S.R.1
  • 9
    • 0000418503 scopus 로고
    • Intertidal landscapes: Disturbance and the dynamics of pattern
    • Paine R., Levin S. Intertidal landscapes: disturbance and the dynamics of pattern. Ecol. Monogr. 51:1981;145-178.
    • (1981) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.51 , pp. 145-178
    • Paine, R.1    Levin, S.2
  • 10
    • 0035950171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local interactions predict large-scale pattern in empirically derived cellular automata
    • Wootton J.T. Local interactions predict large-scale pattern in empirically derived cellular automata. Nature. 413:2001;841-844.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.413 , pp. 841-844
    • Wootton, J.T.1
  • 11
    • 0037062936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock-paper-scissors
    • Kerr B., et al. Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock-paper-scissors. Nature. 418:2002;171-174.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 171-174
    • Kerr, B.1
  • 12
    • 0000252119 scopus 로고
    • Competitive networks: Non-transitive competitive relationships in cryptic coral-reef environments
    • Buss L.W., Jackson J.B.C. Competitive networks: non-transitive competitive relationships in cryptic coral-reef environments. Am. Nat. 113:1979;223-234.
    • (1979) Am. Nat. , vol.113 , pp. 223-234
    • Buss, L.W.1    Jackson, J.B.C.2
  • 13
    • 0029666941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rock-paper-scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies
    • Sinervo B., Lively C.M. The rock-paper-scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies. Nature. 380:1996;240-243.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 240-243
    • Sinervo, B.1    Lively, C.M.2
  • 15
    • 0002339047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity and nutrient enrichment in pond plankton communities
    • Leibold M. Biodiversity and nutrient enrichment in pond plankton communities. Evol. Ecol. Res. 1:1999;73-95.
    • (1999) Evol. Ecol. Res. , vol.1 , pp. 73-95
    • Leibold, M.1
  • 16
    • 0037742699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial diversity patterns along a gradient of primary productivity
    • Horner-Devine M.C., et al. Bacterial diversity patterns along a gradient of primary productivity. Ecol. Lett. 6:2003;613-622.
    • (2003) Ecol. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 613-622
    • Horner-Devine, M.C.1
  • 17
    • 0034601511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity peaks at intermediate productivity in a laboratory microcosm
    • Kassen R., et al. Diversity peaks at intermediate productivity in a laboratory microcosm. Nature. 406:2000;508-512.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 508-512
    • Kassen, R.1
  • 18
    • 0033794953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies of adaptive radiation using model microbial systems
    • Travisano M., Rainey P.B. Studies of adaptive radiation using model microbial systems. Am. Nat. 156:2000;S35-S44.
    • (2000) Am. Nat. , vol.156 , pp. 35-S44
    • Travisano, M.1    Rainey, P.B.2
  • 19
    • 0026289858 scopus 로고
    • Single-species metapopulation dynamics: Concepts, models and observations
    • Hanski I. Single-species metapopulation dynamics: concepts, models and observations. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 42:1991;17-38.
    • (1991) Biol. J. Linn. Soc. , vol.42 , pp. 17-38
    • Hanski, I.1
  • 20
    • 0000065728 scopus 로고
    • Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control
    • Levins R. Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 15:1969;237-240.
    • (1969) Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. , vol.15 , pp. 237-240
    • Levins, R.1
  • 22
  • 23
    • 0030433324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of an extinction-prone predator-prey interaction through metapopulation dynamics
    • Holyoak M., Lawler S.P. Persistence of an extinction-prone predator-prey interaction through metapopulation dynamics. Ecology. 77:1996;1867-1879.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1867-1879
    • Holyoak, M.1    Lawler, S.P.2
  • 26
    • 0033799760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative importance of competition and predation varies with productivity in a model community
    • Bohannan B.J.M., Lenski R.E. The relative importance of competition and predation varies with productivity in a model community. Am. Nat. 156:2000;329-340.
    • (2000) Am. Nat. , vol.156 , pp. 329-340
    • Bohannan, B.J.M.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 27
    • 0029126867 scopus 로고
    • Ecological experiments with model systems
    • Lawton J.H. Ecological experiments with model systems. Science. 269:1995;328-331.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 328-331
    • Lawton, J.H.1
  • 30
    • 0001372773 scopus 로고
    • Fluctuations of animal populations, and a measure of community stability
    • MacArthur R. Fluctuations of animal populations, and a measure of community stability. Ecology. 36:1955;533-536.
