Women and Crime the Worm Over

Gender Issues

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 5-20

  Chernoff, Nina W ^a   Simon, Rita J ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 16244403484     PISSN: 1098092X     EISSN: 19364717     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12147-000-0015-0     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Simon, Rita James. Women and Crime. Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1975 (pg. 1).
2. Ibid. (pg. 111)
3. Simon, Rita J. and Jean Landis. The Crimes Women Commit and the Punishments They Receive. Lexington Books, Lexington Massachusetts, 1991.
4. Ibid. (pg. 122)
5. The mean total crime rate was collected from INTERPOL with the following exceptions: the 1989-1994 rate for Australia were collected from the Australian Institute of Criminology
6. the 1984 and 1992-1997 rate for England/Wales were collected from the Government Statistical Service for the United Kingdom
7. and the 1995 rate for Japan was collected from "Criminal Justice Systems at Work, 1998: Outline of Crime Trends, Criminal Procedures and Juvenile Justice System in Japan," Ministry of Justice, Japan
8. The mean rates for each time block were calculated by dividing the sum of the available crime rates by the number of years for which crime rates were available. So a country with no data available for four of the five years in a time period has a mean equal to the crime rate for the one year for which data was available. Countries are listed in descending order of the mean total crime rate.
9. Countries are listed in descending order of the mean rate of female offenders.
10. Countries are listed in descending order of the mean percentage of offenders that are female. Countries for which no mean percentage was available are listed at the bottom of the table in alphabetical order.
11. In the 1975 and 1991 volumes the crime labeled "robbery" was described as "major larceny," and the crime labeled "theft" was described as "minor larceny."
12. The homicide data were collected from INTERPOL with the following exceptions: the 1987-1988 and 1991-1995 data for Australia were collected from the Australian Institute of Criminology
13. the 1981-1982 data for the United States were collected from the Uniform Crime Reports.
14. The robbery data were collected from INTRPOL with the exception of the 1981-1982 data for the United States which were collected from the Uniform Crime Reports.
15. The theft data are collected from INTERPOL with the following exceptions: the 1991- 1995 date for Australia were collected from the Australian Institute of Criminology; the 1981-1984 and 1990-1995 data for England/Wales were collected from the Crime and Criminal Justice Unit of the Home Office, United Kingdom; and the 1981-1982 data for the United States were collected from the Uniform Crime Reports.
16. The fraud data were collected from INTERPOL with the exception of the 1981-1982 data for the United States which were collected from the Uniform Crime Report.
17. The "most recent" data are the data available from the most recent year among 1995, 1994, and 1993.
18. Per capita gross domestic product in U.S. dollars from the National Accounts database of the Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat; economic activity rates (labor force participation rates) from International Labour Office, Yearbook of Labour Statistics, table 1A (Geneva, various years up to 1998) and International Labour Organization, Caribbean Office, Digest of Caribbean Labour Statistics 1998 (Port of Spain, International Labour Office, 1999).
19. The labor force participation data includes the following caveats for the following countries: Australia excludes armed forces; Austria excludes conscripts; Canada excludes full-time members of the armed forces and indigenous populations living on reservations
20. Denmark includes only persons age 15-66 years
21. Finland includes only persons age 15-74 years
22. Israel excludes conscripts and includes data related to Israeli residents in certain territories under occupation by Israeli military forces since June 1967
23. Ivory coast excludes unemployed persons not previously employed; Korea excludes resident foreigners and the armed forces; Luxembourg excludes border workers and employees of international organizations; Malawi excludes conscripts; the Netherlands includes only persons age 15-64 years and excludes persons working or seeking work for less than 12 hours per week; New Zealand includes civilians only
24. Nigeria excludes institutional households, armed forces and persons doing unpaid community or social work
25. Norway includes only persons age 16-74 years
26. The Philippines includes members of the armed forces living in private households; Sri Lanka excludes northern and eastern provinces; Swedea includes only persons ages 16-64 years
27. England/Wales includes all persons ages 16+ years
28. The United States excludes conscripts and Wales includes all persons ages 16+ years. The labor data is for 1997 with the following exceptions: Austria (1996), France (1998), Ivory Coast (1998), Kuwait (1998), Malawi (l 987), Malaysia (1990), Nigeria (1986), Norway (1986), and the United States (1996).
29. The years of formal schooling data is from the United Nations, Women's Indicators and Statistics database (Wistat), version 4
30. CD-ROM (United Nations publication, forthcoming), based on data provided by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in January 1999.
31. The schooling data is for 1995 with the following exceptions: Japan (1993), Korea (1996), Kuwait (1991), New Zealand (1996), and Zambia (1994).
32. Total fertility rate estimates are for 1995-2000 and are from Population Division of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 1998 Revision, Vol. I
33. Comprehensive Tables (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.XIII.9)
34. supplemented by Demographic Yearbook 1997 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E/E99.XIII.1