Globalization, latinization, and the nuevo New South

Journal of American Ethnic History

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 31-66

  Mohl, Raymond A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 16244409312     PISSN: 02785927     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (296)

1. Rose Livingston, "Russellville Blends Hispanic Flavor," Birmingham News 5 October 1997
2. Patty Fernandez-Rocha, "Hispanic Resident Sets High Goals," [Florence, AL] Shoals Times-Daily 28 August 2000
3. Rose Livingston, "Settlers Build a Lifestyle," Birmingham News, 18 September 2000
4. Manuel Torres, "The Latinization of the South," Mobile Register, 28 June 1999
5. James C. Cobb, "The Sunbelt South: Industrialization in Regional, National, and International Perspectives," in Searching for the Sunbelt: Historical Perspectives on a Region, ed. Raymond A. Mohl (Knoxville, 1990), 25-46
6. David R. Goldfield and Thomas E. Terrill, "Uncle Sam's Other Province: The Transformation of the Southern Economy," in The South for New Southerners, ed. Paul D. Escott and David R. Goldfield (Chapel Hill, 1991), 135-156
7. Karsten Hulsemann, "Greenfields in the Heart of Dixie: How the American Auto Industry Discovered the South," in The Second Wave: Southern Industrialization from the 1940s to the 1970s, ed. Philip Scranton (Athens, 2001), 219-254
8. Douglas S. Massey, "March of Folly: U.S. Immigration Policy after NAFTA," The American Prospect (March-April 1998): 22-33
9. Robert D. Manning and Anna Cristina Butera, "Global Restructuring and U.S.-Mexican Economic Integration: Rhetoric and Reality of Mexican Immigration Five Years After NAFTA," American Studies, 41 (Summer/Fall 2000): 183-209
10. Altha J. Cravey, "The Changing South: Latino Labor and Poultry Production in Rural North Carolina," Southeastern Geographer, 37 (November 1997): 295-300
11. "The Globalization Game," Southern Exposure, 26 (Summer/Fall 1998): 21-58
12. James Green, "Gone South," The American Prospect 11 (20 November 2000), 51-53
13. and, more generally, Nigel Harris, The New Untouchables: Immigration and the New World Worker (New York, 1995)
14. Henry C. Dethloff, The United States and the Global Economy since 1945 (New York, 1997)
15. Kitty Calavita, "Mexican Immigration to the USA: The Contradictions of Border Control," in The Cambridge Survey of World Immigration, ed. Robin Cohen (Cambridge, 1995), 236-244, quotation on p. 236
16. Thomas Weaver, "Time, Space, and Articulation in the Economic Development of the U.S.-Mexico Border Region from 1940 to 2000," Human Organization, 60 (Summer 2001): 105-120, quotation on p. 111
17. Paul Ehrlich, Loy Bilderback, and Anne E. Ehrlich, The Golden Door: International Migration, Mexico, and the United States (New York, 1979)
18. Philip Martin, "There Is Nothing More Permanent Than Temporary Foreign Workers," Center for Immigration Studies, Backgrounder (April 2001): 1-3
19. The most recent analysis of the dynamics of Mexican immigration is Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Nolan J. Malone, Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration (New York, 2002)
20. See also Carey McWilliams, North from Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States (New York, 1948)
21. Ernesto Galarza, Merchants of Labor: The Mexican Bracero Story (Santa Barbara, 1964)
22. Abraham Hoffman, Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures 1929-39 (Tucson, 1974)
23. Mark Reisler, By the Sweat of Their Brow: Mexican Immigrant Labor in the United States 1900-1940 (Westport, Conn., 1976)
24. Richard Griswold del Castillo and Arnoldo De León, North to Aztlán: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States (New York, 1996)
25. George O. Coalson, "Mexican Contract Labor in American Agriculture," Southwest Social Science Quarterly 33 (December 1952): 228-238
26. Richard P. Eckels, "Hungry Workers, Ripe Crops, and the Nonexistent Mexican Border," The Reporter, 10 (13 April 1954): 28-32
27. Eleanor M. Hadley, "A Critical Analysis of the Wetback Problem," Law and Contemporary Problems, 21 (Spring 1956): 334-357
28. Alejandro Portes, "Return of the Wetback," Society 11 (March/April 1974): 40-46
29. James Flanigan, "North of the Border - Who Needs Whom?" Forbes (15 April 1977): 37-41
30. "Getting Their Slice of Paradise," Time (2 May 1977): 26-32
31. David M. Reimers, Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America (New York, 1985), 39-62
32. Silvia Pedraza-Bailey, Political and Economic Migrants in America: Cubans and Mexicans (Austin, 1985), 53-75
33. Douglas S. Massey, et al., Return to Aztlan: The Social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico (Berkeley, 1987)
