Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska

Economic Geology

Volumn 99, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1449-1480

  Leach, David L ^a   Marsh, Erin ^a   Emsbo, Poul ^a   Rombach, Cameron S ^a   Kelley, Karen D ^a   Anthony, Mike ^a  

^a DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBONATE ROCKS; HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS; ION CHROMATOGRAPHY; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY;

BARITE; BRINES; CARBONATE MINERALS; CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS; DATA ACQUISITION; IONS; LEAD; ORE DEPOSITS; RAMAN SCATTERING; SHALE; SILVER; SOLUTIONS; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; THERMAL EFFECTS; ZINC;

FLUIDS;

HYDROTHERMAL FLUID; LEAD; ORE DEPOSIT; ORE-FORMING FLUID; SILVER; ZINC;

ALASKA; BROOKS RANGE; NORTH AMERICA; RED DOG MINE; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

CANIS FAMILIARIS; CARBONIFEROUS; CUON ALPINUS; KUNA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS PHAGE 187;

EID: 15744371399     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1449     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Ansdell, K.M., Nesbitt, B.E., and Longstaffe, F.J., 1989, A fluid inclusion and stable isotopic study of the Tom Ba-Pb-Zn deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 84, p. 841-856.
2. Ayuso, R.A., Kelley, A.D., Leach, D.L., Slack, J.F., and Young, L.E., 2000, Pb-Sr isotopic evolution of the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 32, p. A-84.
3. Barker, C., 1990, Calculated volume and pressure changes during the cracking of oil to gas in reservoirs: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, p. 1254-1261.
4. Bird, K.J., and Jordan, C.F., 1977, Lisburne Group (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian), potential major hydrocarbon objective of Arctic Slope, Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 61, p. 1493-1512.
5. 39Ar analyses: Tectonics, v. 15, p. 440-455.
6. Bodnar, R.J., and Bethke, P.M., 1984, Systematics of stretching of fluid inclusions I: Fluorite and sphalerite at 1 atmosphere confining pressure: Economic Geology, v. 79, pp 141-161.
7. Broadbent, G.C., Myers, R.E., and Wright, J.W., 1998, Geology and origin of shale-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization at the Century deposit, northwest Queensland, Australia: Economic Geology, v. 93, p. 1264-1294.
8. Bresser, H.A., 1992, Origin of base metal vein mineralization in the Lawn Hill mineral field, north western Queensland: Unpublished B.Sc. thesis, Townsville, Australia, James Cook University, 115 p.
9. Burke, E.A.J., 2001, Raman microspectrometry of fluid inclusions: Lithos, v. 55, p. 139-158.
10. Carlin, S., and Dainelli, J., 1998, Pressure regimes and pressure systems in the Adriatic foredeep, (Italy), in Law, B.E., Ulmishek, G.F., and Slavin, V.I., eds., Abnormal pressures in hydrocarbon environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 70, p. 145-160.
11. Carpenter, A.B., 1978, Origin and chemical evolution of brines in sedimentary basins: Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 79, p. 60-77.
12. Chi, G., and Savard, M.M., 1997, Sources of basinal and Mississippi Valley-type mineralizing brines: Mixtures of evaporated seawater and halite dissolution brines: Chemical Geology, v. 143, p. 121-125.
13. Clague, S., and Alchin, D., 2001, The terrane setting and metallogenesis of the Rosh Pinah massive Zn-Pb sulphide deposit in the Gariep terrane of southern Namibia [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs v. 33, p. 271-272.
14. Cole, F., Bird, K.J., Toro, J., Roure, F., O'Sullivan, P.B., Pawlewicz, M., and Howell, D.G., 1997, An integrated model for the tectonic development of the frontal Brooks range and Colville basin 250 km west of the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. B9, p. 685-708.
15. Cooke, D.R., Bull, S.W., Large, R.R., and McGoldrick, P.J., 2000, The importance of oxidized brine for the formation of Australian Proterozoic stratiform sediment-hosted Pb-Zn (sedex) deposits: Economic Geology, v. 95, p. 1-18.
16. Dover, J.H., Tailleur, I.L., and Dumoulin, J.A., 2004, Geologic map of the west-central Howard Pass and adjacent Misheguk Mountain quadrangles: U.S. Geological Survey map MF-2413, 25 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:100,000.
17. Dumoulin, J.A., and Bird, K.J., 2001, Stratigraphy and lithofacies of Lisburne Group carbonate rocks (Carboniferous-Permian) in the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska, in Houseknecht, D.W., ed., NPRA Core Workshop; Petroleum Plays and Systems in the National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Core Workshop 21, p. 141-166.
18. Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 1992, Devonian-Mississippian carbonate sequence in the Maiyumerak Mountains, western Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-3, 83 p.
19. Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A.G., Blome, C.D., and Young, L.E., 2004, Depositional settings, correlation, and age of Carboniferous rock in the western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1355-1384.
20. Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A.G., Blome, C.D., and Young, L.E., Conodont and radiolarian data from the De Long Mountains quadrangle and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03, in press.
21. Edgerton, D., 1997, Geologic models of sediment-buffered hydrothermal vents: A case study of the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag orebody, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, University of Texas, 209 p.
22. Ellersieck, I., Jansons, U., Mayfield, C.F., and Tailleur, I.L., 1982, The Story Creek and Woopee Creek lead-zinc-silver occurrences, western Brooks Range, Alaska, in Coonrad, W.L., ed., U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska-Accomplishments during 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 844, p. 35-38.
23. Folk, R.L., 1974, Petrology of sedimentary rocks: University Station, Texas, Hemphill Publishing Co., 182 p.
24. Forrest, K., 1983, Geologic and isotopic studies of the Lik deposit and the surrounding mineral district, De Long Mountains, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 161 p.
25. Frimmel, H.E., 2001, Geodynamic and palaeoclimate setting of the Neoproterozic Rosh Pinah Zn-Pb province, southwestern Namibia, in Piestrzynski, ed., Mineral deposits at the beginning of the 21th century: Lisse, The Nederlands, Swets and Zeitlinger Publishing, p. 129-132.
26. Gardner, H.D., and Hutcheon, I., 1985, Geochemistry mineralogy, and geology of the Jason Pb-Zn deposits, Macmillan pass, Yukon, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 80, p. 1257-1276.
27. Garven, G., Raffensperger, J.P., Dumoulin, J.A., Bradley, D.A., Young, L.E., Kelley, K.D., and Leach, D.L., 2003, Coupled heat and fluid flow modeling of the Carboniferous Kuna basin, Alaska: Implications for the genesis of the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba ore district: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 78-79, p. 215-219.
28. Goldstein, R.H., 1986, Reequilibration of fluid inclusions in low-temperature calcium carbonate cement: Geology, v. 14, p. 792-795.
29. Goldstein, R.H., and Reynolds, T.J., 1994, Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course 31, 199 p.
30. Gray, G.G., Pottorf, R.J., Yurewicz, D.A., Mahon, K.I., Richardson, M., Pevear, D.R., and Vityk, M.O., 2000, Hydrocarbon prospectivity of shale-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization at the Century deposit, northwest Queensland, Australia: Economic Geology, v. 93, p. 1431.
31. Haas, J.L., 1971, The effect of salinity on the maximum thermal gradient of a hydrothermal system at hydrostatic pressure: Economic Geology, v. 66, p. 940-946.
32. Haas, J.L., 1978, An empirical equation with tables of smoothed solubilities of methane in water and aqueous sodium chloride solutions up to 25 weight percent, 360°C, and 138 Mpa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1004, 41 p.
33. Hanor, J.S., 1996, Controls on the solubilization of lead and zinc in basinal brines, in Sangster D.F., ed., Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc deposits: Society of Economic Geology Special Publication 4, p. 483-500.
34. Harris, A.G., Lane, H.R., Tailleur, I. L., and Ellersieck, I., 1987, Conodont thermal maturation patterns in Paleozoic and Triassic rocks, northern Alaska-Geologic and exploration implications, in Tailleur, I., and Weimer P., eds, Alaskan North Slope geology: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Pacific Section and Alaska Geological Society, v. 1, p. 181-191.
35. Hofstra, A.H., and Emsbo, P., 1993, A new method to analyze anions and cations in fluid inclusions using ion chromatography-Applications to ore genesis [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, p. A-144.
36. Holser, W.T., 1979, Trace elements and isotopes in evaporates: Mineralogical Society of America Short Course Notes, v. 6, p. 295-346.
37. Hurai, V., Kihle, J., Kotulova, J., Marko, F., and Swierczewska, A., 2002, Origin of methane in quartz crystals from the Tertiary accretionary wedge and fore-arc basin of the western Carpathians: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, p. 1259-1271.
38. Jennings, S., and King, A.R., 2002, Geology, exploration history and future discoveries in the Red Dog district, western Brooks Range, Alaska, in Cooke, D.R., and Pongratz, J., eds., Giant ore deposits: Characteristics, genesis, and exploration: The Centre for Ore Deposit Research Special Publication 4, p. 151-160.
