Challenges in global ballast water management

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volumn 48, Issue 7-8, 2004, Pages 615-623

  Endresen, Øyvind ^a   Lee Behrens, Hanna ^a   Brynestad, Sigrid ^a   Bjørn Andersen, Aage ^a   Skjong, Rolf ^a  

^a DNV GL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Ballast water; Norway; Risk assessment; Ship safety; Water exchange

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; DATABASE SYSTEMS; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; SHIPS;

ECOLOGICAL RISKS; WATER MANAGEMENT;

WATER POLLUTION;

PETROLEUM; SEA WATER;

BALLAST WATER; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; RISK ASSESSMENT; WATER EXCHANGE;

ASIA; CENTRAL AMERICA; DATA BASE; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; EUROPE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; MODEL; NORTH AMERICA; NORWAY; REVIEW; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SAFETY; SEA; SEA POLLUTION; SHIP; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; SPECIES INVASION; TRAFFIC; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTHERN EUROPE; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA;

EID: 1642302197     PISSN: 0025326X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.01.016     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. AMVER, 2001. Daily vessel observations for 2000/2001 provided by Carroll, E., US Coast Guard, autumn 2001.
2. AMVER, 2002. The AMVER fleet, provided by Carroll, E. US Coast Guard, 2002.
3. Andersen, A.B., Dragsund, E., Johannessen, B.O., 2003. Tentative rules for Approval of Onboard Installations of Ballast Water Treatment Systems. Paper presented at Imarest 2003.
4. Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS), 2002. Available from < http://www.affa.gov.au/ 〉.
5. Buchholz, K., Tanis, D., Macomber, S., Farris, E., 1998. Battelle Duxbury Operations Ballast Water Secondary Treatment Technology Review. Northeast-Midwest Institute, Washington DC, USA. Available from < http://www.nemw.org/Balsurv_Contents.htm 〉.
6. Behrens, H.L., Haugom, G.P., Mordal Bakke, S., 2002. EMBLA Concept; Risk assessment Methodology and Impact and Consequence Methodology Scheme. DNV Rep. No. 2002-1269. Available from < http://www.projects.dnv.com/embla 〉.
7. Bitner-Gregersen E.M., Cramer E.H., Løseth R. Uncertainties of load characteristics and fatigue damage of ship structures. Mar. Struct. 8:1995;97-117.
8. Briggs J.C. Marine Zoogeography. 1974;McGraw-Hill, New York.
9. Briggs J.C. Global biogeography. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. 1995;Elsevier science, Amsterdam.
10. Brynestad, S., 2002. Ballast water treatment methods. DNV Technical Report No. 2002-1230.
11. Cangelosi, A., Knight, T., Balcer, M., Wright, D., Dawson, R., Blatchley, C., Reid, D., Mays, N., Taverna, J., 2001. Evaluating bioeffectiveness of flow-through mechanical ballast water treatment systems (cyclonic separation + UV and filtration + UV) at the pilot- and full-scale. Presented at the Second International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions, New Orleans, LA, April 9-11, 2001.
12. Carlton J.T. Introduced Species in US Coastal Waters: Environmental Impacts and Management priorities. 2001;Pew Oceans Commission, Arlington, VA.
13. Corbett J.J., Fischbeck P.S., Pandis S.N. Global nitrogen and sulfur emissions inventories for oceangoing ships. J. Geophys. Res. 104(D3):1999;3457-3470.
14. Ekman S. Zoogeography of the Sea. 1953;Sidgwick and Jackson, London.
15. Endresen, Ø., Sørgård, E., Andersen, A.B., Gravir, G., Bitner-Gregersen, E., 2002. Implications of open ocean ballast water exchange. Marine Science and Technology for Environmental Sustainability, ENSUS 2002.
16. x emissions, in preparation.
17. Endresen Ø., Sørgård E., Sundet J.K., Dalsøren S.B., Isaksen I.S.A., Berglen T.F., Gravir G. Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact. J. Geophys. Res. 108:2003;4560.
18. Endresen, Ø., Sørgård, E., Behrens, H.L., Andersen, A.B., 2003c. How Much Ballast? Ballast Water News, Issue 14. Available from < http://globallast.imo.org/BallastWaterNews14.pdf 〉.
19. Fearnleys, 2000. World Bulk Trades 2000. An analyse of 1999 with 2000 update, Compiled, prepared and published by Fearnresearch, Norway. Available from < http://www.fearnleys.com/fearnleys/fearnresearch.htm 〉.
20. Fearnleys Review, 2001. (the tanker and bulk markets and fleets), Compiled, prepared and published by Fearnresearch, Norway. Available from < http://www.fearnleys.com/fearnleys/fearnresearch.htm 〉.
21. Fearnleys, 2002a. Total Seaborne cargo transport figures, (provided by Hammer, J.).
22. Fearnleys, 2002b. Typical converting factors between tonnes of cargo and Dwt, (provided by Hammer, J.).
23. GEBCO, 1997. (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) Digital Atlas. British Oceanographic Data Centre, web site < http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ gebco/gebco.html 〉.
24. GloBallast, 2002a. The GEF/UNDP/IMO Global Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast). Available from < http://www.globallast.imo.org 〉.
25. GloBallast, 2002b. Risk Assessments Underway, Ballast water News, Issue 8.
26. GloBallast, 2003. Risk Assessment released for I.R. Iran. Ballast Water News, Issue 14.
27. Gulev, S.K., Hasse, L., 1998. North Atlantic Wind Waves and Wind Stress Fields from Voluntary Observing Ship Data, JPO, June pp. 1107-1130. Data sets on < http://dss.ucar.edu/datasets/ds541.3/ 〉.