34. Massey, et al., Beyond Smoke and Mirrors, 24-51, 105-141, quotation on p. 127
35. Alejandro Portes, "Labor Functions of Illegal Aliens," Society 14 (September/October 1977): 31-37
36. Terrence Haverluk, "The Changing Geography of U.S. Hispanics, 1850-1990," Journal of Geography, 96 (May/June 1997): 134-145
37. Jorge Durand, Douglas S. Massey, and Emilio A. Parrado, "The New Era of Mexican Migration to the United States," Journal of American History 86 (September 1999): 518-536
38. Wade Graham, "Masters of the Game: How the U.S. Protects the Traffic in Cheap Mexican Labor," Harper's, 293 (July 1996): 35-50
39. David M. Heer, Undocumented Mexicans in the United States (Cambridge, 1990)
40. Thomas J. Espenshade, "Unauthorized Immigration to the United States," Annual Review of Sociology, 21(1995): 195-216
41. Jorge Durand, Douglas S. Massey, and Fernando Charvet, "The Changing Geography of Mexican Immigration to the United States, 1910-1996," Social Science Quarterly, 81 (March 2000): 1-15
42. Gilbert G. González and Raúl Fernandez, "Empire and the Origins of Twentieth-Century Migration from Mexico to the United States," Pacific Historical Review, 71 (February 2002): 19-57
43. Rob Chambers, "Wages Are Driving Force Behind Latest Emigration," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 19 April 1998
44. Robert Robb, "Tightened U.S. Border Policy Keeps Mexicans Trapped Here," Arizona Republic, 3 December 2002
45. See also Frank D. Bean, et al., eds., At the Crossroads: Mexico and U.S. Immigration Policy (Lanham, Md., 1997)
46. Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the 'Illegal Alien' and the Making of the U.S.-Mexican Boundary (New York, 2002)
47. Massey, et al., Beyond Smoke and Mirrors, 49-50, 136-138
48. Calavita, "Mexican Immigration to the USA," 238-241
49. Jeffrey S. Passel and Wendy Zimmerman, Are Immigrants Leaving California? Settlement Patterns of Immigrants in the Late 1990s (Washington, D.C., 2001), 13
50. "Hispanics Drawn to Triangle More Than Other Large Communities," Associated Press Wire Story, 31 July 2002
51. See also Aristede R. Zolberg, "Reforming the Back Door: The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 in Historical Perspective," in Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics, ed. Virginia Yans-McLaughlin (New York, 1990), 315-339
52. Peter H. Schuck, "The Politics of Rapid Legal Change: Immigration Policy in the 1980s," Studies in American Political Development, 6 (Spring 1992): 37-92
53. Frank F. Bean, Georges Vernez, and Charles B. Keely, Opening and Closing the Doors: Evaluating Immigration Reform and Control (Washington, D.C., 1989)
54. Cheryl Shanks, Immigration and the Politics of American Sovereignty, 1890-1990 (Ann Arbor, 2001), 187-229
55. David Griffith and David Runsten, "The Impact of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act on the U.S. Poultry Industry: A Comparative Analysis," Policy Studies Review, 11 (Summer 1992): 118-130, quotation on p. 124
56. Neil Taylor, immigration attorney in Russellville, telephone interview with Raymond A. Mohl, 13 January 2003
57. Kirk Ross, "Economic System Rests on Fragile House of Cards," Chapel Hill News, 31 March 2002
58. Hector Figueroa, "The Growing Force of Latino Labor," NACLA Report on the Americas, 30 (November/December 1996): 18-22, quotation on p. 22
59. David Griffith, "Consequences of Immigration Reform for Low-Wage Workers in the Southeastern U.S.: The Case of the Poultry Industry," Urban Anthropology, 19 (Spring-Summer 1990): 155-184
60. Carlos A. Heredia, "Downward Mobility: Mexican Workers after NAFTA," NACLA Report on the Americas, 30 (November/December 1996): 34-38
61. Massey, "March of Folly"; Manning and Butera, "Global Restructuring and U.S.-Mexican Economic Integration." For an excellent overview of new patterns of Hispanic migration thru the mid-1990s, see James H. Johnson, Jr., Karen D. Johnson-Webb, and Walter C. Farrell, Jr., "Newly Emergent Hispanic Communities in the United States: A Spatial Analysis of Settlement Patterns, In-migration Fields, and Social Receptivity," in Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the United State, ed. Frank D. Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose (New York, 1999), 263-310
62. For a fascinating journalistic exploration of the linkages between globalization and Mexican migration, see Ruben Martinez, Crossing Over: A Mexican Family on the Migrant Trail (New York, 2001)
63. "Folks Very Much Like Us," Huntsville Times, 25 February 2000
64. Suzi Parker, "Hispanics Reshape Culture of the South," Christian Science Monitor, 1 June 1999
65. Richard Rodriguez, Brown: The Last Discovery of America (New York, 2002), 35