    • (1955) Ecology , vol.36 , pp. 533-536
    • MacArthur, R.1
  • 31
    • 0028181948 scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity and stability in grasslands
    • Tilman D., Downing J.A. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature. 367:1994;363-365.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.367 , pp. 363-365
    • Tilman, D.1    Downing, J.A.2
  • 32
    • 0034636310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diversity-stability debate
    • McCann K.S. The diversity-stability debate. Nature. 405:2000;228-233.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 228-233
    • McCann, K.S.1
  • 33
    • 0030718540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability
    • McGrady-Steed J., et al. Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability. Nature. 390:1997;162-165.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 162-165
    • McGrady-Steed, J.1
  • 34
    • 0031438048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability
    • Naeem S., Li S. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability. Nature. 390:1997;507-509.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 507-509
    • Naeem, S.1    Li, S.2
  • 35
    • 0033523902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function
    • Petchey O.L., et al. Environmental warming alters food-web structure and ecosystem function. Nature. 402:1999;69-72.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.402 , pp. 69-72
    • Petchey, O.L.1
  • 36
    • 0001632917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microcosms as models for generating and testing community theory
    • Drake J.A., et al. Microcosms as models for generating and testing community theory. Ecology. 77:1996;670-677.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 670-677
    • Drake, J.A.1
  • 37
    • 0004229975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (reprint of 1927 edition), The University of Chicago Press.
    • Elton, C. (2001) Animal Ecology (reprint of 1927 edition), The University of Chicago Press.
    • (2001) Animal Ecology
    • Elton, C.1
  • 38
    • 0017377855 scopus 로고
    • Number of trophic levels in ecological communities
    • Pimm S.L., Lawton J.H. Number of trophic levels in ecological communities. Nature. 268:1977;329-331.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.268 , pp. 329-331
    • Pimm, S.L.1    Lawton, J.H.2
  • 39
    • 0026592785 scopus 로고
    • Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: Do plants have primacy?
    • Power M.E. Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: do plants have primacy? Ecology. 73:1992;733-746.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 733-746
    • Power, M.E.1
  • 40
    • 0032732657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of food chain length in lakes: A stable isotope study
    • Vander Zanden M.J., et al. Patterns of food chain length in lakes: a stable isotope study. Am. Nat. 154:1999;406-416.
    • (1999) Am. Nat. , vol.154 , pp. 406-416
    • Vander Zanden, M.J.1
  • 41
    • 0032190209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productivity controls food-chain properties in microbial communities
    • Kaunzinger C.M.K., Morin P.J. Productivity controls food-chain properties in microbial communities. Nature. 395:1998;495-497.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 495-497
    • Kaunzinger, C.M.K.1    Morin, P.J.2
  • 42
    • 0036006834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: Mixing plant and prey diets
    • Coll M., Guershon M. Omnivory in terrestrial arthropods: mixing plant and prey diets. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47:2002;267-297.
    • (2002) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.47 , pp. 267-297
    • Coll, M.1    Guershon, M.2
  • 43
    • 0030619988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theoretical framework for intraguild predation
    • Holt R.D., Polis G.A. A theoretical framework for intraguild predation. Am. Nat. 149:1997;745-764.
    • (1997) Am. Nat. , vol.149 , pp. 745-764
    • Holt, R.D.1    Polis, G.A.2
  • 44
    • 0030865359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-evaluating the omnivory-stability relationship in food webs
    • McCann K., Hastings A. Re-evaluating the omnivory-stability relationship in food webs. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. 264:1997;1249-1254.
    • (1997) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.264 , pp. 1249-1254
    • McCann, K.1    Hastings, A.2
  • 45
    • 0030774315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omnivory as a stabilizing feature of natural communities
    • Fagan W.F. Omnivory as a stabilizing feature of natural communities. Am. Nat. 150:1997;554-567.
    • (1997) Am. Nat. , vol.150 , pp. 554-567
    • Fagan, W.F.1
  • 46
    • 0027528060 scopus 로고
    • Food web architecture and population dynamics in laboratory microcosms of protists
    • Lawler S.P., Morin P.J. Food web architecture and population dynamics in laboratory microcosms of protists. Am. Nat. 141:1993;675-686.
    • (1993) Am. Nat. , vol.141 , pp. 675-686
    • Lawler, S.P.1    Morin, P.J.2
  • 47
    • 0032917868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Productivity, intraguild predation, and population dynamics in experimental food webs
    • Morin P. Productivity, intraguild predation, and population dynamics in experimental food webs. Ecology. 80:1999;752-760.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 752-760
    • Morin, P.1
  • 48
    • 0041322266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing Antonovics' five tenets of ecological genetics: Experiments with bacteria at the interface of ecology and genetics
    • M.C. et al. Press. Blackwell Science
    • Lenski R.E. Testing Antonovics' five tenets of ecological genetics: experiments with bacteria at the interface of ecology and genetics. Press M.C., et al. Ecology: Achievement and Challenge. 2001;25-45 Blackwell Science.
