A legal analysis of human and electronic agents

Artificial Intelligence and Law

Volumn 12, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 111-135

  Wettig, Steffen ^a   Zehender, Eberhard ^a  

^a FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

Author keywords

Agents; Declaration of intention; Electronic agent; Electronic person; German law; Law of agency; Legal personality; Mobile agent; Mobile code; Representative; Software agent

Indexed keywords

INTELLIGENT AGENTS; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; ROBOTS; SERVERS; TELECOMMUNICATION LINKS; VIRTUAL REALITY;

DECLARATION OF INTENTION; ELECTRONIC AGENTS; ELECTRONIC PERSON; GERMAN LAW; LAW OF AGENCY; LEGAL PERSONALITY; MOBILE AGENT; MOBILE CODE; REPRESENTATIVES;

SOFTWARE AGENTS;

EID: 16244382608     PISSN: 09248463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10506-004-0815-8     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (37)

1. Allen, T. and Widdison, R. (1996). Can Computers Make Contracts? Harvard Journal of Law and Technology (HJLT) 9(1): 25-52.
2. Asimov, I. (1986). Robot Dreams. Berkley Publishing Group: New York.
3. Brenner, W., Zarnekow, R., and Wittig, H. (1998). Intelligent Software Agents: Foundations and Applications. Springer: Berlin, New York.
4. Brox, H. (2001). Allgemeiner Teil des BGB. 25th edn. Heymann: Köln, Berlin, Bonn, München.
5. Caglayan, A. K. and Harrison, C. G. (1997). The Agent Sourcebook. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
6. Cornelius, K. (2002). Vertragsabschluss durch autonome elektronische Agenten. Multimedia und Recht (MMR) 5(6): 353-358.
7. Fischbach, R. (1996). Verständige Schlapphüte - Für und Wider: Intelligente Softwareagenten. iX 1996(4): 146-155.
8. Gitter, R. and Roßnagel, A. (2003). Rechtsfragen mobiler Agentensysteme im E-Commerce. Kommunikation und Recht (K&R) 2003(2): 64-72.
9. Karnow, C. E. A. (1994). The Encrypted Self: Fleshing out the Rights of Electronic Personalities. The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law 13(1): 1-16.
10. Karnow, C. E. A. (1996). Liability for Distributed Artificial Intelligences. Berkeley Technology Law Journal (BTLJ) 11(1): 147-204.
11. Karnow, C. E. A. (1997). Future Codes - Essays in Advanced Computer Technology and the Law. Artech House: Boston, London.
12. Kerr, I. R. (1999a). Spirits in a material World: Intelligent Agents as Intermediaries in Electronic Commerce. Dalhousie Law Journal 22(2): 188-249.
13. Kerr, I. R. (1999b). Providing for Autonomous Electronic Devices in the Uniform Electronic Commerce Act. Online: http://www.law.ualberta.ca/alri/ulc/ current/ekerr.pdf, as available on January 6, 2004.
14. Kerr, I. R. (2001). Ensuring the Success of Contract Formation in Agent-Mediated Electronic Commerce. Electronic Commerce Research 1(1/2): 183-202.
15. Köhler, H. (1982). Die Problematik automatisierter Rechtsvorgänge, insbesondere von Willenserklärungen. Archiv für die civilistische Praxis (AcP) 182: 126-171.
16. Kotz, D. and Gray, R. S. (1999). Mobile Agents and the Future of the Internet. ACM Operating Systems Review 33(3): 7-13.
17. Kuhn, M. (1991). Rechtshandlungen mittels EDV und Telekommunikation. Beck: München.
18. Lerouge, J.-F. (1999). The Use of Electronic Agents Questioned under Contractual Law: Suggested Solutions on a European and American Level. The John Marshall Journal of Computer and Information Law 18(2): 403-433.
19. Mehrings, J. (1998). Vertragsabschluß im Internet. Multimedia und Recht (MMR) 1(1): 30-33.