66. Sue Anne Pressley, "Hispanic Immigration Boom Rattles South," Washington Post, 6 March 2000
67. Anne Hull, "Old South Goes with the Wind," Washington Post, 8 December 2002
68. See also Barbara Ellen Smith, "The Postmodern South: Racial Transformations and the Global Economy," in Cultural Diversity in the U.S. South: Anthropological Contributions to a Region in Transition, ed. Carole E. Hill and Patricia D. Beaver, eds. (Athens, 1998), 164-178
69. Eric Bates, "Beyond Black and White," Southern Exposure, 22 (Fall 1994): 10-15
70. Steven A. Holmes, "Figuring Out Hispanic Influence," New York Times, 16 August 1998
71. Frank D. Bean and Marta Tienda, The Hispanic Population of the United States (New York, 1987), 152-163
72. Mike Davis, Magical Urbanism: Latinos Reinvent the U.S. Big City (London, 2000), 1-9
73. On Hispanics in Texas, see Emilio Zamora, The World of the Mexican Worker in Texas (College Station, 1993)
74. and David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (Austin, 1987)
75. On Hispanics in Florida, see Raymond A. Mohl, "The Latinization of Florida," in Florida's Heritage of Diversity: Essays in Honor of Samuel Proctor, ed. Mark I. Greenberg, et al. (Tallahassee, 1997), 151-168, 230-234
76. Journalists, who often respond quickly to local change, have provided excellent coverage of the recent Hispanic migration to the South. For a sampling, see: Jesse Katz, "The Chicken Trail," Los Angeles Times, 10, 11, 12 November 1996
77. "Southeast: Mexican Migrants on the Chicken Trail," Rural Migration News, 3 (January 1997)
78. Michael Kelley, "Latino Memphis," Memphis Commercial Appeal, 21 September 1997
79. Hayes Ferguson, "The Nuevo South," New Orleans Times-Picayune, 28, 29 December 1997
80. "El Acento Nuevo del Sur," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 19 April 1998
81. Valarie Honeycutt and Andy Mead, "From the Border to the Bluegrass," Lexington Herald-Leader, 20, 22 December 1998
82. Jim Dyer, "The Dreams of Rigo Nuñez," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 24 January 1999
83. Anne Hull, "Una Vida Mejor," St. Petersburg Times, 9, 10, 11 May 1999
84. Linda Stahl, "New Neighbors: Immigrants Give Kentucky a New Face," Louisville Courier-Journal, 20 July 1999
85. Andres Viglucci, "Hispanic Wave Forever Alters Small Town in North Carolina," Miami Herald, 2 January 2000
86. Matt Kempner and Lucy Soto, "The Big Wink," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 23 January 2000
87. Anne Hull, "Ascent and Eclipse in a Small Town," Washington Post, 8 October 2000
88. Mark Bixler, "Coming to Georgia," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 19-21 November 2000
89. Hector Tobar, "A Lotta Cultures Goin' On," Los Angeles Times, 16 May 2001
90. U.S. Census, 1990, 2000. Census data on Hispanics for 1990 and 2000 is available on the internet at http://factfinder.census.gov. See also Lynette Clemetson, "Hispanics Now Largest Minority, Census Shows," New York Times, 22 January 2003
91. U.S. Census, 2000; Deirdre A. Gaquin and Katherine A. DeBrandt, eds., County and City Extra: Special Decennial Census Edition (Lanham, Md., 2002)
92. MDC, Inc., The State of the South, 1998 (Chapel Hill, 1998), 10-12
93. Audrey Singer, et al., The World in a Zip Code: Greater Washington, D.C. as a New Region of Immigration (Washington, D.C., 2001)
94. Rafael A. Olmeda, "Latinization of the United States Spreads into Some Unexpected Regions," Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel, 31 July 2002
95. U.S. Census, 2000; Evelyn Nieves, "Hispanics Polled See Themselves As Diverse," Washington Post, 18 December 2002
96. Deborah Bulkeley, "Spanish-Speaking Households on the Rise in Mississippi," Associated Press Wire Story, 30 September 2002
97. Michael Paulk, "The Latino Connection," Memphis Business Journal, 23 September 2002
98. Jim Parker, "Hispanic Workers," Charleston Post and Courier, 21 October 2002
99. James Shannon, "The Changing Face of Upstate: The Hispanics," Greenville News, 24 September 2002
100. Brian Basinger, "Latino Candidates Eye Offices, History," Athens Banner-Herald, 7 July 2002
101. Bates, "Beyond Black and White," 12-13
102. Leah Van Wey, "Newcomers in Numbers," Southern Exposure, 27 (Summer 1999): 21
103. Bailey Thompson, "Can the South Cope with Yet Another Cultural Challenge?" Huntsville Times, 6 February 2000
104. Mike Salinero, "Distrust of Officials Makes Counting Hispanics Hard," Huntsville Times, 21 March 2000
105. Jay Reeves, "Census: Undercount in AL," El Reportero, 1 April 2001
106. Haya El Nasser, "Political Fight Brews Over Census Correction," USA Today, 15 February 2001
107. "Undercount Examined," USA Today, 28 March 2001
