Pride in one's country and citizenship orientations in a divided society: The case of Israeli Palestinian Arab and orthodox and non-orthodox Jewish Israeli youth

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 44-61

  Ichilov, Orit ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 15744393927     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/426160     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) is an independent international cooperative of national research institutions and comparative studies of educational achievement, and, since its inception in 1958, 18 cross-national studies have been done. The regular cycle of research projects encompasses learning in basic school subjects, as well as studies of particular interest to IEA member countries, such as civic education. The Israeli portion of the IEA study, on which this article is based, was financed by the Israeli Ministry of Education (Office of the Chief Scientist). The Arab citizens of Israel identify themselves as Israelis, Palestinians, and/or Arabs. In recent years the majority prefer to identify themselves as Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel. See Nadim N. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997); A. Bishara, "The Israeli Arab: A Study in a Divided Political Discourse," in Between "I" and "Me": The Construction of Identities and Israeli Identity [in Hebrew], ed. A. Bishara (Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1999); Moshe Barda, Attitudes and Perceptions of Israeli Arabs concerning the State of Israel [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Knesset, Center for Research and Information, 2002). In this article I will use the term "Israeli Palestinian Arabs."
2. The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) is an independent international cooperative of national research institutions and comparative studies of educational achievement, and, since its inception in 1958, 18 cross-national studies have been done. The regular cycle of research projects encompasses learning in basic school subjects, as well as studies of particular interest to IEA member countries, such as civic education. The Israeli portion of the IEA study, on which this article is based, was financed by the Israeli Ministry of Education (Office of the Chief Scientist). The Arab citizens of Israel identify themselves as Israelis, Palestinians, and/or Arabs. In recent years the majority prefer to identify themselves as Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel. See Nadim N. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997); A. Bishara, "The Israeli Arab: A Study in a Divided Political Discourse," in Between "I" and "Me": The Construction of Identities and Israeli Identity [in Hebrew], ed. A. Bishara (Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1999); Moshe Barda, Attitudes and Perceptions of Israeli Arabs concerning the State of Israel [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Knesset, Center for Research and Information, 2002). In this article I will use the term "Israeli Palestinian Arabs."
3. The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) is an independent international cooperative of national research institutions and comparative studies of educational achievement, and, since its inception in 1958, 18 cross-national studies have been done. The regular cycle of research projects encompasses learning in basic school subjects, as well as studies of particular interest to IEA member countries, such as civic education. The Israeli portion of the IEA study, on which this article is based, was financed by the Israeli Ministry of Education (Office of the Chief Scientist). The Arab citizens of Israel identify themselves as Israelis, Palestinians, and/or Arabs. In recent years the majority prefer to identify themselves as Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel. See Nadim N. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997); A. Bishara, "The Israeli Arab: A Study in a Divided Political Discourse," in Between "I" and "Me": The Construction of Identities and Israeli Identity [in Hebrew], ed. A. Bishara (Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute and Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1999); Moshe Barda, Attitudes and Perceptions of Israeli Arabs concerning the State of Israel [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Knesset, Center for Research and Information, 2002). In this article I will use the term "Israeli Palestinian Arabs."
4. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, eds., Citizenship in Diverse Societies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Colin Samson, "The Dispossession of the Innu and the Colonial Magic of Canadian Liberalism," Citizenship Studies 3, no. 1 (1999): 5-25; Bhikhu Parekh, "Discourses on National Identity," Political Studies 42, no. 3 (1994): 492-504.
5. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, eds., Citizenship in Diverse Societies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Colin Samson, "The Dispossession of the Innu and the Colonial Magic of Canadian Liberalism," Citizenship Studies 3, no. 1 (1999): 5-25; Bhikhu Parekh, "Discourses on National Identity," Political Studies 42, no. 3 (1994): 492-504.
6. Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, eds., Citizenship in Diverse Societies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Colin Samson, "The Dispossession of the Innu and the Colonial Magic of Canadian Liberalism," Citizenship Studies 3, no. 1 (1999): 5-25; Bhikhu Parekh, "Discourses on National Identity," Political Studies 42, no. 3 (1994): 492-504.
7. Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies; Robert D Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Tom W. Smith and Lars Jarkko, "National Pride in Cross-National Perspective," research report (National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, 2001); John Coakley, "National Minorities and the Government of Divided Societies: A Comparative Analysis of Some European Evidence," European Journal of Political Research 18, no. 4 (1990): 437-56.
8. Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies; Robert D Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Tom W. Smith and Lars Jarkko, "National Pride in Cross-National Perspective," research report (National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, 2001); John Coakley, "National Minorities and the Government of Divided Societies: A Comparative Analysis of Some European Evidence," European Journal of Political Research 18, no. 4 (1990): 437-56.
9. Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies; Robert D Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Tom W. Smith and Lars Jarkko, "National Pride in Cross-National Perspective," research report (National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, 2001); John Coakley, "National Minorities and the Government of Divided Societies: A Comparative Analysis of Some European Evidence," European Journal of Political Research 18, no. 4 (1990): 437-56.
10. Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies; Robert D Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Tom W. Smith and Lars Jarkko, "National Pride in Cross-National Perspective," research report (National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, 2001); John Coakley, "National Minorities and the Government of Divided Societies: A Comparative Analysis of Some European Evidence," European Journal of Political Research 18, no. 4 (1990): 437-56.
11. Derek B. Heater, Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History (London: Longman, 1990), 184.
12. O. Ichilov, "Education and Democratic Citizenship in a Changing World," in Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, and R. L. Jervis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Patrick Thornberry, International Law and the Rights of Minorities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Hurst Hannum, Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).
13. O. Ichilov, "Education and Democratic Citizenship in a Changing World," in Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, and R. L. Jervis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Patrick Thornberry, International Law and the Rights of Minorities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Hurst Hannum, Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).
14. O. Ichilov, "Education and Democratic Citizenship in a Changing World," in Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, and R. L. Jervis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Patrick Thornberry, International Law and the Rights of Minorities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Hurst Hannum, Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).
15. O. Ichilov, "Education and Democratic Citizenship in a Changing World," in Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, and R. L. Jervis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Patrick Thornberry, International Law and the Rights of Minorities (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Hurst Hannum, Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).
16. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship-, Ichilov, "Education and Democratic Citizenship in a Changing World."
17. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship-, Ichilov, "Education and Democratic Citizenship in a Changing World."
18. Susan Dodds, "Citizenship, Justice and Indigenous Group-Specific Rights - Citizenship and Indigenous Australia," Citizenship Studies 2, no. 1 (1998): 105-21; Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship.
19. Susan Dodds, "Citizenship, Justice and Indigenous Group-Specific Rights - Citizenship and Indigenous Australia," Citizenship Studies 2, no. 1 (1998): 105-21; Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship.
20. Will Kymlicka, "Liberalism and the Politicization of Ethnicity," Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 4, no. 2 (1991): 239-56, and Multicultural Citizenship-, C. Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition, ed. A. Gutmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
21. Will Kymlicka, "Liberalism and the Politicization of Ethnicity," Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 4, no. 2 (1991): 239-56, and Multicultural Citizenship-, C. Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition, ed. A. Gutmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
22. Will Kymlicka, "Liberalism and the Politicization of Ethnicity," Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 4, no. 2 (1991): 239-56, and Multicultural Citizenship-, C. Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," in Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition, ed. A. Gutmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
23. Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition," 25.
24. Kymlicka, "Liberalism and the Politicization of Ethnicity," and Multicultural Citizenship; Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition."
25. Kymlicka, "Liberalism and the Politicization of Ethnicity," and Multicultural Citizenship; Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition."
26. Kymlicka, "Liberalism and the Politicization of Ethnicity," and Multicultural Citizenship; Taylor, "The Politics of Recognition."
27. Samson, "The Dispossession of the Innu and the Colonial Magic of Canadian Liberalism"; Barry Kanpol and Peter McLaren, eds., Critical Multiculturalism: Uncommon Voices in a Common Struggle (Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1995); Peter McLaren, Revolutionary Multiculturalism: Pedagogues of Dissent for the New Millennium (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997).
28. Samson, "The Dispossession of the Innu and the Colonial Magic of Canadian Liberalism"; Barry Kanpol and Peter McLaren, eds., Critical Multiculturalism: Uncommon Voices in a Common Struggle (Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1995); Peter McLaren, Revolutionary Multiculturalism: Pedagogues of Dissent for the New Millennium (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997).
29. Kanpol and McLaren, Critical Multiculturalism; McLaren, Revolutionary Multiculturalism.
30. Kanpol and McLaren, Critical Multiculturalism; McLaren, Revolutionary Multiculturalism.
31. M. Young, "The Ideal of Community and the Politics of Difference," in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. L. Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990).
32. Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (1995): 65-78; L. M. McDonnell, "Defining Democratic Purposes," in Rediscovering the Democratic Purposes of Education, ed. L. M. McDonnell, M. P. Timpane, and R. Benjamine (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000); Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies.
33. Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (1995): 65-78; L. M. McDonnell, "Defining Democratic Purposes," in Rediscovering the Democratic Purposes of Education, ed. L. M. McDonnell, M. P. Timpane, and R. Benjamine (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000); Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies.
34. Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (1995): 65-78; L. M. McDonnell, "Defining Democratic Purposes," in Rediscovering the Democratic Purposes of Education, ed. L. M. McDonnell, M. P. Timpane, and R. Benjamine (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000); Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies.
35. Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (1995): 65-78; L. M. McDonnell, "Defining Democratic Purposes," in Rediscovering the Democratic Purposes of Education, ed. L. M. McDonnell, M. P. Timpane, and R. Benjamine (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000); Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies.
36. Giovanni Sartori, "Understanding Pluralism," Journal of Democracy 8, no. 4 (1997): 58-70, quotation on 62.
37. A. Etzioni, "On the Place of Virtues in Pluralistic Democracy," in Reexamining Democracy, ed. G. Marks and L. Diamond (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992); Morris Janowitz, The Reconstruction of Patriotism: Education for Civic Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
38. A. Etzioni, "On the Place of Virtues in Pluralistic Democracy," in Reexamining Democracy, ed. G. Marks and L. Diamond (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992); Morris Janowitz, The Reconstruction of Patriotism: Education for Civic Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
39. M. Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society," in Pluralism in Israel: from Melting Pot to Salad Bowl [in Hebrew], interim report (Jerusalem: Center for the Study of Social Policy, 2000).
