Status and developments in EOSTAR, a model to predict IR sensor performance in the marine environment

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Volumn 5572, Issue , 2004, Pages 101-111

  Kunz, Gerard J ^a   Degache, Marianne A C ^a   Moerman, Marcel M ^a   Van Eijk, Alexander M J ^a   Neele, Filip P ^a   Doss Hammel, Stephen M ^b   Tsintikidis, Dimitri ^b  

^a TNO   (Netherlands)

^b Naval Command   (United States)

Author keywords

Atmospheric refraction; Atmospheric turbulence; Electro optical; EOSTAR; Infrared propagation

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; ELECTROOPTICAL DEVICES; ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING; INFRARED RADIATION; LIGHT PROPAGATION; MARINE ENGINEERING; REFRACTION; SENSORS;

ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION; EOSTAR; INFRARED PROPAGATION; SPATIAL RESOLUTION;

COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING;

EID: 15944366536     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1117/12.563914     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (54)

1. A. Berk, G.P. Anderson, P.K. Acharya, J.H. Chetwynd, L.S. Bernstein, E.P. Shettle, M.W. Matthew and S.M. Adler-Golden, "Modtran4 user's manual", Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate - Air Force Material Command, Hanscom AFB, MA, 01731 - 3010 (1999).
2. S.G. Gathman, "Optical properties of the marine aerosol as predicted by the Navy aerosol model," Optical Engineering 22(1), 57-62 (1983).
3. S.G. Gathman, A.M.J. van Eijk and L.H. Cohen, "Characterizing large aerosols in the lowest level of the marine atmosphere," in Propagation and Imaging through the Atmosphere II, L.R. Bissonnette, Ed., Proc. SPIE Vol. 3433, pp. 41-52, Bellingham, Washington, USA (1998).
4. S.G. Gathman and M.H. Smith, "On the nature of surf generated aerosol and their effect on electro-optical systems," in Propagation and imaging through the atmosphere, L.R. Bissonnette and C. Dainty, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 3125, pp. 2-13, Bellingham, Washington, USA (1997).
5. J.M. Pernter and P.M. Exner, "Meteorologische Optik, "Wilhelm Braumüller, Univesitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung, Wien/Leipzig (1922).
6. R. Meyer, "Die Entstehung optischer Bilder durch Brechung und Spiegelung in der Atmosphäre" Meteorologische Zeitschrift 52, 405-408 (1935).
7. W.H. Lehn, "A simple parabolic model for the optics of the atmospheric surface layer," Applied Mathematical Modeling 9(12), 447-453 (1985).
8. S.Y. van der Werf, "Ray tracing and refraction in the modified US1976 atmosphere," Applied Optics 42(3), 354-366 (2003).
9. B. Edlén, "The dispersion of standard air," Journal of the Optical Society of America 43(5), 339-43 (1953).
10. B. Edlen, "The refractive index of air," Metroligia 2(2), 71-80 (1966).
11. R.W. Fenn, S.A. Clough, W.O. Gallery, R.E. Good, F.X. Kneizyz, J.D. Mill, L.S. Rothman, E.P. Shettle and F.E. Volz, "Optical and infrared properties of the atmosphere," in Handbook of geophysics and the space environment, Chapter 18, A.S. Jursa, Ed., pp. 18.1-18.80, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, USA (1985).
12. J.C. Owens, "Optical refractive index of air: dependence on pressure, temperature and composition," Applied Optics 6(1), 51-59 (1967).
13. R.E. Hufnagel, "Propagation through atmospheric turbulence," in The Infrared Handbook, Capter 6, W.L. Wolfe and G.J. Zissis, Eds., pp. 6.1-6.56, The Infrared Information and Analysis (IRIA) Center, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA (1978).
14. E.L. Andreas and B.J. Thompson, Eds., Selected papers on turbulence in a refractive medium, Milestone Series MS 25 SPIE, Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, USA (1990).
15. R.B. Beland, "Propagation through atmospheric turbulence," in The Infrared and Electro-Optical Systems Handbook, Atmospheric Propagation of Radiation, Volume 2, Chapter 2, F.G. Smith, Ed., pp. 157-234, Infrared Information Analysis Center, Ann Arbor, Michagan, USA (1993).
16. S. Church, "Atmospheric mirage and distortion modeling for IR target injection simulations," in Targets and Backgrounds: Characterization and Representation II, J.D. Gonglewski and K. Stein, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 2742, pp. 122-135, Bellingham, Washington, USA (1996).