39. Johnson, C.A., Kelley, K.D., and Leach, D.L., 2004, Sulfur and oxygen isotopes in barite deposits of the western Brooks Range, Alaska, and implications for the origin of the Red Dog massive sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1435-1448.
40. Johnsson, M.J., Howell, D.G., and Bird, K.J., 1993, Thermal maturity patterns in Alaska-Implications for the tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon potential: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, 11, p.1874-1903.
41. Jones, G.D., Whitaker, F.F., Smart, P.L., and Sanford, W.E., 2002, Fate of reflux brines in carbonate platforms: Geology, v. 30, p. 371-374.
42. Kelley, K.D., and Mull, C.G., 1995, Maps showing areas of potential for mineral resources in the Killik River quadrangle, Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field studies map MF-2225-A, scale 1:250,000.
43. Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., and Johnson, C.A., 2000, Sulfur, oxygen, and carbon-isotope studies of Ag-Pb-Zn vein breccia occurrences, sulfide-bearing concretions, and barite deposits in the north-central Brooks Range, with comparisons to shale-hosted stratiform massive sulfide deposits, in Kelley, K.D., and Goof, L.P., eds., Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1615, p. 189-201.
44. Kelley, K.D., Dumoulin, J.A., and Jennings, S., 2004a, The Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag and barite deposit, northern Alaska: Evidence for replacement of carbonate by barite and sulfides: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1577-1591.
45. Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., Johnson, C.A., Clark, J.L., Fayek, M., Slack, J.F., Anderson, V.M., Ayuso, R.A., and Ridley, W.I., 2004b, Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for ore formation: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1509-1532.
46. Kesler, S.E., Martini, A.M., Appold, M.S., Walter, L.M., Huston, T.J., and Furman, F.C., 1996, Na-Cl-Br systematics of fluid inclusions from Mississippi Valley-type deposits, Appalachian basin: Constraints on solute origin and migration paths: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 225-233.
47. Kominz, M.A., and Bond, G.C., 1986, Geophysical modeling of the thermal history of foreland basins: Nature, v. 320, p. 252-256.
48. Kurtak, J.M., Hicks, R.W., Werdon, M.B., Meyer, M.P., and Mull, C.G., 1995, Mineral investigations in the Colville mining district and southern National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open-File Report 8-95, 217 p.
49. Law, B.E., 1984, Relationships of source-rock, thermal maturity, and overpressuring to gas generation and occurrence in low-permeability Upper Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks, greater Green River basin, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah, in Woodward, J., Meissner, F.F., and Clayton, J.L., eds., Hydrocarbon source rocks of the greater Rocky Mountain region: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p. 469-490.
50. Lawver, L.A., and Scotese, C.R., 1990, A review of tectonic models for the evolution of the Canada basin: Geological Society of America-The geology of North America, v. L., p. 593-618.
51. Leach, D.L., Bradley, D., Lewchuk, M.T., Symons, D.T.A., de Marsily, G., and Brannon, J., 2001, Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research: Mineralium, Deposita, v. 36, p. 711-740.
52. Leitch, C.H.B., 1992, A progress report of fluid inclusion studies of veins from the vent zone, Sullivan stratiform sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposit, British Columbia-Current research, part E: Geological Survey of Canada Paper 92-1E, p. 71-82.
53. Levine, J.R., Samson, I.M., and Hesse, R., 1991, Occurrence of fracture-hosted impsonite and petroleum fluid inclusions, Quebec City region, Canada: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 75, p. 139-155.
54. Lewchuk, M., Leach, D.L., Kelley, K.D., and Symons, D.T.A., 2004, Paleomagnetism of the Red Dog Zn-Pb massive sulfide deposit in northern Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1555-1567.
55. Mackenzie, A.S., and Quigley, T.M., 1988, Principles of geochemical prospect appraisal: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, p. 399-415.
56. Magoon, L.B., Lillis, P.G., and Bird, K.J., 2002, Petroleum systems of the Alaskan North Slope-A progress report [abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Pacific Section, Program and Abstracts, p. 90.
57. Manning, C.E., and Ingebritsen, S.E., 1999, Permeability of the continental crust: Implications of geothermal data and metamorphic systems: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 37, p. 127-150.
58. Martinsen, R.E., 1994, Summary of published literature on anomalous pressures: Implications for the study of pressure compartments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 61, p. 27-38.