108. Cindy Rodriguez, "Revised Census Estimate Points to Total of 285M," Boston Globe, 15 February 2001; and more generally
109. Barry Edmondston, "The Case for Modernizing the U.S. Census," Society, 39 (November/December 2001): 42-53
110. Marie Jones, "Habla Espanol? Hispanic Culture Integrating Itself into Birmingham," Birmingham Weekly, 1 (5 March 1998): 10-11
111. Jamie Kizzire, "Hispanics' Clout Rising in Alabama," Birmingham Post-Herald, 27 June 2000
112. Rebecca Charry, "Cultures Clash and Adjust," Birmingham Post-Herald, 18 March 1997
113. "Official: State Lacks Agents for Immigration," Decatur Daily News, 16 March 2000
114. Rose Livingston, "Seeking a Better Life," Birmingham News, 30 April 1996
115. Jeb Phillips, "Habla Espanol?" Birmingham Post-Herald, 15 March 2001
116. Benjamin Niolet and Rose Livingston, "Hispanic Figure Still Low," Birmingham News, 15 March 2001
117. Rose Livingston, "Franklin Official: Hispanic Count Off by Thousands," Birmingham News, 16 March 2001
118. "Changing Alabama," Birmingham Post-Herald, 17 March 2001
119. George J. Borjas, Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy (Princeton, 1999), 86; Alejandro Castro, teacher and community organizer, interview with Raymond A. Mohl and Eric Knudsen, Birmingham, 19 March 1997
120. Carol Robinson, "Hispanic Community Grows," Birmingham News, 21 March 1999
121. Rose Livingston, "The Migrant Stream," Birmingham News, 12 July 1999
122. Connie Baggett, "Changing Work Force," Mobile Register, 8 August 2000
123. Steve Mayo, "Migrant Work Force Declining," Montgomery Advertiser, 19 November 2000
124. Bill Caton, Niki Sepsas, and Chianti Cleggett, "Searching for Magic: Hispanics in the City," Birmingham Magazine, 41 (May 2001): 100-107
125. Dale Short, "Mexico in the Heart of Dixie," UAB Magazine, 21 (Summer 2001): 2-9
126. Roy L. Williams, "Employers Say Immigrants Ease Critical Worker Shortage in Area," Birmingham News, 9 September 2001
127. On the "settling out" pattern where Hispanic farm workers move into permanent jobs and create stable communities, see Daniel Rothenberg, With These Hands: The Hidden World of Migrant Farmworkers Today (Berkeley, 1998), 181-204
128. Marcos McPeek Villatoro, "Mexican in Alabama," Southern Exposure, 22 (Fall 1994): 26-27
129. Marcos McPeek Villatoro, "Birth of a Mestizo Nation," Southern Exposure, 27 (Summer 1999): 18-20
130. For a fascinating study of chain migration patterns in the Atlanta area, see Mark Bixler, "The Latino Network," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 15 April 2001
131. Greig Guthey, "Mexican Places in Southern Spaces: Globalization, Work, and Daily Life in and around the North Georgia Poultry Industry," in Latino Workers in the Contemporary South, ed. Arthur D. Murphy, Colleen Blanchard, and Jennifer A. Hill (Athens, 2001), 57-67
132. Hayes Ferguson, "The Nuevo South: Changing Faces," New Orleans Times-Picayune, 29 December 1997
133. Gainesville Times, 3 November 2002
134. Rubén Hernández-León and Victor Źuñiga, "'Making Carpet by the Mile': The Emergence of a Mexican Immigrant Community in an Industrial Region of the U.S. Historic South," Social Science Quarterly, 81 (March 2000): 49-66
135. James D. Engstsrom, "Industry and Immigration in Dalton, Georgia," in Latino Workers in the Contemporary South, ed. Murphy, et al., 44-56
136. Victor Zuñiga and Rubén Hernández-León, "A New Destination for an Old Migration: Origins, Trajectories, and Labor Market Incorporation of Latinos in Dalton, Georgia," ibid., 126-135
137. Leon Fink and Alvis Dunn, "The Maya of Morganton: Exploring Worker Identity within the Global Marketplace," in The Maya Diaspora: Guatemalan Roots, New American Lives, ed. James Loucky and Marilyn M. Moors (Philadelphia, 2000), 175-195
138. Leon Fink, The Maya of Morganton: Work and Community in the Nuevo New South (Chapel Hill, 2003)
139. Allan F. Burns, Maya in Exile: Guatemalans in Florida (Philadelphia, 1993)
140. Charlie LeDuff, "At a Slaughterhouse, Some Things Never Die," New York Times, 16 June 2000
141. Lane Windham and Eric Bates, "H-2B," Southern Exposure, 20 (Spring 1992): 57-61
142. David Griffith, The Estuary's Gift: An Atlantic Coast Cultural Biography (University Park, Pa., 1999), 71-98
143. David Griffith, Jones's Minimal: Low-Wage Labor in the United States (Albany, 1993), 51-81, 115-147
144. David Griffith, "New Immigrants in an Old Industry: Blue Crab Processing in Pamlico County, North Carolina," in Any Way You Cut It: Meat Processing and Small-Town America, ed. Donald D. Stull, Michael J. Broadway, and David Griffith (Lawrence, Kan., 1995), 153-186
145. Emily F. Selby, et al., "A Woman's Place in the Crab Processing Industry of Eastern Carolina," Gender, Place and Culture, 8 (2001): 229-258