40. Jacob M. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991: Political Aspects (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Sammy Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel, Monograph Series on the Middle East no.2 (Haifa: University of Haifa, 1984); Bishara, "The Israeli Arab."
41. Jacob M. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991: Political Aspects (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Sammy Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel, Monograph Series on the Middle East no.2 (Haifa: University of Haifa, 1984); Bishara, "The Israeli Arab."
42. Jacob M. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991: Political Aspects (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Sammy Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel, Monograph Series on the Middle East no.2 (Haifa: University of Haifa, 1984); Bishara, "The Israeli Arab."
43. The national symbols of the State of Israel represent Jewish themes that are not an acceptable form of Israeli identity for the Israeli Palestinian Arab minority. The flag shows the Star of David, and the national emblem exhibits the Menorah of the Temple. The national anthem describes the yearnings of the Jews during two thousands years of exile to return to their homeland. Its last verse is "to be an independent nation in our land, the land of Zion and Jerusalem"; Elia Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979); S. Smooha, "Existing and Alternative Policy toward the Arabs in Israel," in Politics and Society in Israel, vol. 2, ed. E. Krauz (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1985); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society."
44. The national symbols of the State of Israel represent Jewish themes that are not an acceptable form of Israeli identity for the Israeli Palestinian Arab minority. The flag shows the Star of David, and the national emblem exhibits the Menorah of the Temple. The national anthem describes the yearnings of the Jews during two thousands years of exile to return to their homeland. Its last verse is "to be an independent nation in our land, the land of Zion and Jerusalem"; Elia Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979); S. Smooha, "Existing and Alternative Policy toward the Arabs in Israel," in Politics and Society in Israel, vol. 2, ed. E. Krauz (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1985); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society."
45. The national symbols of the State of Israel represent Jewish themes that are not an acceptable form of Israeli identity for the Israeli Palestinian Arab minority. The flag shows the Star of David, and the national emblem exhibits the Menorah of the Temple. The national anthem describes the yearnings of the Jews during two thousands years of exile to return to their homeland. Its last verse is "to be an independent nation in our land, the land of Zion and Jerusalem"; Elia Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979); S. Smooha, "Existing and Alternative Policy toward the Arabs in Israel," in Politics and Society in Israel, vol. 2, ed. E. Krauz (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1985); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society."
46. The national symbols of the State of Israel represent Jewish themes that are not an acceptable form of Israeli identity for the Israeli Palestinian Arab minority. The flag shows the Star of David, and the national emblem exhibits the Menorah of the Temple. The national anthem describes the yearnings of the Jews during two thousands years of exile to return to their homeland. Its last verse is "to be an independent nation in our land, the land of Zion and Jerusalem"; Elia Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal Colonialism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979); S. Smooha, "Existing and Alternative Policy toward the Arabs in Israel," in Politics and Society in Israel, vol. 2, ed. E. Krauz (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1985); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society."
47. Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society."
48. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society."
49. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society."
50. Barda, Attitudes and Perceptions of Israeli Arabs; Moshe Barda, Perceptions of Israeli Jews of the Identity and Loyalty to Israel among Israeli Arabs [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Knesset, Center for Research and Information, 2002), and Perceptions of Arabs and Jews of the Identity and Loyalty to the State among Israeli Arabs [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Knesset, Center for Research and Information, 2002).
51. Barda, Attitudes and Perceptions of Israeli Arabs; Moshe Barda, Perceptions of Israeli Jews of the Identity and Loyalty to Israel among Israeli Arabs [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Knesset, Center for Research and Information, 2002), and Perceptions of Arabs and Jews of the Identity and Loyalty to the State among Israeli Arabs [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: The Knesset, Center for Research and Information, 2002).
52. Smooha, "Existing and Alternative Policy toward the Arabs in Israel"; Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Eli Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip: Political Ties and National Identification," Hamizrah Hehadash (The New East) 32 (1989): 165-91; Eli Rekhess, The Arabs in Israel after 1967: The Exacerbation of the Orientation of Problem [in Hebrew] (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Shiloach Center, 1976).
53. Smooha, "Existing and Alternative Policy toward the Arabs in Israel"; Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Eli Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip: Political Ties and National Identification," Hamizrah Hehadash (The New East) 32 (1989): 165-91; Eli Rekhess, The Arabs in Israel after 1967: The Exacerbation of the Orientation of Problem [in Hebrew] (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Shiloach Center, 1976).
54. Smooha, "Existing and Alternative Policy toward the Arabs in Israel"; Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Eli Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip: Political Ties and National Identification," Hamizrah Hehadash (The New East) 32 (1989): 165-91; Eli Rekhess, The Arabs in Israel after 1967: The Exacerbation of the Orientation of Problem [in Hebrew] (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Shiloach Center, 1976).