20. Mehrings, J. (1999). Vertragabschluss im Internet. In Hoeren, T. and Sieber, U. (eds). Handbuch Multimedia-Recht: Rechtsfragen des elektronischen Geschäftsverkehrs. Loose-leaf edn, part 13.1, update level August 2003. Beck: München.
21. Murch, R. and Johnson, T. (1999). Intelligent Software Agents. Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
22. Oskamp, A. and Weitzenboeck, E. M. (eds) (2003). The Law of Electronic Agents. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on the Law of Electronic Agents (LEA 2003), Edinburgh. Complex 5/ 03, Unipub Forlag: Oslo. Also online: http://www.iids.org/research/legal_aspects/events/ProgramLEA2003.htm, as available on January 6, 2004.
23. Rothermel, K. and Schwehm, M. (1998). Mobile Agents. In Kent, A. and Williams, J. G. (eds) Encyclopaedia for Computer Science and Technology, volume 40, supplement 25, 155-176. Marcel Dekker: New York.
24. Sartor, G. (ed.), (2002a). The Law of Electronic Agents: Selected Revised Papers. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Law of Electronic Agents (LEA 2002). Bologna: CIRSFID, Universita di Bologna. Also online: http://www.cirfid.unibo. it/~lea-02, as available on January 6, 2004.
25. Sartor, G. (2002b). Agents in Cyberlaw. In Sartor (2002a), 3-12.
26. Schwarz, G. (2001). Die rechtsgeschäftliche, .Vertretung' durch Softwareagenten: Zurechnung und Haftung. In Schweighofer, E., Menzel, T. and Kreuzbauer, G. (eds) Auf dem Weg zur ePerson. Schriftenreihe Rechtsinformatik, volume 3, 65-72. Verlag österreich: Wien.
27. Schweighofer, E. (2001). Vorüberlegungen zu künstlichen Personen: autonome Roboter und intelligente Softwareagenten. In Schweighofer, E., Menzel, T., and Kreuzbauer, G. (eds) Auf dem- Weg zur ePerson. Schriftenreihe Rechtsinformatik, volume 3, 45-54. Verlag österreich: Wien.
28. Summers, D. (ed.) (1992). Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. Longman: Harlow, Essex.
29. UCITA. (1999). Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act. Online: http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/ulc/ucita/ucita01.htm, with last revisions and amendments 2001, as available on January 6, 2004.
30. UECA. (1999). Uniform Electronic Commerce Act. Online: http://www.law.ualberta.ca/alri/ulc/current/euecafin.htm, as available on January 6, 2004.
31. UETA. (1999). Uniform Electronic Transaction Act. Online: http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/ulc/fnact99/1990s/ueta99.htm, including comments, as available on January 6, 2004.
32. van Haentjens, O. (2002). Shopping Agents and Their Legal Implications Regarding Austrian Law. In Sartor (2002a), 81-94.
33. Weitzenboeck, E. M. (2001). Electronic Agents and the Formation of Contracts. International Journal of Law and Information Technology 9(3): 204-234.
34. Wooldridge, M. J. and Jennings, N. R. (1995) Intelligent Agents: Theory and Practice. The Knowledge Engineering Review 10(2): 115-152. Online: http://www.csc.liv.ac.uk/~mjw/pubs/ ker95/ker95-html.html.
35. Zankl, W. (2004a). Juristische Aspekte Künstlicher Intelligenz. Online: http://www.e-zentrum.at/rechtsdoku/weitere/dokus/ki.doc, as available on January 6, 2004.
36. Zankl, W. (2004b). E-Commerce- und Internetrecht. Online: http://www.e-xam.at/pdf/ecomminternet.pdf, as available on January 6, 2004.
37. Zarnekow, R. and Brenner, W. (1999). Diensteebenen und Kommunikationsstrukturen agent-enbasierter elektronischer Märkte. Informatik-Spektrum 22(5): 344-350.