146. Andrew Olsen, "Clawing Their Way Out," Washington Times, 9 September 2002
147. Debra Sabia, "Challenges of Solidarity and Lessons for Community Empowerment: The Struggle of Migrant Farm Workers in Rural South Georgia," SECOLAS Annals: Journal of the Southeastern Council on Latin American Studies, 30 (March 1999): 95-109
148. John D. Studstill and Laura Nieto-Studstill, "Hospitality and Hostility: Latin Immigrants in Southern Georgia," in Latino Workers in the Contemporary South, ed. Murphy, et al., 68-81
149. Thomas A. Arcury, et al., "Pesticide Use and Safety Training in Mexico: The Experience of Farmworkers Employed in North Carolina," Human Organization, 60, No. 1 (2001): 56-65
150. Ned Glascock, "Foreign Labor on Home Soil," Raleigh News and Observer, 29 August 1999
151. Katherine M. Donato, Carl L. Bankston, and Dawn T. Robinson, "Immigration and the Organization of the Offshore Oil Industry: Southern Louisiana in the Late 1990s," in Latino Workers in the Contemporary South, ed. Murphy, et al., 105-113
152. Chris Poynter, "More Hispanics Find a Job - and a Home," Louisville Courier-Journal, 20 July 1999
153. Steven Greenhouse, "Migrants Plant Pine Trees but Often Pocket Peanuts," New York Times, 14 February 2001
154. Rick Mines, "Ethnic Shift in Eastern Crop Agriculture: Replacement or Displacement?" unpublished paper at "Changing Face" conference, Newark, Delaware, September 1997, available at: http://migration. ucdavis.edu/rmn/
155. Keith F. West, "Hispanic Population Boom Portends Change," Charleston Regional Business Journal, 9 April 2001
156. Rebecca J. Dameron and Arthur D. Murphy, "An International City Too Busy to Hate? Social and Cultural Change in Atlanta, 1970-1995," Urban Anthropology, 26 (Spring 1997): 43-69
157. Jane Kitchen, "The Hispanic Boom," Hispanic Magazine (January-February 2002): www.hispaniconline.com/magazine
158. Peter Whoriskey and Sarah Cohen, "Immigrants Arrive from Far and Wide," Washington Post, 23 November 2001
159. "Boom in Immigrants Transforming County," Washington Post, 6 June 2002
160. Joe Fahy, "No Pain, No Gain," Southern Exposure, 17 (Summer 1989): 35-38
161. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (Boston, 2001), 169-190, quotation on p. 172
162. Steve Stiffler, "Inside a Poultry Plant: An Ethnographic Portrait," Labor History, 43 (August 2002): 305-313
163. Barbara Goldoftas, "Inside the Slaughterhouse," Southern Exposure 17 (Summer 1989): 25-29, quotation on p. 27
164. E. Richard Brown and Hongjian Yu, "Latinos' Access to Employment-based Health Insurance," in Latinos: Remaking America, ed. Marcelo M. Suárez and Mariela M. Páez (Berkeley, 2002), 236-253
165. Dave Williams, "Uninsured Hispanics Are a Growing Concern Among Health Leaders," Savannah Morning News, 2 October 2002
166. Thomas A. Arcury and Sara A. Quandt, "Chronic Agricultural Chemical Exposure Among Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers," Society and Natural Resources, 11 (1998): 829-843
167. Sara A. Quandt, et al., "Migrant Farmworkers and Green Tobacco Sickness: New Issues for an Understudied Disease," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 37 (March 2000): 307-315
168. Thomas A. Arcury, et al., "Farmworker Reports of Pesticide Safety and Sanitation in the Work Environment," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 39 (May 2001): 487-498
169. Rebecca C. Elmore and Thomas A. Arcury, "Pesticide Exposure Beliefs Among Latino Farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas Tree Industry," American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 40 (August 2001): 153-160
170. Joyce Hedges, "Hispanic Workers Face Disparate Risk, Are Overrepresented in Hazardous Jobs," Occupational Safety and Health Reporter, 31 (11 January 2001)
171. Jim Hopkins, "Deaths of Hispanic Workers Soar 53%," USA Today, 25 March 2002
172. Sheila M. Poole, "Unions Seek Latinos to Bolster Numbers," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 19 April 1998
173. Harold Meyerson, "Street vs. Suite: Why L.A.'s Janitors Will Win Their Strike," L.A. Weekly (7 April 2000)
174. Harold Meyerson, "A Clean Sweep," The American Prospect, 11 (19 June 2000): 24-29
175. Roger Waldinger, et al., "Helots No More: A Case Study of the Justice for Janitors Campaign in Los Angeles," in Organizing to Win: New Research on Union Strategies, ed. Kate Bronfenbrenner, et al. (Ithaca 1998), 102-119
176. See also Ruth Milkman, ed., Organizing Immigrants: The Challenge for Unions in Contemporary California (Ithaca, 2000)
177. Craig Whitlock, "Immigrant Poultry Workers' Struggle for Respect Draws National Attention," Raleigh News and Observer, 30 November 1996
