Physical and geometrical optics for 2-D rough surfaces with power-law height spectra

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation

Volumn 53, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 922-932

  Warnick, Karl F ^a   Millet, Floyd W ^a,b   Arnold, David V ^c  

^a Brigham Young University   (United States)

^b LOCKHEED MARTIN   (United States)

^c Wavetronix Incorporated   (United States)

Author keywords

Electromagnetic scattering by rough surfaces; Geometrical optics (GO); Physical optics (PO); Sea surface electromagnetic scattering

Indexed keywords

APPROXIMATION THEORY; FUNCTIONS; GEOMETRICAL OPTICS; INTEGRAL EQUATIONS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MATRIX ALGEBRA; METHOD OF MOMENTS; PHYSICAL OPTICS; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; VECTORS;

DISTRIBUTION FUCTION; SEA SURFACE ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING;

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SCATTERING;

EID: 16344362338     PISSN: 0018926X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2004.842705     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. K. F. Warnick and D. V. Arnold, "Generalization of the geometrical optics scattering limit for a rough conducting surface," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 15, pp. 2355-2361, 1998.
2. J. Shen and A. A. Maradudin, "Multiple scattering of waves from random rough surfaces," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 4234-4240, 1980.
3. V. I. Tatarskii and V. V. Tatarskii, "Statistical description of rough-surface scattering using the quasismall-slope approximation for random surfaces with a Gaussian multivariate probability distribution," Waves Rand. Media, vol. 4, p. 191, Apr. 1994.
4. A. Voronovich, "Small-slope approximation for electromagnetic wave scattering at a rough interface of two dielectric half-spaces," Waves Rand. Media, vol. 4, p. 337, Jul. 1994.
5. J. T. Johnson, "Third-order small-perturbation method for scattering from dielectric rough surfaces," J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 16, pp. 2720-2736, Nov. 1999.
6. E. Rodriguez and Y. Kim, "A unified perturbation expansion for surface scattering," Radio Sci., vol. 27, pp. 79-93, Jan.-Feb. 1992.
7. D. M. Milder, "An improved formalism for electromagnetic scattering from a perfectly conducting rough surface," Radio Sci., vol. 31, pp. 1369-1376, Nov.-Dec. 1996.
8. E. I. Thorsos and D. R. Jackson, "The validity of the perturbation approximation for rough surface scattering using a Gaussian roughness spectrum," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 261-277, 1989.
9. E. Rodríguez, "Beyond the Kirchhoff approximation," Radio Sci. vol. 24, pp. 681-693, Sep.-Oct. 1989.
10. E. I. Thorsos and D. R. Jackson, "Studies of scattering theory using numerical methods," Waves Rand. Media, vol. 1, pp. S165-S190, Jul. 1991.
11. S. L. Broschat, E. I. Thorsos, and A. Ishimaru, "The phase perturbation technique vs. an exact numerical method for random rough surface scattering," J. Electromag. Waves. Appl., vol. 3, pp. 237-256, 1989.
12. E. I. Chaikina, A. G. Navarrete, E. R. Mendez, A. Martinez, and A. A. Maradudin, "Coherent scattering by one-dimensional randomly rough metallic surfaces," Appl. Opt., vol. 37, pp. 1110-1121, Feb. 1998.
13. S. L. Broschat and E. I. Thorsos, "An investigation of the small slope approximation for scattering from a rough surface: Part II-Numerical studies," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 101, pp. 2615-2625, 1997.
14. E. Rodriguez, Y. Kim, and S. L. Durden, "A numerical assessment of rough surface scattering theories: Horizontal polarization," Radio Sci., vol. 27, pp. 497-513, 1992.
15. Y. Kim, E. Rodriguez, and S. L. Durden, "A numerical assessment of rough surface scattering theories: Vertical polarization," Radio Sci., vol. 27, pp. 515-527, 1992.
16. K. F. Warnick and W. C. Chew, "Numerical simulation methods for rough surface scattering," Waves Rand. Media, vol. 11, pp. R1-R30, 2001.
17. M. Saillard and A. Sentenac, "Rigorous solutions for electromagnetic scattering from rough surfaces," Waves Rand. Media, vol. 11, pp. R103-R137, 2001.