    • (2001) Ecology: Achievement and Challenge , pp. 25-45
    • Lenski, R.E.1
  • 49
    • 85047678881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evolution in Chlamydomonas. III. Evolution of specialist and generalist types in environments that vary in space and time
    • Reboud X., Bell G. Experimental evolution in Chlamydomonas. III. Evolution of specialist and generalist types in environments that vary in space and time. Heredity. 78:1997;507-514.
    • (1997) Heredity , vol.78 , pp. 507-514
    • Reboud, X.1    Bell, G.2
  • 50
    • 0031847357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evolution in Chlamydomonas. IV. Selection in environments that vary through time at different scales
    • Kassen R., Bell G. Experimental evolution in Chlamydomonas. IV. Selection in environments that vary through time at different scales. Heredity. 80:1998;732-741.
    • (1998) Heredity , vol.80 , pp. 732-741
    • Kassen, R.1    Bell, G.2
  • 52
    • 0042306229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution in population dynamics
    • Turchin P. Evolution in population dynamics. Nature. 424:2003;257-258.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.424 , pp. 257-258
    • Turchin, P.1
  • 53
    • 0043094308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid evolution drives ecological dynamics in a predator-prey system
    • Yoshida T., et al. Rapid evolution drives ecological dynamics in a predator-prey system. Nature. 424:2003;303-306.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.424 , pp. 303-306
    • Yoshida, T.1
  • 54
    • 0032474853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive radiation in a heterogeneous environment
    • Rainey P.B., Travisano M. Adaptive radiation in a heterogeneous environment. Nature. 394:1998;69-72.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 69-72
    • Rainey, P.B.1    Travisano, M.2
  • 55
    • 0001493328 scopus 로고
    • Genetic equilibrium when more than one ecological niche is available
    • Levene H. Genetic equilibrium when more than one ecological niche is available. Am. Nat. 87:1953;331-333.
    • (1953) Am. Nat. , vol.87 , pp. 331-333
    • Levene, H.1
  • 56
    • 0029662733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host-parasite coexistence: The role of spatial refuges in stabilizing bacteria-phage interactions
    • Schrag S.J., Mittler J.E. Host-parasite coexistence: the role of spatial refuges in stabilizing bacteria-phage interactions. Am. Nat. 148:1996;348-377.
    • (1996) Am. Nat. , vol.148 , pp. 348-377
    • Schrag, S.J.1    Mittler, J.E.2
  • 57
    • 0036263285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive divergence in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. I. Genetic and phenotypic bases of wrinkly spreader fitness
    • Spiers A.J., et al. Adaptive divergence in experimental populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. I. Genetic and phenotypic bases of wrinkly spreader fitness. Genetics. 161:2002;33-46.
    • (2002) Genetics , vol.161 , pp. 33-46
    • Spiers, A.J.1
  • 58
    • 0034255269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artificial ecosystem selection
    • Swenson W., et al. Artificial ecosystem selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;9110-9114.
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.97 , pp. 9110-9114
    • Swenson, W.1
  • 59
    • 0033858346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resource competition and community structure in aquatic microorganisms: Experimental studies of algae and bacteria along a gradient of organic carbon to inorganic phosphorus supply
    • Grover J.P. Resource competition and community structure in aquatic microorganisms: experimental studies of algae and bacteria along a gradient of organic carbon to inorganic phosphorus supply. J. Plankton Res. 22:2000;1591-1610.
    • (2000) J. Plankton Res. , vol.22 , pp. 1591-1610
    • Grover, J.P.1
  • 60
    • 0028094645 scopus 로고
    • Microbial evolution in a simple unstructured environment: Genetic differentiation in Escherichia coli
    • Rosenzweig R.F., et al. Microbial evolution in a simple unstructured environment: genetic differentiation in Escherichia coli. Genetics. 137:1994;903-917.
    • (1994) Genetics , vol.137 , pp. 903-917
    • Rosenzweig, R.F.1
  • 61
    • 0037028084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of parasites in sympatric and allopatric host diversification
    • Buckling A., Rainey P.B. The role of parasites in sympatric and allopatric host diversification. Nature. 420:2002;496-499.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 496-499
    • Buckling, A.1    Rainey, P.B.2
  • 62
    • 0037035385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antagonistic coevolution between a bacterium and a bacteriophage
    • Buckling A., Rainey P.B. Antagonistic coevolution between a bacterium and a bacteriophage. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. 269:2002;931-936.