178. Fink and Dunn, "The Maya of Morganton"; Fink, The Maya of Morganton; Griffith, "New Immigrants in an Old Industry," 159
179. Erica Hodgin, "Heat's on Farm Labor System," Raleigh News and Observer, 10 August 1999
180. "On the Line: Latinos on Labor's Cutting Edge," NAFTA Report on the Americas, 30 (November/December 1996): 18
181. Janita Poe, "Latino Leaders to Target Problems in South," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 24 July 2002
182. Ian Urbina, "Southern Bellwether: Unions Won't Survive Unless They Organize Down in Dixie," In These Times, 26 (March 4, 2002): 16-18
183. Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., "American Unionism and U.S. Immigration Policy," Center for Immigration Studies, available at http://www.cis.org/ articles/2001/back1001.htm
184. More generally, see Hector L. Delgado, New Immigrants, Old Unions: Organizing Undocumented Workers in Los Angeles (Philadelphia, 1993)
185. Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Immigration Policy and the American Labor Force (Baltimore, 1984)
186. Vernon M. Briggs, Jr., Mass Immigration and the National Interest (2nd ed., Armonk, N.Y., 1996)
187. Ruth Milkman, "Immigrant Organizing and the New Labor Movement in Los Angeles," Critical Sociology, 26 (2001): 59-81
188. Briggs's opposition to continued mass Mexican immigration is echoed in Steven A. Camarota, "Immigration from Mexico: Assessing the Impact on the United States," Center for Immigration Studies, available at http://www.cis.org/articles/2001/mexico/release.htm
189. Jacquelyne J. Jackson, "Illegal Aliens: Big Threat to Black Workers," Ebony (April 1979): 33-40
190. See also Frank D. Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose, "Immigration and its Relation to Race and Ethnicity in the United States," in Bean and Bell-Rose, eds., Immigration and Opportunity, 1-28
191. Ben Stocking, "Side By Side: Worlds Apart," Raleigh News and Observer, 4 May 1997
192. Charlie LeDuff, "Some Things Never Die," Raleigh News and Observer, 2 July 2000
193. Ned Glascock, "Latinos Now Filling Bottom-Rung Jobs," Raleigh News and Observer, 29 October 2000
194. Cynthia Tucker, "Latino Growth a Wake-up Call for Black Folks," Atlanta Journal Constitution, 18 March 2001
195. Dahleen Glanton, "Hispanic Influx in Deep South Causes Tension - with Blacks," Chicago Tribune, 19 March 2001
196. Julianne Malveaux, "Blacks Hold Mixed Views on Immigrants," USA Today, 31 August 2001
197. Ron Nissimov, "Some Blacks Irritated by Immigrant Influx," Houston Chronicle, 25 August 2002
198. Reynolds Farley, The New American Reality: Who We Are, How We Got Here, Where We Are Going (New York, 1996), 200
199. Marcela Mendoza, David H. Ciscel, and Barbara Ellen Smith, "Latino Immigrants in Memphis, Tennessee: Their Local Economic Impact" (Working Paper 15, Center for Research on Women, University of Memphis, 2001), 4
200. For key sources in the debate among the experts, see "Social Science And Public Policy: Immigration and its Consequences," Transaction: Social Science and Modern Society, 22 (May/June 1985): 67-76
201. Peter H. Schuck, "The Great Immigration Debate," The American Prospect, No. 3 (Fall 1990): 100-118
202. Julian L. Simon and Rita James Simon, "Do We Really Need All These Immigrants?" in Second Thoughts: Myths and Morals of U.S. Economic History, ed. Donald N. McCloskey (New York, 1993), 19-25
203. Julian L. Simon, The Economic Consequences of Immigration (London, 1989)
204. George J. Boijas, Friends or Strangers: The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy (New York, 1990)
205. Daniel S. Hamermesh and Frank D. Bean, eds., Help or Hindrance? The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans (New York, 1998)
206. Frank D. Bean and Stephanie Bell-Rose, eds., Immigration and Opportunity: Race Ethnicity and Employment in the United States (New York, 1999)
207. George J. Borjas, Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy (Princeton, 1999)
208. Nelson Lim, "On the Back of Blacks: Immigration and the Fortunes of African Americans," in Strangers at the Gates: New Immigrants in Urban America, ed. Roger Waldinger (Berkeley, 2001), 186-227
209. Stocking, "Side By Side"; Scott Jenkins, "Blacks, Hispanics Hoping to Break Cultural Barriers," Salisbury [NC] Post, 2 May 2001
210. Scott Jenkins, "Hispanics, Blacks Gather to Bridge Culture Gaps," Salisbury [NC] Post, 6 May 2001
211. Glascock, "Latinos Now Filling Bottom-Ring Jobs"; "Race Relations Topic of Town Meeting," Raleigh News and Observer, 25 April 2002
212. "Hispanic Forum Overwhelming Success," [Birmingham Civil Rights Institute] Vision, 3 (January-March 2002): 1