55. Smooha, "Existing and Alternative Policy toward the Arabs in Israel"; Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Eli Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip: Political Ties and National Identification," Hamizrah Hehadash (The New East) 32 (1989): 165-91; Eli Rekhess, The Arabs in Israel after 1967: The Exacerbation of the Orientation of Problem [in Hebrew] (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Shiloach Center, 1976).
56. Ultra-Orthodox Jews can defer the draft until they complete their religious studies. In reality, they marry young, have children, and are rarely drafted. Some Orthodox females prefer to replace military service by community work. The policy that Israeli Palestinian Arabs do not serve in the army was adopted for both security reasons and in order to avoid a situation in which Israeli Arabs could find themselves fighting their own kin.
57. Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Y. Porat, "What Is a State of All Its Citizens?" in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000).
58. Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Y. Porat, "What Is a State of All Its Citizens?" in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000).
59. Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Y. Porat, "What Is a State of All Its Citizens?" in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000).
60. Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Y. Porat, "What Is a State of All Its Citizens?" in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000).
61. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip," and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
62. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip," and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
63. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip," and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
64. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip," and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
65. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip," and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
66. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; Rekhess, "Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip," and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Bishara, "The Israeli Arab"; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
67. R. Gavison, "A Jewish-Democratic State?" in The Arabs in Israeli Politics: Dilemmas of Identity, ed. E. Rekhess (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1998); Adam D. Danèl, A Jewish and Democratic State: A Multicultural View [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2003).
68. R. Gavison, "A Jewish-Democratic State?" in The Arabs in Israeli Politics: Dilemmas of Identity, ed. E. Rekhess (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, 1998); Adam D. Danèl, A Jewish and Democratic State: A Multicultural View [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2003).
69. According to Israeli law, the Central Election Committee can disallow the participation of a political party in the elections, if its objectives or actions, expressly or by implication, include one of the following: negation of the right of the State of Israel to exist as the state of the Jewish people, negation of the democratic character of the State, and racial incitement.
70. Central Elections Committee, "Protocol of Meeting" [in Hebrew] Jerusalem, December 31, 2002 (http://www.knesset.gov.il/elections16/heb/ protocols/prot311202.htm).
71. Israeli Supreme Court, "Protocol of Meeting" [in Hebrew], Jerusalem, January 7, 2003.
72. Frank C. Sakran, Palestine, Still a Dilemma (Washington, DC: American Council on the Middle East, 1976).
73. Bernard Lewis, History: Remembered, Recovered, Invented (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975).
74. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; M. Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel: A Situation of a Dual Periphery," in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Eli Rekhess, "Editor's Corner" [in Hebrew], Elections Update 2003, no. 2; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
75. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; M. Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel: A Situation of a Dual Periphery," in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Eli Rekhess, "Editor's Corner" [in Hebrew], Elections Update 2003, no. 2; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
76. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; M. Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel: A Situation of a Dual Periphery," in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Eli Rekhess, "Editor's Corner" [in Hebrew], Elections Update 2003, no. 2; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
77. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; M. Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel: A Situation of a Dual Periphery," in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Eli Rekhess, "Editor's Corner" [in Hebrew], Elections Update 2003, no. 2; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
78. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; M. Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel: A Situation of a Dual Periphery," in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Eli Rekhess, "Editor's Corner" [in Hebrew], Elections Update 2003, no. 2; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
79. Landau, The Arab Minority in Israel, 1967-1991; M. Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel: A Situation of a Dual Periphery," in The Jewish-Arab Rift in Israel: A Reader [in Hebrew], ed. R. Gavison and D. Hacker (Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute, 2000); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and The Arabs in Israel after 1967; Eli Rekhess, "Editor's Corner" [in Hebrew], Elections Update 2003, no. 2; Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, Zureik, The Palestinians in Israel
80. Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Intifada (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel."
81. Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Intifada (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel."
82. Ze'ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Intifada (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990); Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State; Al-Haj, "Identity and Orientation among the Arabs in Israel."
83. Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel, 35, 36.
84. Socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the national divide between Arabs and Jews. See Noah Lewin-Epstein and Moshe Semyonov, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993); Iris Jarbi and Gal Levi, The Socio-Economic Rift in Israel [in Hebrew], Position Paper no. 21 (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute for Democracy, 2000). The poverty rate among Arab families is almost double the rate among Jewish families. See Social Security Institute, Annual Review 1996/97 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Social Security Institute, 1997). Discrepancies between Arabs and Jews are visible in the levels of educational attainment, positions in the employment ladder, occupational opportunities, and housing conditions. The government's policy and differential investment and allocation of resources between Arabs and Jews are important factors. For example, Arab settlements have never been denned as "development areas" deserving special investment and assistance. Allocation of land and water rations for agriculture also reflects great inequality between Arab and Jewish settlements. Some efforts have been made to address such inequalities: (a) between 1992 and 1996 the Israeli government included several Israeli Palestinian Arab settlements in what was called "areas of national priority," and (b) in 1993 the government decided that large families would be entitled to child support allowances and that this benefit will cease to be exclusive for those who served in the military - thus, being available to Israeli Palestinian Arabs; Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society"; Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
85. Socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the national divide between Arabs and Jews. See Noah Lewin-Epstein and Moshe Semyonov, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993); Iris Jarbi and Gal Levi, The Socio-Economic Rift in Israel [in Hebrew], Position Paper no. 21 (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute for Democracy, 2000). The poverty rate among Arab families is almost double the rate among Jewish families. See Social Security Institute, Annual Review 1996/97 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Social Security Institute, 1997). Discrepancies between Arabs and Jews are visible in the levels of educational attainment, positions in the employment ladder, occupational opportunities, and housing conditions. The government's policy and differential investment and allocation of resources between Arabs and Jews are important factors. For example, Arab settlements have never been denned as "development areas" deserving special investment and assistance. Allocation of land and water rations for agriculture also reflects great inequality between Arab and Jewish settlements. Some efforts have been made to address such inequalities: (a) between 1992 and 1996 the Israeli government included several Israeli Palestinian Arab settlements in what was called "areas of national priority," and (b) in 1993 the government decided that large families would be entitled to child support allowances and that this benefit will cease to be exclusive for those who served in the military - thus, being available to Israeli Palestinian Arabs; Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society"; Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
86. Socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the national divide between Arabs and Jews. See Noah Lewin-Epstein and Moshe Semyonov, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993); Iris Jarbi and Gal Levi, The Socio-Economic Rift in Israel [in Hebrew], Position Paper no. 21 (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute for Democracy, 2000). The poverty rate among Arab families is almost double the rate among Jewish families. See Social Security Institute, Annual Review 1996/97 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Social Security Institute, 1997). Discrepancies between Arabs and Jews are visible in the levels of educational attainment, positions in the employment ladder, occupational opportunities, and housing conditions. The government's policy and differential investment and allocation of resources between Arabs and Jews are important factors. For example, Arab settlements have never been denned as "development areas" deserving special investment and assistance. Allocation of land and water rations for agriculture also reflects great inequality between Arab and Jewish settlements. Some efforts have been made to address such inequalities: (a) between 1992 and 1996 the Israeli government included several Israeli Palestinian Arab settlements in what was called "areas of national priority," and (b) in 1993 the government decided that large families would be entitled to child support allowances and that this benefit will cease to be exclusive for those who served in the military - thus, being available to Israeli Palestinian Arabs; Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society"; Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
87. Socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the national divide between Arabs and Jews. See Noah Lewin-Epstein and Moshe Semyonov, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993); Iris Jarbi and Gal Levi, The Socio-Economic Rift in Israel [in Hebrew], Position Paper no. 21 (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute for Democracy, 2000). The poverty rate among Arab families is almost double the rate among Jewish families. See Social Security Institute, Annual Review 1996/97 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Social Security Institute, 1997). Discrepancies between Arabs and Jews are visible in the levels of educational attainment, positions in the employment ladder, occupational opportunities, and housing conditions. The government's policy and differential investment and allocation of resources between Arabs and Jews are important factors. For example, Arab settlements have never been denned as "development areas" deserving special investment and assistance. Allocation of land and water rations for agriculture also reflects great inequality between Arab and Jewish settlements. Some efforts have been made to address such inequalities: (a) between 1992 and 1996 the Israeli government included several Israeli Palestinian Arab settlements in what was called "areas of national priority," and (b) in 1993 the government decided that large families would be entitled to child support allowances and that this benefit will cease to be exclusive for those who served in the military - thus, being available to Israeli Palestinian Arabs; Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society"; Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
88. Socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the national divide between Arabs and Jews. See Noah Lewin-Epstein and Moshe Semyonov, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993); Iris Jarbi and Gal Levi, The Socio-Economic Rift in Israel [in Hebrew], Position Paper no. 21 (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute for Democracy, 2000). The poverty rate among Arab families is almost double the rate among Jewish families. See Social Security Institute, Annual Review 1996/97 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Social Security Institute, 1997). Discrepancies between Arabs and Jews are visible in the levels of educational attainment, positions in the employment ladder, occupational opportunities, and housing conditions. The government's policy and differential investment and allocation of resources between Arabs and Jews are important factors. For example, Arab settlements have never been denned as "development areas" deserving special investment and assistance. Allocation of land and water rations for agriculture also reflects great inequality between Arab and Jewish settlements. Some efforts have been made to address such inequalities: (a) between 1992 and 1996 the Israeli government included several Israeli Palestinian Arab settlements in what was called "areas of national priority," and (b) in 1993 the government decided that large families would be entitled to child support allowances and that this benefit will cease to be exclusive for those who served in the military - thus, being available to Israeli Palestinian Arabs; Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society"; Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
89. Socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the national divide between Arabs and Jews. See Noah Lewin-Epstein and Moshe Semyonov, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993); Iris Jarbi and Gal Levi, The Socio-Economic Rift in Israel [in Hebrew], Position Paper no. 21 (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute for Democracy, 2000). The poverty rate among Arab families is almost double the rate among Jewish families. See Social Security Institute, Annual Review 1996/97 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Social Security Institute, 1997). Discrepancies between Arabs and Jews are visible in the levels of educational attainment, positions in the employment ladder, occupational opportunities, and housing conditions. The government's policy and differential investment and allocation of resources between Arabs and Jews are important factors. For example, Arab settlements have never been denned as "development areas" deserving special investment and assistance. Allocation of land and water rations for agriculture also reflects great inequality between Arab and Jewish settlements. Some efforts have been made to address such inequalities: (a) between 1992 and 1996 the Israeli government included several Israeli Palestinian Arab settlements in what was called "areas of national priority," and (b) in 1993 the government decided that large families would be entitled to child support allowances and that this benefit will cease to be exclusive for those who served in the military - thus, being available to Israeli Palestinian Arabs; Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society"; Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
90. Socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the national divide between Arabs and Jews. See Noah Lewin-Epstein and Moshe Semyonov, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993); Iris Jarbi and Gal Levi, The Socio-Economic Rift in Israel [in Hebrew], Position Paper no. 21 (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute for Democracy, 2000). The poverty rate among Arab families is almost double the rate among Jewish families. See Social Security Institute, Annual Review 1996/97 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Social Security Institute, 1997). Discrepancies between Arabs and Jews are visible in the levels of educational attainment, positions in the employment ladder, occupational opportunities, and housing conditions. The government's policy and differential investment and allocation of resources between Arabs and Jews are important factors. For example, Arab settlements have never been denned as "development areas" deserving special investment and assistance. Allocation of land and water rations for agriculture also reflects great inequality between Arab and Jewish settlements. Some efforts have been made to address such inequalities: (a) between 1992 and 1996 the Israeli government included several Israeli Palestinian Arab settlements in what was called "areas of national priority," and (b) in 1993 the government decided that large families would be entitled to child support allowances and that this benefit will cease to be exclusive for those who served in the military - thus, being available to Israeli Palestinian Arabs; Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society"; Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
91. Socioeconomic inequalities exacerbate the national divide between Arabs and Jews. See Noah Lewin-Epstein and Moshe Semyonov, The Arab Minority in Israel's Economy: Patterns of Ethnic Inequality (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1993); Iris Jarbi and Gal Levi, The Socio-Economic Rift in Israel [in Hebrew], Position Paper no. 21 (Jerusalem: Israeli Institute for Democracy, 2000). The poverty rate among Arab families is almost double the rate among Jewish families. See Social Security Institute, Annual Review 1996/97 [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Social Security Institute, 1997). Discrepancies between Arabs and Jews are visible in the levels of educational attainment, positions in the employment ladder, occupational opportunities, and housing conditions. The government's policy and differential investment and allocation of resources between Arabs and Jews are important factors. For example, Arab settlements have never been denned as "development areas" deserving special investment and assistance. Allocation of land and water rations for agriculture also reflects great inequality between Arab and Jewish settlements. Some efforts have been made to address such inequalities: (a) between 1992 and 1996 the Israeli government included several Israeli Palestinian Arab settlements in what was called "areas of national priority," and (b) in 1993 the government decided that large families would be entitled to child support allowances and that this benefit will cease to be exclusive for those who served in the military - thus, being available to Israeli Palestinian Arabs; Lissak, "Major Rifts within Israeli Society"; Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Rekhess, Israeli Arabs and Arabs of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip; Smooha, The Orientation and Politicization of the Arab Minority in Israel; Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1989).
92. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, 86. The present state curriculum, however, compared to earlier versions, reflects some movement toward the inclusion of Arab identity and Arab's relationship to the Palestinian People. Majid Al-Haj, Education, Empowerment and Control: The Case of the Arabs in Israel (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995).
93. Rouhana, Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State, 86. The present state curriculum, however, compared to earlier versions, reflects some movement toward the inclusion of Arab identity and Arab's relationship to the Palestinian People. Majid Al-Haj, Education, Empowerment and Control: The Case of the Arabs in Israel (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995).
94. Sammy Smooha and As'ad Ghanem, "Ethnic Religious and Political Islam among the Arabs in Israel," Working Paper no. 14 (University of Haifa, 1998); Sammy Smooha, "Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: The Status of the Arab Minority in Israel," Ethnic and Racial Studies 13, no. 3 (1990): 389-413.
95. Sammy Smooha and As'ad Ghanem, "Ethnic Religious and Political Islam among the Arabs in Israel," Working Paper no. 14 (University of Haifa, 1998); Sammy Smooha, "Minority Status in an Ethnic Democracy: The Status of the Arab Minority in Israel," Ethnic and Racial Studies 13, no. 3 (1990): 389-413.
96. Yoav Peled, "Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship," American Political Science Review 86, no. 4 (1992): 479-92.
97. Elia Zureik, "Prospects of the Palestinians in Israel: I," Journal of Palestine Studies 22, no. 3 (1993): 90-109, and "Prospects of the Palestinians in Israel: II," Journal of Palestine Studies 22, no. 4 (1993): 73-93.
98. Elia Zureik, "Prospects of the Palestinians in Israel: I," Journal of Palestine Studies 22, no. 3 (1993): 90-109, and "Prospects of the Palestinians in Israel: II," Journal of Palestine Studies 22, no. 4 (1993): 73-93.
