Effects of cortisol and stress on the immune system in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Fish and Shellfish Immunology

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 95-110

  Espelid, Sigrun ^a   Løkken, Gunn Berit ^a   Steiro, Kari ^a   Bøgwald, Jarl ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Atlantic salmon; Cortisol; Immune responses; Stress

Indexed keywords

AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA; SALMO SALAR;

EID: 16144366871     PISSN: 10504648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/fsim.1996.0011     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Aarstad, H. J. (1991). The effect of stress on the mouse immune system. Thesis, University of Tromsø.
2. Amin, A. B., Mortensen, L. & Poppe, T. T. (1991). Blod og lymfe. In Histologisk Atlas (A. B. Amin, ed.) pp. 84-86. Bodø, Norway: Akvapatologisk Laboratorium AS.
3. Barry, T. P., Lapp, A. F., Kayes, T. B. & Malison, J. A. (1993). Validation of a microtitre plate ELISA for measuring cortisol in fish and comparison of stress responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Aquaculture 117, 351-363.
4. Barton, B. A. & Peter, R. E. (1982). Plasma cortisol stress response in fingerling rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to various transport conditions, anasthesia, and cold shock. Journal of Fish Biology 20, 39-51.
5. Barton, B. A., Schreck, C. B. & Barton, L. D. (1987). Effects of chronic cortisol administration and daily acute stress on growth, physiological conditions, and stress responses in juvenile rainbow trout. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2, 173-185.
6. Barton, B. A., Schreck, C. B., Ewing, R. D., Hemmingsen, A. R. & Patino, R. (1985). Changes in plasma cortisol during stress and smoltification in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. General and Comparative Endocrinology 59, 468-471.
7. Bly, J. E., Miller, N. W. & Clem, L. W. (1990). A monoclonal antibody specific for neutrophils in normal and stressed channel catfish. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 14, 211-221.
8. Chen, M. F., Rohovec, J. S. & Fryer, J. L. (1983). Effect of methotrexate, kenalog, and cyclophosphamide on the antibody response of steelheads to Aeromonas salmonicida. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112, 561-564.
9. Cupps, T. R. & Fauci, A. S. (1982). Corticosteroid-mediated immunoregulation in man. Immunological Reviews 65, 133-155.
10. Donaldson, E. M. (1981). The pituitary-interrenal axis as an indicator of stress in fish. In Stress and Fish (A. D. Pickering, ed.) pp. 11-47. London: Academic Press.
11. Dorian, B. & Garfinkel, P. E. (1987). Stress, immunity and illness-a review. Physiological Medicine 39, 393-407.
12. Ellis, A. E. (1981). Stress and the modulation of defence mechanisms in fish. In Stress and Fish (A. D. Pickering, ed.) pp. 147-169. London: Academic Press.
13. Ellsaesser, C. F. & Clem, L. W. (1986). Haematological and immunological changes in channel catfish stressed by handling and transport. Journal of Fish Biology 28, 511-521.
14. Ellsaesser, C. F. & Clem, L. W. (1987). Cortisol-induced hematologic and immunologic changes in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 87A, 405-408.
15. Ellsaesser, C. F., Miller, N. W., Cuchens, M. A., Lobb, C. J. & Clem, L. W. (1985). Analysis of channel catfish peripheral blood leucocytes by bright-field microscopy and flow cytometry. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 114, 279-285.
16. Espelid, S., Hjelmeland, K. & Jørgensen, T. (1987). The specificity of Atlantic salmon antibodies made against the fish pathogen Vibrio salmonicida, establishing the surface protein VS-P1 as the dominating antigen. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 11, 529-537.
17. Farbridge, K. J. & Leatherland, J. F. (1992). Plasma growth hormone levels in fed and fasted rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are decreased following handling stress. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 10, 67-73.
18. Faulman, E., Cuchens, M. A., Lobb, C. J., Miller, N. W. & Clem, L. W. (1983). An effective culture system for studying in vitro mitogenic responses of channel catfish lymphocytes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112, 673-679.
19. Fevolden, S., Refstie, T. & Røed, K. H. (1991). Selection for high and low cortisol response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 95, 53-65.
20. Fevolden, S., Refstie, T. & Røed, K.H. (1992). Disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for stress response. Aquaculture 104, 19-29.
21. Iwama, G. K., McGeer, J. C. & Pawluk, M. P. (1989). The effects of five anaesthetics on acid-base balance, hematocrit, blood gases, cortisol, and adrenaline in rainbow trout. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, 2065-2073.
22. Kaattari, S. L. & Yui, M. A. (1987). Polyclonal activation of salmonid B lymphocytes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 11, 155-165.
23. Khansari, D. N., Murgo, A. J. & Faith, R. E. (1990). Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunology Today 11, 170-175.
24. Killie, J. E., Espelid, S. & Jørgensen, T. Ø. (1991). The humoral immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) against the hapten carrier antigen NIP-LPH; the effect of determinant (NIP) density and the isotype profile of anti-NIP antibodies. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 1, 33-46.
25. Laidley, C. W. & Leatherland, J. F. (1988). Cohort sampling, anaesthesia and stocking-density on plasma cortisol, thyroid hormone, metabolite and ion levels in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology 33, 73-88.
26. Mason, D. (1991). Genetic variation in the stress response: susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and implications for human inflammatory diseases. Immunology Today 12, 57-60.