213. Community Foundation of Greater Birmingham, Birmingham, a City of Roots and Wings: A Special Report on Race Relations and Diversity Survey (Birmingham, 2003)
214. Philip Martin, "Do Mexican Agricultural Policies Stimulate Emigration?" in At the Crossroads: Mexico and U.S. Immigration Policy, ed. Frank D. Bean, et al. (Lanham, Md., 1997), 102-103
215. Matt Kempner, "The Big Wink: Labor Needs Bend Immigration Rules," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 23 January 2000
216. Steve Thompson, "The Paper Chase," Chapel Hill News, 31 March 2002
217. "Fake Social Security Cards Sold to Illegal Immigrants," Athens Banner-Herald, 26 November 2002
218. Mendoza, et al., "Latino Immigrants in Memphis, Tennessee," 7
219. Kempner, "The Big Wink"; Ned Glascock and Craig Whitlock, "Law vs. Reality," Raleigh News and Observer, 30 November 1998
220. Nick Patterson, "Illegals Find It Hard to Fit into Society," Birmingham Post-Herald, 17 March 1997
221. Jodi Wilgoren, "U.S. Indictment Charges Smuggling of Workers," Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel, 23 December 1997
222. Robert L. Jackson, "Tyson Foods Is Indicted in Immigrant Smuggling," Los Angeles Times, 20 December 2001
223. Bill Poovey, "Tyson, Managers Plead Innocent," Birmingham News, 25 January 2002
224. "Tyson Indicted," Rural Migration News, 8 (January 2002), available at http://migration.ucdavjs.edu/rmn/
225. Sherri Day, "Jury Clears Tyson Foods in Use of Illegal Immigrants," New York Times, 27 March 2003
226. James Goldsborough, "Out-of-Control Immigration," Foreign Affairs, 79 (September/October 2000): 89-101, quotation on p. 89
227. On churches, see Trish Wilson, "More Latinos Leaving Catholicism for Baptist Faith," Raleigh News and Observer, 23 April 1995
228. Yonat Shimron, "Catholic Welcome of Latinos Uneven," Raleigh News and Observer, 25 October 1996
229. Jessie Burchette, "Methodists Trying to Welcome Hispanics," Salisbury [NC] Post, 29 July 1999
230. Greg Garrison, "Jehovah's Witnesses Draw Hispanics," Birmingham News, 5 December 1999
231. "Church Adapts to Hispanic Immigrants," [Huntsville] El Reportero, 16 July 2000
232. Tom Smith, "Russellville Church Brings Multitudes of Cultures Together," [Florence, AL] Shoals Times Daily, 28 June 2000
233. John Gerome, "A More Ethnic City," Birmingham News, 29 September 2000
234. Leslie Scanlon, "Churches Respond to Needs, Fervor," Louisville Courier-Journal, 16 January 2000
235. Frank Roberts, "Some Build Bridges to Growing Ranks of Hispanics," Norfolk Virginian-Pilot, 22 June 2002
236. Linda Parham, "Church Offers Lifeline to Area Hispanics," Birmingham News, 8 October 2002
237. David Cho, "Energetic Worship Excites Hispanic Catholic Church," Birmingham News, 29 November 2002
238. Leigh Anne Monitor, "Faith Breaks Language Barrier," Birmingham Post-Herald, 22 March 2003
239. Sheila M. Poole and Tammy Joyner, "Think Southern, Speak Spanish," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 19 April 1998
240. Rose Livingson, "Bilingual Bus Rolls," Birmingham News, 2 June 1999
241. Susan Dickerson, "Studying the Second Language," Salisbury [NC] Post, 24 October 1999
242. Yolanda Rodriguez, "Grady Clinic Puts Spanish Speakers at Ease," Atlanta Journal Constitution, 20 May 2002
243. Darryal Ray, "Spanish-Language Materials Accent Pell City Library Appeal," Birmingham News, 30 November 2002
244. and, on education generally, Stanton Wortham, Enrique G. Morillo, and Edmund T. Hamann, eds., Education in the New Latino Diaspora: Policy and the Politics of Identity (Westport, Conn., 2002)
245. Raymond A. Mohl, Notes from Meeting of Central Alabama Alliance for Latino Health, Birmingham, 12 April 2001
246. "Hispanic Association Formed in Huntsville," [Huntsville] El Reportero, November 1999
247. Tom Smith, "Coalition Works to Eliminate Barriers," [Florence] Shoals Times-Daily, 24 July 2000
248. Charda Temple, "Hispanic Caucus Seeks Stronger Voice in State," Birmingham News, 9 February 2003
249. Kempner, "The Big Wink"; Kelley, "Latino Memphis"; Ned Glascock, "Estimate Alarms Hispanic Advocates," Raleigh News and Observer, 21 December 1997
250. Ruth Sheehan and Ned Glascock, "Spanish Lessons," Raleigh News and Observer, 22 February 1998
251. Rich Badie, "Latino Civil Rights Group to Open Office in Atlanta," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 29 November 2001
252. Mark Bixler, "Face of the Future," Atlanta Journal- Constitution, 24 April 2002
253. Yolanda Rodriguez, "New Leader to Expand Latin American Association," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 24 July 2002
254. Bulkeley, "Spanish-Speaking Households on the Rise in Mississippi"; Janita Poe, "Latino Leaders to Target Problems in the South," Miami Herald, 24 July 2002