59. Mayfield, C.F., Tailleur, I.L., and Ellersieck, I., 1998, Stratigraphy, structure, and palinspastic analysis of the western Brooks Range, northwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1399, p. 143-186.
60. + with halite: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, p. 928-937.
61. McMillan, P.F., 1985, Raman and micro-Raman spectroscopy: EOS, American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 66, p. 1139.
62. McMillan, P.F., 1989, Raman spectroscopy in mineralogy and geochemistry: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 17, p. 255-283.
63. McMillan, P.F., and Hofmeister, A., 1988, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 18, p. 99-159.
64. Meyer, M.P., 1995, Executive summary of the U.S. Bureau of Mines investigations in the Colville mining district, Alaska: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open File Report 07-95, 56 p.
65. Moore, D.E., Young, L.E., Modene, J.S., and Plahuta, J.T., 1986, Geologic setting and genesis of the Red Dog zinc-lead-silver deposit, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 1696-1727.
66. Moore, T.E., Wallace, W.K., Bird, K.J., Karl, S.M., Mull, C.G., and Dillon, J.T., 1994, Geology of northern Alaska: Geological Society of America- The geology of North America, v. G-1, p. 49-140.
67. Morelli, R.M., Creaser, R.A., Selby, D., Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., and A.R. King, 2004, Re-Os sulfide geochronology of the Red Dog sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1569-1576.
68. Mull, C.G., 1982, The tectonic evolution and structural style of the Brooks Range, Alaska-An illustrated summary, in Powers, R.B., ed., Geologic studies of the Cordilleran thrust belt, v. 1: Denver, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p. 1-45.
69. Mull, C.G., and Werdon, M.B., 1994, Generalized geologic map of the western Endicott Mountains, central Brooks Range, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Public Data File 94-55.
70. Mull, C.G., Glenn, R.K., and Adams, K.E., 1977, Tectonic evolution of the central Brooks Range mountain front-Evidence from the Atigun Gorge region: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20,749-20,772.
71. Mullis, J., 1979, The system methane-water as a geologic thermometer and barometer from the external part of the central Alps: Bulletin of Mineralogy, v. 102, p. 526-536.
72. Neuzil, C.E., 1995, Abnormal pressures as hydrodynamic phenomena: American Journal of Science, v. 295, p. 742-786.
73. O'Sullivan, P.B., Murphy, J.M., and Blythe, A.E., 1997, Mesozoic and Cenozoic thermotectonic evolution of the central Brooks Range and adjacent North Slope foreland basin, Alaska-Including fission track results from the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT): Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20,821-20,845.
74. O'Sullivan, P.B., Kelley, K.D., and Jennings, S., 2000, Post-mineralization thermotectonic evolution of the region of the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag mine, northwest Alaska [abs. 58], in Noble, W.P., O'Sullivan, P.B., and Brown, R.W., eds,, International Conference on Fission Track Dating and Thermochronology, 9th, Lorne, Australia, 2000: Geological Society of Australia Abstracts, p. 255-257.
75. Parris, T.M,, Burruss, L.R.C., and O'Sullivan, P.B., 2003, Deformation and the timing of gas generation and migration in the eastern Brooks Range foothills, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 87, p. 1823-1846.
76. Pasteris, J.D., 1998, The laser Raman microprobe as a tool for the economic geologist: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 7, p. 233-250.
77. Pasteris, J.D., Wopenka, B., Wang, A., and Harris, T.N., 1996, Relative timing of fluid anhydrite saturation: Another consideration in sulfur budget of the Mount Pinatubo eruption, in Punongbayan, R.S., and Newhall, C G., eds., Fire and mud-Eruptions and lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Quezon City, Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, and Seattle, University of Washington Press, p. 875-891.
78. Plumlee, G., Leach, D.L., Hofstra, A.H., Landis, G.P., Rowan, E.L., and Viets, J.G., 1994, Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type deposits of the Ozark region, U.S. mid-continent: Economic Geology, v. 89, p. 1361-1383.
79. Rittenhouse, G., 1967, Bromide in oilfield waters and its use in determining possibilities of origins its waters: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 51, p. 2430-2440.
80. Roberts, S., and Beattie, I., 1995, Micro-Raman spectroscopy in the Earth sciences, in Potts, P.J., Bowles, J.F.W., Reed, S.J.B., and Cave, M.R., eds., Microprobe techniques in the earth sciences: New York, Chapman and Hall, p. 387-408.