27. Maule, A. G. & Schreck, C. B. (1991). Stress and cortisol treatment changed affinity and number of glucocorticoid receptors in leukocytes and gill of coho salmon. General and Comparative Endocrinology 84, 83-93.
28. Maule, A. G., Schreck, C. B. & Kaattari, S. L. (1987). Changes in the immune system of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during parr-to-smolt transformation. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, 161-166.
29. Mazeaud, M. M. & Mazeaud, F. (1981). Adrenergic responses to stress in fish. In Stress and Fish (A. D. Pickering, ed.) pp. 11-47. London: Academic Press.
30. Mazur, C. F. & Iwama, G. K. (1993). Handling and crowding stress reduces number of plaque-forming cells in Atlantic salmon. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 5, 98-101.
31. Miller, N. W. & Clem, L. W. (1988). A culture system for mitogen-induced proliferation of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) peripheral blood lymphocytes. Journal of Tissue Culture Methods 11, 1988.
32. Morgan, J. A. W., Pottinger, T. G. & Rippon, P. (1993). Evaluation of flow cytometry as a method for quantitation of circulating blood cell populations in salmonid fish. Journal of Fish Biology 42, 131-141.
33. Olsen, Y. A. (1993). Cortisol dynamics in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.-basal and stressor-induced variations in plasma levels and some secondary effects. Thesis, University of Trondheim.
34. Pickering, A. D. (1984). Cortisol-induced lymphocytopenia in brown trout, Salmo trutta L. General and Comparative Endocrinology 23, 163-175.
35. Pickering, A. D. & Duston, J. (1983). Administration of cortisol to brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and its effects on the susceptibility to Saprolegnia infection and furunculosis. Journal of Fish Biology 23, 163-175.
36. Pickering, A. D. & Pottinger, T. G. (1985). Cortisol can increase the susceptibility of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., to disease without reducing the white blood cell count. Journal of Fish Biology 27, 611-619.
37. Pickering, A. D. & Pottinger, T. G. (1987). Crowding causes prolonged leucopenia in salmonid fish, despite interrenal acclimation. Journal of Fish Biology 32, 701-712.
38. Pickering, A. D. & Pottinger, T. G. (1989). Stress responses and disease resistance in salmonid fish: Effect of chronic elevation of plasma cortisol. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 34, 253-258.
39. Pickering, A. D., Pottinger, T. G. & Christie, P. (1982). Recovery of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from acute handling stress: a time-course study. Journal of Fish Biology 20, 229-244.
40. Pickering, A. D., Pottinger, T. G. & Carragher, J. F. (1989). Differences in sensitivity of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to physiological doses of cortisol. Journal of Fish Biology 34, 757-768.
41. Pottinger, T. G., Moran, T. A. & Cranwell, P. A. (1992). The biliary accumulation of corticosteroids in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, during acute and chronic stress. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 10, 55-66.
42. Pottinger, T. G., Moran, T. A. & Morgan, J. A. W. (1994). Primary and secondary indices of stress in the progeny of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for high and low responsiveness to stress. Journal of Fish Biology 44, 149-163.
43. Redding, M. J., Schreck, C. B., Birks, E. K. & Ewing, R. D. (1984). Cortisol and its effects on plasma thyroid hormone and electrolyte concentrations in fresh water and during seawater acclimation in yearling coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. General and Comparative Endocrinology 56, 146-155.
44. Reitan, L. J. & Thuvander, A. (1991). In vitro stimulation of salmonid leucocytes with mitogens and with Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 1, 297-307.
45. Robertson, L., Thomas, P. & Arnold, C. R. (1988). Plasma cortisol and secondary stress responses of cultured red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to several transportation procedures. Aquaculture 68, 115-130.
46. Specker, J. L. & Schreck, C. B. (1980). Stress responses to transportation and fitness for marine survival in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, 765-769.
47. Thomas, T. & Robertson, L. (1991). Plasma cortisol and glucose stress responses of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to handling and shallow water Stressors and anaesthesia with MS-222, quinaldine ulfate and metomidate. Aquaculture 96, 69-86.
48. Tripp, R. A., Maule, A. G., Schreck, C. H. & Kaattari, S. L. (1987). Cortisol mediated suppression of salmonid lymphocyte responses in vitro. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 7, 379-384.
49. Waring, C. P., Stagg, R. M. & Poxton, M. G. (1992). The effects of handling on flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Journal of Fish Biology 41, 131-144.
50. Warr, G. W. & Simon, R. C. (1983). The mitogen response potential of lymphocytes from the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) re-examined. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 7, 379-384.
51. Wiik, R., Andersen, K., Uglenes, I. & Egidius, E. (1989). Cortisol-induced increase in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, to Vibrio salmonicida, together with effects on the blood cell pattern. Aquaculture 83, 201-215.
52. Zapata, A. G., Varas, A. & Tooroba, M. (1992). Seasonal variations in the immune system of lower vertebrates. Immunology Today 13, 142-147.
53. Zelnik, P. R. & Goldspink, G. (1981). The effect of exercise on plasma cortisol and blood sugar levels in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology 19, 37-43.