18. C. C. Lu and W. C. Chew, "A multilevel algorithm for solving a boundary integral equation of wave scattering," Microw. Opt. Tech. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 466-470, July 1994.
19. J. A. Ogilvy, Theory of Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surfaces Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1991.
20. A. G. Voronovich, Wave Scattering from Rough Surfaces, 2 ed. New York: Springer, 1998.
21. D. V. Arnold, "Electromagnetic bias in radar altimetry at microwave frequencies," Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, 1992.
22. T. Elfouhaily, B. Chapron, K. Katsaros, and D. Vandemark, "A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 102, pp. 15,781-15,796, 1997.
23. A. Purcell, "Asymptotic expansion of the backscattering strength for the Pierson-Moskowitz sea surface," J. Comput. Acoust., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1287-1309, 2001.
24. G. L. Tyler, "Wavelength dependence in radio-wave scattering and specular-point theory," Radio Sci., vol. 11, pp. 83-91, Feb. 1976.
25. E. Rodríguez, Y. Kim, and J. M. Martin, "The effect of small-wave modulation on the electromagnetic bias," J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97, pp. 2379-2389, Feb. 1992.
26. A. K. S. Salem and G. L. Tyler, "Validity of Kirchhoff theory for electromagnetic wave scattering from random rough surfaces with emphasis on fractal models," presented at the DPS 34th Meeting, Birmingham, AL, Oct. 6-11, 2002.
27. I. Simonsen, D. Vandembroucq, and S. Roux, "Electromagnetic wave scattering from conducting self-affine surfaces: An analytic and numerical study," J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, vol. 18, pp. 1101-1111, May 2001.
28. G. Samorodnitsky and M. S. Taqqu, Stable Non-Gaussian Random Processes. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1994.
29. V. Mandrekar and J. Zinn, "Central limit problem for symmetric case: Convergence to non-Gaussian laws," Stud. Math., vol. 67, pp. 279-295, 1980.
30. J. Kuelbs and V. Mandrekar, "Domains of attraction of stable measures on a Hilbert space," Studia Mathematica, vol. 50, pp. 149-162, 1974.
31. D. E. Barrick and W. H. Peake, "A review of scattering from surfaces with different roughness scales," Radio Sci., vol. 3, pp. 865-868, Aug. 1968.
32. A. K. Fung and H. Chan, "Backscattering of waves by composite rough surfaces," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 590-597, Sep. 1969.
33. G. S. Brown, "Backscattering from a Gaussian-distributed perfectly conducting rough surface," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-26, no. 3, pp. 472-482, May 1978.
34. D. H. Berman and J. S. Perkins, "The Kirchhoff approximation and first-order perturbation theory for rough surface scattering," J. Acoust. Soc. Amer., vol. 78, pp. 1045-1051, Sep. 1985.
35. P. Beckman and A. Spizzichino, The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces. Oxford: Pergamon, 1963.
36. G. R. Valenzuela, "Depolarization of EM waves by slightly rounded surfaces," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 552-7, Jul. 1967.
37. J. C. Leader, "Bidirectional scattering of electromagnetic waves from rough surfaces," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 42, pp. 4804-16, Nov. 1971.
38. D. Holliday, G. St-Cyr, and N. E. Woods, "A radar ocean imaging model for small to moderate incidence angles," Int. J. Remote Sensing, vol. 7, pp. 1809-1934, Dec. 1986.
39. J. Galambos, Advanced Probability Theory, 2 ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995.
40. W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications New York: Wiley, 1966, vol. II.
41. F. T. Ulaby, R. K. Moore, and A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 1981.
42. N. E. Huang, S. R. Long, and L. Bliven, "On the importance of the significant slope in empirical wind-wave studies," J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 11, pp. 569-572, Apr. 1981.
43. R. M. Axline and A. K. Fung, "Numerical computations of scattering from a perfectly conducting random surface," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. vol. AP-26, pp. 482-488, May 1978.