99. Oren Yiftachel, "Power Disparities in the Planning of a Mixed Region: Arabs and Jews in the Galilee, Israel," Urban Studies 30, no. 1 (1993): 157-82, "The Concept of 'Ethnic Democracy' and Its Applicability in the Case of Israel," Ethnic and Racial Studies 15, no. 1 (1992): 125-36, and Planning a Mixed Region in Israel: The Political Geography of Arab-Jewish Relations in the Galilee (Aldershot: Avebury, 1992).
100. Oren Yiftachel, "Power Disparities in the Planning of a Mixed Region: Arabs and Jews in the Galilee, Israel," Urban Studies 30, no. 1 (1993): 157-82, "The Concept of 'Ethnic Democracy' and Its Applicability in the Case of Israel," Ethnic and Racial Studies 15, no. 1 (1992): 125-36, and Planning a Mixed Region in Israel: The Political Geography of Arab-Jewish Relations in the Galilee (Aldershot: Avebury, 1992).
101. Oren Yiftachel, "Power Disparities in the Planning of a Mixed Region: Arabs and Jews in the Galilee, Israel," Urban Studies 30, no. 1 (1993): 157-82, "The Concept of 'Ethnic Democracy' and Its Applicability in the Case of Israel," Ethnic and Racial Studies 15, no. 1 (1992): 125-36, and Planning a Mixed Region in Israel: The Political Geography of Arab-Jewish Relations in the Galilee (Aldershot: Avebury, 1992).
102. Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor and the Origin of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
103. Ultra-Orthodox schools do not follow state curriculum and, therefore, were not included in the IEA Civic Education Study. Thus, the ultra-Orthodox sector will not be discussed here. Generally speaking, however, most ultra-Orthodox communities are anti-Zionist and consider as heresy the rebuilding of Israel prior to the arrival of the Messiah.
104. Eliezer Don-Yehiya, "Hannukkah and the Myth of the Maccabees in Zionist Ideology and Israeli Society," Jewish Journal of Sociology 34, no. 1 (1992): 5-23; Orit Ichilov, Citizenship Education in Israel [in Hebrew] (Tel-Aviv: Sifrriat Poalim, 1993).
105. Eliezer Don-Yehiya, "Hannukkah and the Myth of the Maccabees in Zionist Ideology and Israeli Society," Jewish Journal of Sociology 34, no. 1 (1992): 5-23; Orit Ichilov, Citizenship Education in Israel [in Hebrew] (Tel-Aviv: Sifrriat Poalim, 1993).
106. Mordechai Bar-Lev and Peri Kedem, "Unity and Compartmentalization in Israeli Students' Perceptions of Their Jewish-Zionist Identity and Identification" [in Hebrew] Hebetim Behinuch 1 (1986): 155-77; Shlomit Levy, The Structure of Social Values [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Israel Institute of Applied Social Research, 1986).
107. Mordechai Bar-Lev and Peri Kedem, "Unity and Compartmentalization in Israeli Students' Perceptions of Their Jewish-Zionist Identity and Identification" [in Hebrew] Hebetim Behinuch 1 (1986): 155-77; Shlomit Levy, The Structure of Social Values [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Israel Institute of Applied Social Research, 1986).
108. Nissan Rubin, "Death Customs in a Non-religious Kibbutz: The Use of Sacred Symbols in a Secular Society," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 25, no. 3 (1986): 292-303; S. Deshen, "The Study of Religion in Israeli Social Sciences," in Israeli Judaism, ed. S. Deshen, C. S.
109. Nissan Rubin, "Death Customs in a Non-religious Kibbutz: The Use of Sacred Symbols in a Secular Society," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 25, no. 3 (1986): 292-303; S. Deshen, "The Study of Religion in Israeli Social Sciences," in Israeli Judaism, ed. S. Deshen, C. S. Lieberman, and M. Shokeid (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1995).
110. Aryei Fishman, Judaism and Modernization on the Religious Kibbutz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
111. Eliezer Don-Yehiya, "The Book and the Sword: The Nationalist Yeshivot and Political Radicalism in Israel," in Accounting for Fundamentalism: The Dynamic Character of Movements, ed. M. M. Marty and S. R. Appleby (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1994).
112. Mordechai Bar-Lev, "Graduates of Yeshiva High Schools in Israel: Between Tradition and Modernity" [in Hebrew] (PhD diss., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 1997); Don-Yehiya, "The Book and the Sword."
113. Mordechai Bar-Lev, "Graduates of Yeshiva High Schools in Israel: Between Tradition and Modernity" [in Hebrew] (PhD diss., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 1997); Don-Yehiya, "The Book and the Sword."
114. Peri Kedem and Mordechai Bar-Lev, "Perceptions of the 'Good Citizen' by Israeli Adolescents," Comparative Politics 13, no. 3 (1989): 361-76; M. Bar-Lev and P. Kedem, "Political Attitudes of National-Religious Youth in Israel," in Religious Education and Religious Youth: Dilemmas and Tensions [in Hebrew], ed. M. Bar-Lev (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, School of Education, and Massada Publishing House, 1992).
