Automobile rear signal lamps: Effect of realistic levels of dirt on light output

Lighting Research & Technology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 24-28

  Sivak, M ^a   Flannagan, M J ^a   Traube, E C ^a   Kojima, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1642294967     PISSN: 14771535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/096032719803000104     Document Type: Article

References (9)

1. Sivak M., Flannagan, M.J., Traube E.C., Kojima S. and Aoki M. Low-beam headlamps: Effects of realistic levels of dirt on light output Lighting Res. Technol. 29(1) 15-22 (1997)
2. Mortimer R.G., Moore C.W., Jorgeson C.M. and Thomas J.K. Passenger car and truck signaling and marking research: I. Regulations, intensity requirements and color filter characteristics Report HSRI-HF-73-18 ( Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan, Highway Safety Research Institute) (1973)
3. Schmidt-Clausen HJ Optimum luminances and areas of rear-position lamps and stop lamps Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Experimental Safety Vehicles pp220-224 (Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (1986)
4. Sivak M., Flannagan M.J., Olson P.L., Bender M. and Conn L.S. Evaluation of brake-lamp photometric requirements Report UMTRI-86-28 (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute) (1986)
5. Motor Industry Research Association A study of the effectiveness of rear lighting arrangements for cars Contractor Report 92 (Crowthorne, England: Transport and Road Research Laboratory) (1988 )
6. Sayer J.R., Flannagan M.J. and Sivak M. Effects of intensity, area, and aspect ratio on reaction time to stop lamps Report UMTRI-95-10 (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute) (1995)
7. Huey R., Dekker D. and Lyons R. Driver perception of just-noticeable differences of automotive signal lamp intensities Report DOT HS 808 209 (Washington, DC : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (1994)
8. Office of the Federal Register FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard) 108 (Lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipement) 49 Code of federal regulations Part 571.108 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office) (1996)
9. Cobb J. Roadside Survey of Vehicle Lighting 1989 Research Report 290 ( Crowthorne, UK: Transport and Road Research Laboratory ) (1989)