17. J.S. Watson, M.R. Wellfare, D.B. Chenault, S.E. Talele, B.T. Blume, M. Richards and L. Prestwood, "Irma multisensor predictive signature model," in Targets and Backgrounds: Characterization and Representation III, W.R. Watkins and D. Clement, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 3062, pp. 158-172, Bellingham, Washington, USA (1997).
18. L.J. Forand, D. Dion, M. Duffy, S. Gathman, K. Littfin, A. de Jong, G. de Leeuw and K.L. Davidson, "An extensive analysis of low-level IR transmission measurements taken over a 15 km path during EOPACE with IRBLEM," in Propagation and Imaging through the Atmosphere II, L.R. Bissonnette, Ed., Proc. SPIE Vol. 3433, pp. 90-101, Bellingham, Washington, USA (1998).
19. D.A. Vaitekunas and O.E. Lawrence, "Infrared Scene Capabilities of SHIPIR," in AeroSense Conference, W.R. Watkins, D. Clement and W.R. Reynolds, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 3699, pp. 92-102, Bellingham, USA (1999).
20. J.L. Forand, D. Dion, L. Gardenal and J. Gilbert, "Propagation resources in maritime environments (PRIME); an integrated model for the maritime battlespace," in Battlespace Atmopsheric and Clouds Impacts on Military Operations (BACIMO), CIRA, pp. 1-14, Colorado, USA (2000).
21. D. Dion, L. Gardenal, P. Lahaie and L. Forand, "Calculation and simulation of atmospheric refraction effects in maritime environments," in Atmospheric Propagation, Adaptive Systems and Laser Radar Technology for Remote Sensing, J.D. Gonglewski, G. Kamerman, A. Kohnle, U. Schreiber and C. Werner, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 4167, pp. 1-9, Bellingham, Washington, USA (2001).
22. G.J. Kunz, M.M. Moerman and A.M.J. van Eijk, "ARTEAM: Advanced ray tracing with Earth atmospheric models," in AeroSense 2002, Targets and Background VIII: Characterization and Representation, W.R. Watkins, D. Clement and W.R. Reynolds, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 4718, pp. 397-404, Bellingham, Washington, USA (2002).
23. G.J. Kunz, M.M. Moerman, A.M.J. van Eijk, S.M. Doss-Hammel and D. Tsintikidis, "EOSTAR: an electro-optical sensor performance model for predicting atmospheric refraction, turbulence, and transmission in the marine surface layer," in Optics in Atmospheric Propagation and Adaptive Systems VI, J.D. Gonglewski and K. Stein, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 5237, pp. 81-92, Bellingham, Washington, USA (2003).
24. S.M. Doss-Hammel, D. Tsintikidis, A.M.J. van Eijk and G.J. Kunz, "Prediction and extrapolation: the use of the EOSTAR model in the marine infrared propagation environment," in Battlespace Atmopsheric and Clouds Impacts on Military Operations (BACIMO), CIRA, pp. 1-15, Colorado, USA (2003).
25. S. Doss-Hammel, D. Tsintikidis, A. van Eijk, and G. Kunz, "Refractive effects, turbulence and the EOSTAR model," in AeroSense 2004, Defence and Security, B.F. Andresen and G.F. Fulop, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 5406, pp. 1-10, Bellingham, Washington, USA (2004).
26. R.B. Stull, "An introduction to boundary layer meteorology," Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1988).
27. S.P. Arya, "Introduction to micrometeorology," Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (1988).
28. D.A. Haugen, Ed., "Workshop on micrometeorology," American Meteorological Society, Boston (1973).
29. H.A. Panofsky and J.A. Dutton, "Atmospheric turbulence," John Wiley & Sons, New York (1984).
30. K.L. Davidson, G.E. Schacher, C.W. Fairall and A.K. Goroch, "Verification of the bulk method for calculating overwater optical turbulence," Applied Optics 20(17), 498-502 (1981).
31. S.D. Smith, "Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature," Journal of Geophysical Research 93(C12), 15,467-15,472 (1988).
32. W.T. Liu, K.B. Katsaros and J.A. Businger, "Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges of heat and water vapor including the molecular constraint at the interface," Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 36(9), 1722-1735 (1979).