115. Peri Kedem and Mordechai Bar-Lev, "Perceptions of the 'Good Citizen' by Israeli Adolescents," Comparative Politics 13, no. 3 (1989): 361-76; M. Bar-Lev and P. Kedem, "Political Attitudes of National-Religious Youth in Israel," in Religious Education and Religious Youth: Dilemmas and Tensions [in Hebrew], ed. M. Bar-Lev (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, School of Education, and Massada Publishing House, 1992).
116. The national curriculum can nevertheless be versatile with regard to what subjects are studied and at what depth - at a minimal required level, or more intensively. Students attending Arab state schools take the matriculation examinations in Arabic, while those attending Hebrew (religious or regular) state schools take the exams in Hebrew.
117. Smith and Jarkko, National Pride in Cross-National Perspective.
118. Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality, Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone"; McDonnell, "Defining Democratic Purposes"; Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies.
119. Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality, Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone"; McDonnell, "Defining Democratic Purposes"; Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies.
120. Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality, Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone"; McDonnell, "Defining Democratic Purposes"; Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies.
121. Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality, Robert D. Putnam, "Bowling Alone"; McDonnell, "Defining Democratic Purposes"; Kymlicka and Norman, Citizenship in Diverse Societies.
122. A two-stage stratified cluster design for sampling was employed. At the first stage, schools were sampled using a probability proportional to size. See P. Foy, K. Rust, and A. Schleicher, "TIMSS Sample Design," in Third International Mathematics and Science Study Technical Report, ed. M. O. Martin and D. J. Kelly, vol. 1 (Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College, 1996); Jo-Ann Amadeo, Judith Torney-Purta, Rainer Lehmann, Vera Husfeldt, and Roumiana Nikolova, Civic Knowledge and Engagement: An IEA Study of Upper Secondary Students in Sixteen Countries (Amsterdam: IEA, 2002). At the second stage the sample consisted of one intact classroom per school from the target grade (grade 11).
123. A two-stage stratified cluster design for sampling was employed. At the first stage, schools were sampled using a probability proportional to size. See P. Foy, K. Rust, and A. Schleicher, "TIMSS Sample Design," in Third International Mathematics and Science Study Technical Report, ed. M. O. Martin and D. J. Kelly, vol. 1 (Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College, 1996); Jo-Ann Amadeo, Judith Torney-Purta, Rainer Lehmann, Vera Husfeldt, and Roumiana Nikolova, Civic Knowledge and Engagement: An IEA Study of Upper Secondary Students in Sixteen Countries (Amsterdam: IEA, 2002). At the second stage the sample consisted of one intact classroom per school from the target grade (grade 11).
124. The questionnaire was developed by the International Steering Committee of the IEA in collaboration with the participating countries, and in Israel it was translated from English into both Hebrew and Arabic. The Hebrew version was administered to students in Hebrew schools, and the Arabic version was administered to students within the Arab school system. See Judith Torney-Purta, "The Second IEA Civic Education Project: Development of Content Guidelines and Items for a Cross-National Test and Survey," Canadian and International Education, no. 2 (1996): 199-215; Orit Ichilov, Citizenhip Orientations of 11th Grade Students and Teachers in the Israeli Hebrew and Arab High Schools, Israel's National Research Report, IEA Civic Education Study (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, School of Education, 2000).
125. The questionnaire was developed by the International Steering Committee of the IEA in collaboration with the participating countries, and in Israel it was translated from English into both Hebrew and Arabic. The Hebrew version was administered to students in Hebrew schools, and the Arabic version was administered to students within the Arab school system. See Judith Torney-Purta, "The Second IEA Civic Education Project: Development of Content Guidelines and Items for a Cross-National Test and Survey," Canadian and International Education, no. 2 (1996): 199-215; Orit Ichilov, Citizenhip Orientations of 11th Grade Students and Teachers in the Israeli Hebrew and Arab High Schools, Israel's National Research Report, IEA Civic Education Study (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, School of Education, 2000).
126. Torney-Purta, "The Second IEA Civic Education Project," 205.
127. Ichilov, Citizenship Orientations.
128. Items are listed in table 3.
129. Ichilov, Citizenship Orientations.
130. I b i d.
131. Sture Holm, "A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure," Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6, no. 2 (1979): 65-70.
132. Ichilov, Citizenship Orientations.
133. Amadeo et al., Civic Knowledge and Engagement, 138.
134. O. Ichilov, "Citizenship Education in a Divided Society: The Case of Israel," in Civic Education across Countries: Twenty-four National Case Studies from the IEA Civic Education Project, ed. J. Torney-Putra, J. Schwille, and J. A. Amadeo (Amsterdam: IEA, 1999); Sean Byrne, Growing Up in a Divided Society (Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press and Associated University Press, 1997).
135. O. Ichilov, "Citizenship Education in a Divided Society: The Case of Israel," in Civic Education across Countries: Twenty-four National Case Studies from the IEA Civic Education Project, ed. J. Torney-Putra, J. Schwille, and J. A. Amadeo (Amsterdam: IEA, 1999); Sean Byrne, Growing Up in a Divided Society (Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press and Associated University Press, 1997).
136. Ministry of Education, Curriculum Department, Leaflet far Civics Teachers No. 16 [Teacher's guide for academic high schools; in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Ministry of Education, 2001), 10.