    • (2002) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.269 , pp. 931-936
    • Buckling, A.1    Rainey, P.B.2
  • 63
    • 0033119814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prisoner's dilemma in an RNA virus
    • Turner P.E., Chao L. Prisoner's dilemma in an RNA virus. Nature. 398:1999;441-443.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 441-443
    • Turner, P.E.1    Chao, L.2
  • 64
    • 0034611798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental cheating in the social bacterium Myxococcus xanthus
    • Velicer G.J., et al. Developmental cheating in the social bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. Nature. 404:2000;598-601.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 598-601
    • Velicer, G.J.1
  • 65
    • 0038724020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senescence in a bacterium with asymmetric division
    • Ackermann M., et al. Senescence in a bacterium with asymmetric division. Science. 300:2003;1920.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 1920
    • Ackermann, M.1
  • 66
    • 0036819307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to herbicides: Negative relationship between toxicity and water solubility across several herbicide families
    • Reboud X. Response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to herbicides: negative relationship between toxicity and water solubility across several herbicide families. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 69:2002;554-561.
    • (2002) Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. , vol.69 , pp. 554-561
    • Reboud, X.1
  • 67
    • 0031401197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of resource enrichment on a chemostat community of bacteria and bacteriophage
    • Bohannan B.J.M., Lenski R.E. Effect of resource enrichment on a chemostat community of bacteria and bacteriophage. Ecology. 78:1997;2303-2315.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 2303-2315
    • Bohannan, B.J.M.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 68
    • 0001262894 scopus 로고
    • The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus
    • Connell J.H. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology. 42:1961;710-723.
    • (1961) Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 710-723
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 71
  • 72
    • 0345174676 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the origin and sequence of the protozoan fauna of hay infusions
    • Woodruff L.L. Observations on the origin and sequence of the protozoan fauna of hay infusions. J. Exp. Zool. 12:1912;205-264.
    • (1912) J. Exp. Zool. , vol.12 , pp. 205-264
    • Woodruff, L.L.1
  • 74
    • 34248971890 scopus 로고
    • The competitive exclusion principle
    • Hardin G. The competitive exclusion principle. Science. 131:1960;1292-1297.
    • (1960) Science , vol.131 , pp. 1292-1297
    • Hardin, G.1
  • 75
    • 0012172897 scopus 로고
    • Studies of a simple laboratory microecosystem: Bacterial activities in a heterotrophic succession
    • Gorden R.W., et al. Studies of a simple laboratory microecosystem: bacterial activities in a heterotrophic succession. Ecology. 50:1969;86-100.
    • (1969) Ecology , vol.50 , pp. 86-100
    • Gorden, R.W.1
  • 76
    • 0000551496 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between species diversity and stability: An experimental approach with protozoa and bacteria
    • Hairston N.G., et al. The relationship between species diversity and stability: an experimental approach with protozoa and bacteria. Ecology. 49:1968;1091-1101.
    • (1968) Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 1091-1101
    • Hairston, N.G.1
  • 77
    • 0000386086 scopus 로고
    • Coexistence in laboratory populations of Paramecium aurelia and its predator Didinium nasutum
    • Luckinbill L.S. Coexistence in laboratory populations of Paramecium aurelia and its predator Didinium nasutum. Ecology. 54:1973;1320-1327.
    • (1973) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 1320-1327
    • Luckinbill, L.S.1
  • 78
    • 0000817765 scopus 로고
    • Resource competition between planktonic algae: Experimental and theoretical approach
    • Tilman D. Resource competition between planktonic algae: experimental and theoretical approach. Ecology. 58:1977;338-348.
    • (1977) Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 338-348
    • Tilman, D.1
  • 79
    • 0000341811 scopus 로고
    • An experimental model: Bacterial specialists and generalists competing in chemostats
    • Dykhuizen D., Davies M. An experimental model: bacterial specialists and generalists competing in chemostats. Ecology. 61:1980;1213-1227.
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 1213-1227
    • Dykhuizen, D.1    Davies, M.2
  • 82
    • 0000094863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bottle or big-scale studies: How do we do ecology?
    • Ives A.R., et al. Bottle or big-scale studies: how do we do ecology? Ecology. 77:1996;681-685.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 681-685
    • Ives, A.R.1
  • 83
    • 0035093407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensional approaches to scaling experimental ecosystems: Designing mousetraps to catch elephants
    • Petersen J.E., Hastings A. Dimensional approaches to scaling experimental ecosystems: designing mousetraps to catch elephants. Am. Nat. 157:2001;324-333.
    • (2001) Am. Nat. , vol.157 , pp. 324-333
    • Petersen, J.E.1    Hastings, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.