255. Raymond Tatalovich, Nativism Reborn? The Official English Language Movement and the American States (Lexington, 1995), 182-185, 194-224
256. Raymond Tatalovich, "Official English as Nativist Backlash," in Immigrants Out: The New Nativism and the Anti-Immigrant Impulse in the United States, ed. Juan F. Perea (New York, 1997), 78-102
257. Birmingham News, 27 April 1989, 6 June 1990
258. Mary Omdorff, "High-Court to Review English-only License Test," Birmingham News, 27 September 2000
259. Kevin Sack, "Don't Speak English? No Tax Break, Alabama Official Declares," New York Times, 4 June 1999
260. Rose Toussaint-Almanza, "American Citizen, No English? You Will Not Receive Service from Government Agencies," [Huntsville] El Reportero, 1 November 1999
261. Elaine Witt, "Ad Controversy Befouls Our Southern Hospitality," Birmingham Post-Herald, 25 January 2000
262. Hernan Prado, "Racial Slurs from Alabama Radio Station," [Huntsville] El Reportero, 1 May 2000
263. Dave Bryan, "Hispanics Make Headway in Old South," Washington Post, 10 October 2000
264. See also Geoffrey Nunberg, "Lingo Jingo: English-Only and the New Nativism," The American Prospect, 33 (July-August 1997): 40-47
265. William Branigin, "As Hispanic Numbers Rise, Some Say No to Spanish," Birmingham News, 7 February 1999
266. On official English battles, see also James Crawford, Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the Politics of "English Only" (Reading, Mass., 1992)
267. Bill Piatt, Only English? Law and Language Policy in the United States (Albuquerque, 1990)
268. Dennis Baron, The English-Only Question: An Official Language for Americans? (New Haven, 1990)
269. Suzy Lowry, "White Supremacists Plan Oneonta March," [Oneonta] Blount Countian, 21 May 1997
270. "Ku Klux Klan Gives Mixed Signals," [Oneonta] Blount Countian, 18 June 1997
271. Gita M. Smith, "Klan Targets Hispanics Welcome in Alabama," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 17 June 1997
272. On Riccio's long-time KKK involvement, see Bill Stanton, Klanwatch: Bringing the Ku Klux Klan to Justice (New York, 1991), 134-136
273. Beth Lakey, "Three Arrested at Protest," Cullman Times, 18 January 1998
274. Rose Livingston, "Hispanics Fear Trouble After Cullman Rally," Birmingham News, 29 January 1998
275. "Advocacy: Essential for Hispanic Ministries," United Methodist Church, General Board of Global Ministries, Hispanic Ministries Newsletter, 6 (December 1998/January 1999)
276. Kelly Hamilton, "Mexico Comes to Cullman, Alabama," graduate seminar paper, Department of History, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002
277. Ben Stocking, "A Surging Latino Population Calls Siler City 'Home,'" Raleigh News and Observer, 14 January 1996
278. Ned Glascock and Ruth Sheehan, "Backlash Greets Newcomers," Raleigh News and Observer, 23 February 1998
279. Tom Steadman, "Immigration: A Small Town Struggles to Cope with Change," Greensboro News and Record, 16 April 2000
280. Sergio Bustos, "Small Towns Shaped by Influx of Hispanics," USA Today, 23 May 2000
281. Barry Yeoman, "Hispanic Diaspora," Mother Jones (July/August 2000), 35-41, 76
282. Rick Badie, "Group Says Debate Isn't About Race," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 19 February 2003
283. Sarah Lundy, "Festival Hispano Celebrates Cultures," Charleston Post and Courier, 8 September 2002
284. Marie Jones, "Habla Espanol? Hispanic Culture Integrating Itself into Birmingham," Birmingham Weekly, 5 March 1998
285. Kevin Sack, "Far from Mexico, Making a Place Like Home," New York Times, 30 July 2001
286. Glenny Brock, "Taking Stock: Family Groceries Reflect Birmingham's Growing Diversity," Birmingham Weekly, 18 October 2001
287. Regina Wright, Mexican Holiday, Decatur Style," Decatur Daily News, 5 May 2000
288. Gigi Anders, "Nuestro Mundo," Raleigh News and Observer, 20 September 1998
289. Matt Tidmore, "A League of Their Own," Birmingham News, 4 October 2000
290. "Liga Latino Americana de Futbol," [Gadsden] Latino, 16 May 2001
291. Jim Young, "Hispanic Soccer Title to be Decided Sunday," Greensboro News and Record, 20 September 2002
292. Dawn Wotapka, "A Latino Superstore Takes Shape," Raleigh News and Observer, 26 May 2000
293. Walter Woods, "A Wave of Political Change," Atlanta Business Chronicle, 22 March 2002
294. Betty Liu, "Latinos Flex Their Muscles in Georgia Poll," [London] Financial Times, 20 August 2002
295. Yolanda Rodriguez and Sheila M. Poole, "Electoral Jolt Leaves Groups Guessing," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 20 November 2002
296. For national implications of Latino voting, see Harold Meyerson, "The Rising Latino Tide," The American Prospect, 13 (November 18, 2002): 22-25