Partisan and structural balance of local television election coverage of incumbent and open gubernatorial elections

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 81, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 897-910

  Fico, Frederick ^a   Zeldes, Geri Alumit ^a   Diddi, Arvind ^b  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Mass Media PhD Program   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTION;

EID: 16344381797     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900408100411     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Pamela Shoemaker and Steve Reese, Mediating the Message: Theories of Influence on Mass Media Content, 2d ed. (White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996).
2. Jim Dearing and Everett Rogers, Agenda Setting (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996).
3. Sei-Hill Kim, Dietram A. Scheufele, and James Shanahan, "Think about It This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and the Public's Evaluation of a Local Issue," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (spring 2002): 7-25.
4. See, for example: Philip Meyer, "Defining and Measuring Credibility of Newspapers: Developing an Index," Journalism Quarterly 65 (fall 1988): 567-74, 588.
5. See, for example, A. Westin, Best Practices for Television Journalists (Freedom Forum Free Press/Fair Press Project, 2000).
6. Dru Evarts and Guido Stempel, "Coverage of the 1972 Campaign by TV, News Magazines and Major Newspapers," Journalism Quarterly 51 (winter 1974): 645-76.
7. C. Richard Hofstetter, Bias in the News: A Study of Network News Coverage of the 1972 Election Campaign (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1976);
8. C. Richard Hofstetter, "Perception of News Bias in 1972 Presidential Campaign," Journalism Quarterly 56 (summer 1979): 370-74.
9. Thomas Johnson, "Filling Out the Racing Form: How the Media Covered the Horse Race in the 1988 Primaries," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 300-310;
10. Thomas Johnson, "The Seven Dwarfs and Other Tales: How the Networks and Select Newspapers Covered the 1988 Democratic Primaries," Journalism Quarterly 70 (summer 1993): 311-20.
11. Dennis Lowry and Jon Shidler, "The Sound Bites, the Biters and the Bitten: A Two Campaign Test of the Anti-Incumbent Bias Hypothesis in Network TV News," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75 (winter 1998): 719-29.
12. David Domke, David Fan, Michael Dhawan, Steven Smith, and Mark Watts, "News Media Candidates and Issues, and Public Opinion in the 1996 Presidential Campaign," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 74 (winter 1997): 718-37.
13. W. Christ, H. Haines, and R. Huesca, "Remember the Alamo: Late-Night Local Newscasts in San Antonio, Texas," in The Electronic Election: Perspectives on the 1996 Campaign Communication, ed. Lynda Lee Kaid and Dianne G. Bystron (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999).
14. Scott R. Maier and Deborah Potter, "Public Journalism Through the Lens: How Television Broadcasters Covered Campaign '96," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 45 (spring 2001): 320-34.
15. See David Ostroff, "A Participant-Observer Study of TV Campaign Coverage," Journalism Quarterly 57 (fall 1980): 415-17;
16. David Ostroff and Karin Sandell, "Local Station Coverage of Campaigns: A Tale of Two Cities in Ohio," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 113-20;
17. David Ostroff and Karin Sandell, "Campaign Coverage by Local TV News in Columbus, Ohio, 1978-1986," Journalism Quarterly 66 (spring 1989): 114-20.
18. Sue Carter, Frederick Fico, and Jocelyn McCabe, "Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (spring 2002): 41-53.
19. Frederick Fico and William Cote, "Partisan and Structural Balance of Election Stories on the 1998 Governor's Race in Michigan," Mass Communication & Society 5 (spring 2002): 165-82.
20. Carter, Fico, and McCabe, "Partisan and Structural Balance in Local Television Election Coverage."
21. Peter Clarke and Susan Evans, Covering Campaigns (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1983).
22. Frederick Fico, John Clogston, and Gary Pizante, "Influence of Party and Incumbency on 1984 Michigan Election Coverage," Journalism Quarterly 65 (autumn 1988): 709-713.
23. Frederick Fico and William Cote, "Fairness and Balance in Election Reporting," Newspaper Research Journal 19 (summer/fall 1997): 50-64;
24. Fico and Cote, "Partisan and Structural Balance of the 1998 Governor's Race in Michigan."
25. See, for example, Frederick Fico and Olivia Balog, "Partisan Sources Receive More Space in Conflict Issues," Newspaper Research Journal 24 (fall 2003): 22-35;
26. Frederick Fico and Eric Freedman, "Bureau, Wire Reporters write more Balanced Stories," Newspaper Research Journal 25 (spring 2004): 44-58.
27. See Westin, Best Practices for Television Journalists.
28. Gaye Tuchman, "Objectivity as Strategic Ritual," American Journal of Sociology 77 (January 1972): 660-79.
29. Curtis Haugtvedt and Duane Weigener, "Message Order Effects in Persuasion: An Attitude Strength Perspective," Journal of Consumer Research 21 (June 1994): 205-218.
30. See H. J. Hsia, "The Information Processing Capacity of Modality and Channel Performance," AV Communication Review 19 (1971): 51-75;
31. Stephen D. Reese, "Visual-Verbal Redundancy Effects on Television News Learning," Journal of Broadcasting 28 (1984): 79-87.
32. Haugtvedet and Weigener, "Message Order Effects in Persuasion."
33. Kim, Scheufele, and Shanahan, "Think about It This Way."