81. Rombach, C.S., and Layer, P., 2004, Geochronology of the western and central Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for the geologic evolution of the Anarraaq and Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1307-1322.
82. Rowan, E.L., and Marsily, G., 2001, Infiltration of late Paleozoic evaporative brines in the Reelfoot rift: A possible salt source for Illinois basin formation waters and MVT mineralizing fluids: Petroleum Geoscience v. 7, p. 267-279.
83. Sherwood, K.W., Craig, J.D., Lothamer, R.T., Johnson, P.P., and Zerwick, S.A., 1998, Chukchi Shelf assessment province: U.S. Minerals Management Service OCS Monograph MMS 98-0054, p. 115-196.
84. Sims, D.B., 1996, The relationship of ore and structural geology at the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Unpublished PhD dissertation, Tucson, University of Arizona, 142 p.
85. Slack, J.F., Kelley, K.D., Anderson, V.M., Clark, J.L., and Ayuso, R.A., 2004b, Multistage hydrothermal silicification and Fe-Tl-As-Sb-Ge-REE enrichment in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district, northern Alaska: Geochemistry origin, and exploration applications: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1481-1508.
86. Swarbrick, R.E., and Osborne, M.J., 1998, Mechanisms that generate abnormal pressures: An overview, in Law, B.E., Ulmishek, G.F., and Slavin, V.I., eds., Abnormal pressures in hydrocarbon environments: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 70, p. 13-34.
87. Thurston, D.K., and Lothamer, R.T., 1991, Seismic evidence of evaporate diapirs in the Chukchi Sea, Alaska: Geology, v. 19, p. 477-480.
88. Ulrich, M.R., and Bodnar, R.J., 1988, Systematics of stretching of fluid inclusions II: Barite at 1 atm confining pressure: Economic Geology, v. 83, p. 1037-1046,
89. Viets, J.G., Hofstra, A.H., and Emsbo, P., 1996, Solute composition of fluid inclusions in sphalerite from North American and European Mississippi Valley-type ore deposits: Ore fluids derived from evaporated seawater: Society of Economic Geologists. Special Publication 4: p. 465-482.
90. Wallace, W.K., and Hanks, C.I., 1990, Structural provinces of the northeastern Brooks Range, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, p, 1100-1118.
91. Walter, L.M., Stuebler, A.M., and Huston, T.J., 1990, Br-Cl-Na systematics in Illinois basin fluids: Constraints on fluid origin and evolution: Geology, v. 18, p. 315-318.
92. Walter, L.M., Martini, A., Stueber, A.M., and Moldovanyi, E.P., 1993, Saline formational waters: New constraints on origin and migration from comparisons at the basin scale [abs]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, p. A-23.
93. Watts, K.F., Harris, A.G., Carlson, R.C., Eckstein, M.K., Gruzlovic, P.D., Krumhardt, A.P., Lasota, D.K., Morgan, S.K., Enos, P., Goldstein, R., Dumoulin, J.A., and Mamet, B., 1994, Analysis of reservoir heterogeneities due to shallowing-upward cycles in carbonate rocks of the Upper Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Wahoo limestone of northeastern Alaska: Department of Energy Report, Contract DE-AG22-89BC14471, 433 p.
94. Werdon, M.B., 1996, Drenchwater, Alaska: Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization in a mixed black shale-volcanic sequence, in Coyner, A.R., and Fahey, P.L. eds., Geology and ore deposits of the American Cordillera: Geological Society of Nevada, Proceedings, p. 1341-1354.
95. Werdon, M.B., 1998, Lead isotopic ratios, ICP, and XRF analyses, and fluid inclusion data for the Kady Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag vein breccia prospect, northern Brooks range, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Public Data File 98-43, 8 p.
96. Werdon, M.B., 1999, Geologic setting of Mississippian vein-breecias at the Kady Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag prospect: Plumbing system for a failed sedex deposit?: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1614, p. 5-34.
97. 39Ar laser stepheating data and spectra from sandstone and volcanic rocks in the northern Brooks Range, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Public Data File 98-33, 25 p.
98. 39Ar dating of Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization in the northern Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1323-1343.
99. 39Ar thermochronometry: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 410-432.
100. Young, L.E., 1989, Geology and genesis of the Red Dog deposit, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Canadian Institute of Mining Bulletin, p. 57-67.
101. Young, L.E., 1995, Empirical application of common lead-isotope ratios to exploration: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter, no. 22, p. 7-12.
102. Young, L.E., 2004, A geologic framework for mineralization in the western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1281-1306.