Who's behind that curtain? Unveiling potential leverage over Pyongyang

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 21-44

  Horowitz, Michael ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 15944407847     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0163660042518233     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Norimitsu Onishi, "North Korea Is Reaching Out, and World Is Reaching Back," New York Times, August 20, 2004, p. A1.
2. Derek J. Mitchell, ed., Strategy and Sentiment: South Korean Views of the United States and the U.S.-ROK Alliance (Washington, D.C.: CSIS, 2004).
3. "N. Korea Urges 'Verifiable, Complete Withdrawal' of U.S. Forces in South Korea," BBC Monitoring International Reports, March 9, 2004 (originally written by Nodong Sinmun, Korean Central News Agency);
4. "U.S. Urged to Give Legal Security Assurances to North Korea," BBC Monitoring International Reports, January 21, 2003.
5. "Transcript: Speedy North Korean Nuclear Dismantlement Possible, Bolton Says," Washington File, EPF507, July 23, 2004, available at http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/hyper/2004/0723/epf507.htm;
6. Robert Marquand, "U.S. Softens Tone Towards N. Korea," Christian Science Monitor, June 24, 2004;
7. Paul Kerr, "U.S. Unveils Offer at North Korea Talks," Arms Control Today, July/August 2004, pp. 35-37.
8. Reed R. Probst, Negotiating With the North Koreans: The U.S. Experience at Panmunjom (Carlisle Barracks, Penn.: U.S. Army War College, May 16, 1977).
9. Richard G. Lugar, "A Korean Catastrophe," Washington Post, July 17, 2003, p. A21;
10. "North Korean Exodus," Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2004, p. A10;
11. "North Korea Goes South," Daily Telegraph (London), July 28, 2004, p. 21.
12. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), "Country Profile 2004: North Korea," 2004, p. 20.
13. "N. Korea Food Prices 'Rocket,'" BBC News, August 20, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3575726.stm (accessed October 2, 2004);
14. "North Korea Facing Serious Food Shortages," Irish Times, August 21, 2004, p. 9.
15. Central Intelligence Agency, "The World Factbook: Korea, North," http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/kn.html (accessed October 2, 2004).
16. Nicholas Eberstadt, "Corruption in North Korea's Economy," testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, July 31, 2003, http://www.aei.org/news/newsID.19461/newsdetail.asp (accessed October 2, 2004).
17. M. A. Cho, "North Korea's Foreign Trade (Abstract)," KOTRA NK, August 13, 2004, http://crm.kotra.or.kr/main/info/nk/eng/main.php3 (accessed September 21, 2004).
18. EIU, "Country Profile 2004: North Korea," pp. 25-26.
19. North Korea Advisory Group, Report to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, November 1999, http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/dprk/nkag-report.htm accessed October 2, 2004);
20. "Japan to Ask N. Korea Not to Divert Economic Aid," Asian Economic News, September 9, 2002.
21. Jay Solomon and Jason Dean, "Drug Money: Heroin Busts Point to Source of Funds for North Koreans; Rulers Ordered Opium Output, Say High-Level Defectors," Wall Street Journal, April 23, 2003, p. A1;
22. Richard Lloyd Parry, "Weapons Sales Are Hard Cash Lifeline for Crippled Country," Times (London), December 12, 2002, p. 16.
23. Bureau of Verification and Compliance, U.S. Department of State, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1999-2000 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), 2002);
24. Bureau of Verification and Compliance, U.S. Department of State, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1998 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2000).
25. Victor Cha and Chris Hoffmeister, "The Way to Make North Korea Kick Its Drug Habit," International Herald Tribune, June 4, 2004;
26. Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, "Statement on Proliferation Security Initiative," September 4, 2003.
27. Raphael F. Perl, "Drug Trafficking and North Korea: Issues for U.S. Policy," CRS Report for Congress, RL32167, December 5, 2003, p. 2, http://www.fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/27529.pdf (accessed October 2, 2004);
28. Nicholas Eberstadt, "Drugs, Counterfeiting, and Weapons Proliferation: The North Korean Connection," testimony before the Senate Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Financial Management, Budget, and International Security, May 20, 2003, http://govt-aff.senate.gov/files/shrg108157nkoreaprolifer.pdf (accessed September 21, 2004).
29. Perl, "Drug Trafficking and North Korea";
30. Solomon and Dean, "Drug Money," p. A1;
31. Jay Solomon and Hae Won Choi, "Money Trail: In North Korea, Secret Cash Hoard Props Up Regime," Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2003, p. A1.
32. Perl, "Drug Trafficking and North Korea," p. 13.
33. Gordon Fairclough, "A Surprise in Korean Crisis: Consensus," Wall Street Journal, June 9, 2003, p. A9;
34. Solomon and Choi, "Money Trail," p. A1.
35. Andre D. Hollis, testimony before the House Government Reform Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources, July 9, 2003, http://reform.house.gov/UploadedFiles/Hollis.pdf (accessed September 21, 2004).
36. Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, U.S. Department of State, "International Narcotics Control Strategy Report-2003," March 2004, http://www.state.gov/g/inl/rls/nrcpt/2003/voll/html/29837.htm (accessed October 2, 2004) .
37. Perl, "Drug Trafficking and North Korea," p. 2.
38. Ibid., pp. 4-7.
39. Kim Young Il, "North Korea and Narcotics Trafficking: A View From the Inside," North Korea Review 1, no. 1 (2004): 6-8.
40. Perl, "Drug Trafficking and North Korea," p. 9.
41. Ibid.;
42. EIU, "Country Profile 2004: North Korea," pp. 25-26;
43. Larry M. Wortzel, "North Korea's Connection to International Trade in Drugs, Counterfeiting, and Arms," testimony before the House Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Financial Management, Budget, and International Security, May 20, 2003.
44. Nicholas Eberstadt, "Financial Transfers From Japan to North Korea: Estimating the Unreported Flows," Asian Survey 36, no. 5 (May 1996): 523.
45. Donald MacIntyre and Sachiko Sakamaki, "Squeeze the Little Guy," Time, December 22, 1999.
46. Eberstadt, "Financial Transfers From Japan to North Korea," pp. 523-542.
47. Mark E. Manyin and Ryun Jun, "U.S. Assistance to North Korea," CRS Report for Congress, RL31785, March 17, 2003, p. 10.
48. Ibid., pp. 10-11;
49. South Korean Ministry of Unification, Overview of Intra-Korean Exchanges & Cooperation for April 2004, April 2004;
50. South Korean Ministry of Unification, Overview of Intra-Korean Exchanges & Cooperation for December 2003, December 2003.
51. Eric Larson, "Analysis of the September 2003 JoongAng Ilbo, CSIS, RAND Polls," in Strategy and Sentiment: South Korean Views of the United States and the U.S.-ROK Alliance, ed. Derek Mitchell (June 2004), p. 98;
52. Jun Kwanwoo, "North Korea Campaigns for Friendly Legislature in South Korea," Agence France-Presse, April 12, 2004.
53. "6 of 10 Support Assistance to NK," Korea Times, July 1, 2004.
54. "Japan Ruling Party Calls for Action on Missing Persons in North Korea," BBC Monitoring International Reports, September 15, 2004.