33. J. Kondo, "Air-sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabetic conditions," Boundary-Layer Meteorology 9, 91-112 (1975).
34. C.A. Paulson, "The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer," Journal of Applied Meteorology 9(12), 857-861 (1970).
35. V.E. Zuev, "Laser beams in the atmosphere," Consultants Bureau, New York, USA (1982).
36. C.A. Friehe, J.C. LaRue, F.H. Champagne, C.H. Gibson and G.F. Dreyer, "Effects of temperature and humidity fluctuations on the optical refractive index in the marine boundary layer," Journal of the Optical Society of America 65(12), 1502-1511 (1975).
37. G.J. Kunz, "A bulk model to predict optical turbulence in the marine surface layer", TNO-FEL Report Nr. FEL-96-A053, TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory, The Hague, The Netherlands (1996).
38. 2, over the ocean," Boundary-Layer Meteorology 15, 507-523 (1978).
39. C.W. Fairall and S.E. Larsen, "Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface," Boundary-Layer Meteorology 34, 287-301 (1986).
40. J.C. Wyngaard and M.A. LeMone, "Behavior of the refractive index structure parameter in the entraining convective boundary layer," Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 37(7), 1573-1585 (1980).
41. K.E. Kunkel and D.L. Walters, "Modeling the diurnal dependence of the optical refractive index structure parameter," Journal of Geophysical Research 88, 10.999-11.004 (1983).
42. TQ in the unstable surface layer, and relations to the vertical fluxes of heat and moisture," Boundary-Layer Meteorology 24, 89-107 (1982).
43. W. Kohsiek, "Optical and in situ measuring of structure parameters relevant to temperature and humidity, and their application to the measureing of sensible and latent heat flux", NOAA Technical Memorandum, ERL WPL-96, Boulder, Co, USA (1982).
44. V. Thiermann and A. Kohnle, "Modelling of optically and IR effective atmospheric turbulence," in Atmospheric Propagation in the UV, Visible, IR and MM-Wave Region and Related Systems Aspects, AGARD-CP-454, pp. 19.1-19.12, Neuilly sur Seine, France (1989).
45. R.J. Hill, G.R. Ochs and J.J. Wilson, "Measuring surface-layer fluxes of heat and momentum using optical scintillation," Boundary-Layer Meteorology 58, 391-408 (1992).
46. R.J. Hill and G.R. Ochs, "Surface-layer similarity of the temperature structure parameter," Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 49(15), 1348-1353 (1992).
47. Y.A. Kravtsov and Y.I. Orlov, "Geometrical optics of inhomogeneous media," Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York (1990).
48. W.G. Rees, C.M. Roach and C.H.F. Glover, "Inversion of atmospheric refraction data," Journal of the Optical Society of America 8(2), 330-338 (1991).
49. A.N. de Jong, "Refraction effects of atmospheric inhomogeneities along the path," in Optics in Atmospheric Propagation and Adaptive Systems VI, J.D. Gonglewski and K. Stein, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 5237, pp. 105-116, Bellingham, Washington, USA (2003).
50. S. Hammel and N. Platt, "Topological description of mirage effects," in Vision Geometry IV, R.A. Melter, A.Y. Wu, F.L. Bookstein and W.D. Green, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol 2573, pp. 398-406, Bellingham, Washington, USA (1995).
51. S. Doss-Hammel, "A passive ranging technique for objects within the marine surface layer", Biennial Review 2001, SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego, USA (2001).
52. S. Doss-Hammel, A. Barrios and C. Zeisse, "The refractive amplification factor for infrared propagation in the marine atmospheric surface layer," in Battlespace Atmospheric and Clouds Impacts on Military Operations (BACIMO), CIRA, pp. 1-16, Colorado, USA (2001).
53. P. Schwering, "Maritime infrared background clutter," in Targets and Backgrounds: Characterization and Representation II, W.R. Watkins and D. Clement, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 2742, pp. 255-266, Bellingham, Washington, USA (1996).
54. K.T. Constantikes and A.H. Zysnarski, "Computational models for synthetic marine infrared clutter," in Targets and Backgrounds: Characterization and Representation II, W.R. Watkins and D. Clement, Eds., Proc. SPIE Vol. 2742, pp. 154-168, Bellingham, Washington, USA (1996).