28. Hallegraeff G.M. Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships' ballast water: bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 168:1997;297-309.
29. Hayes K.R., Sliwa C. Identifying potential marine pests - a deductive approach applied to Australia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46:2003;91-98.
30. Hoffmann J., Kumar S. Globalization: the maritime nexus. Grammenos C. Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business. 2002;35-62 LLP, London. Available from < http://bell.mma.edu/∼skumar/IAMEBook.pdf 〉.
31. Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics (ISL), 2001. In: Zachcial, M., Heideloff, C. (Eds.), Shipping Statistics Yearbook. Bremen, Germany.
32. International Maritime Organisation (IMO), 1997. Ballast water Guidelines A 868 (20). Available from < http://globallast.imo.org/ 〉.
33. International Maritime Organisation (IMO), 2003. Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC), Draft International convention for the control of management of ships' ballast water and sediments. MEPC 49/2/3, 24 March.
34. Japan, 2001. Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC), Harmful Aquatic Organisms in ballast water, Safety of Ballast Water Exchange at Sea, submitted by Japan, MEPC 47/2/7.
35. Karaminas, L., 2000. An investigation of ballast water management methods with particular emphasis on the risks of the sequential method. Lloyd's Register of Shipping, June.
36. Liberia, 1996. Prevention of air pollution from ships, submitted by Liberia, 17 April, MEPC 38/INF.12.
37. National Ballast Information Clearinghouse (NBIC), 2002. Data from National Ballast Information Clearinghouse, an online database with ballast water reporting forms from ships arriving at US ports. Available from < http://invasions.si.edu/NBIC/nbic_database.htm 〉.
38. Norway, 1994. Prevention of air pollution from ships including fuel oil quality, submitted by Norway, 29 July 1994, BCH 24/INF.28.
39. Oemcke, D., 1999. The treatment of Ships' Ballast Water. Ecoports Monograph Series No. 18, Ports Corperation of Queensland, Brisbane.
40. Oftedal, S., 1996. Air pollution from sea vessels. European Federation for Transport and Environment, Secretariat: Rue de la Victoire 26, 1060 Brussels, Belgium.
41. Rigby G.R., Hallegraeff G.M. The transfer and control of harmful marine organisms in shipping ballast water: behaviour of marine plankton and ballast water exchange on the MV "Iron Whyalla" J. Mar. Environ. Eng. 1:1994;91-110.
42. Rigby, G., Taylor, A.H., 2001. Ballast water treatment to minimise the risks of introducing nonindigenous marine organisms into Australian Ports. Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Australia, Invasive Marine Species Program, report nr. 13. Available from < http://www.affa.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=8859A2EE-ECC0-45C8- A5EA9EB0FE19CB8A#3_2_1 〉.
43. Rigby G.R., Hallegraeff G.M., Sutton C. Novel ballast water heating technique offers cost-effective treatment to reduce the risk of global transport of harmful marine organisms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 191:1999;289-293.
44. Ruiz, G.M., Miller, A.W., Lion, K., Steves, B., Arnwine, A., Collinetti, E., Wells, E., 2001. Status and trends of ballast water management in the United States. First biennial report of the National Ballast Information Clearinghouse: submitted to United States Coast Guard, 2001. Available from < http://invasions.si.edu/NBIC/nbic_news.htm 〉.
45. Skjong, R., Dahle, E., 1997. Hazard identification, Ballast Water Exchange at Sea. IMO MEPC 41/9/2.
46. Skjong, R., Spouge, J., 2000. Hazid of ballast water exchange at sea for bulk carriers by SWIFT. London, IACS, 2000, International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), International Maritime Organisation, Document, MEPC 45/2/1.
47. Spain, 2000. Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC), Harmful Aquatic Organisms in ballast water, Influence of the operating conditions on board ship on the change of ballast during sailing, submitted by Spain, MEPC 45/2/4.
48. Stevens, T., Frederick, R., Everett, R., Hurley, J., Hunt, C., Tanis, D., 2003. Performance Verification of Ballast Water Treatment Technologies by USEPS/NSF Environmental Technology Verification Programme. Paper presented at Imarest 2003.
49. Tamburri M.N., Wasson K., Matsuda M. Ballast water deoxygenation can prevent aquatic introductions while reducing ship corrosion. Biol. Conservat. 103:2002;331-341.
50. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, data hindcast for wind and wave parameters each 6 h for the Norwegian Sea, time period 1955 to 1999.
51. Transport Canada, Ballast Water Exchange Study, Phase I. Ottawa, Canada: Melville Shipping for Transport Canada Marine Regulatory Directorate, 1995.
52. United Kingdom, 2002. Rep. MSC 76/INF.6. submitted to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), Bulk Carrier Safety, International Collaborative FSA Study - Crew Performance and Voyage Cycles, 30 August.
53. URS/Dames and Moore, 2000. Feasibility of Onshore Ballast Water Treatment at California Ports. Available from < http://www.epa.gov/owow/mts/ capareport/ 〉.
54. Whall, C., Cooper, D., Archer, K., et al., 2002. Quantification of emissions from ships associated with ship movements between ports in the European Community, Report to the European Commission, Entec, Northwich, UK.
55. Wijnolst N., Wergeland T. Shipping. 1997;Delft University Press, Netherlands.
56. Young, Holland Atlas of the Oceans: Wind and Wave Climate. 1996;Elsevier Science, Pergamon, Oxford, UK.