Social shocks and slave social mobility: Manumission in Brunswick County, Virginia, 1782-1862

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 110, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 539-579

  Budros, Art ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 15544390506     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/425965     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Albert, Peter. 1976. "The Protean Institution: The Geography, Economy and Ideology of Slavery in Post-Revolutionary Virginia." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Maryland, Department of History.
2. Allison, Paul. 1999. Logistic Regression Using the SAS System: Theory and Applications. Cary, N. G. SAS Institute.
3. Babcock, Theodore. 1974. Manumission in Virginia, 1782-1806. Masters's thesis. University of Virginia, Department of History.
4. Ballagh, James. 1902. A History of Slavery in Virginia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
5. Beeman, Richard. 1984. The Evolution of the Southern Backcountry: A Case Study of Lunenburg County, Virginia, 1746-1832. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
6. Berlin, Ira. 1974. Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York: New Press.
7. _. 1998. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
8. Bezanson, Anne, Robert Gray, and Mirian Hussey. 1937. Wholesale Prices in Philadelphia, 1784-1861. Part 2: Series of Relative Monthly Prices. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
9. Bogger, Tommy. 1997. Free Blacks in Norfolk Virginia, 1790-1860: The Darker Side of Freedom. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
10. Bradley, Stephen. 1997a. Brunswick County, Virginia, Will Books. Vol. 3: Will Book 5, 1780-95. Lawrenceville, Va.: Stephen Bradley.
11. _. 1997b. Brunswick County, Virginia, Will Books. Vol. 4: 1795-1804. Lawrenceville, Va.: Stephen Bradley.
12. _. 1998. Brunswick County, Virginia. Will Books. Vol. 5: 1804-12. Lawrenceville, Va.: Stephen Bradley.
13. _. 1999. Brunswick County, Virginia, Deed Books. Vol. 6: 1776-87. Lawrenceville, Va.: Stephen Bradley.
14. Bradshaw, York. 1987. "Urbanization and Underdevelopment: A Global Study of Modernization, Urban Bias, and Economic Dependency." American Sociological Review 52:224-239.
15. Bruchey, Stuart. 1967. Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy: 1790-1860-Sources and Readings. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
16. Cameron, A. Colin, and Pravin Trivedi. 1986. "Econometric Models Based on Count Data: Comparisons and Applications of Some Estimators and Tests." Journal of Applied Econometrics 1:29-53.
17. Cole, Arthur. 1938. Wholesale Commodity Prices in the United States, 1700-1861. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
18. Craven, Avery. 1926. Soil Exhaustion as a Factor in the Agricultural History of Virginia and Maryland, 1606-1860. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
19. Craven, Wesley. 1971. White, Red, and Black: The Seventeenth-Century Virginian. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
20. David, Paul, and Peter Solar. 1977. "A Bicentenary Contribution to the History of the Cost of Living in America." Research in Economic History 2:1-80.
21. Davis, David. 1966. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
22. Degler, Carl. 1971. Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. New York: Macmillan.
23. Devine, Joel. 1983. "Fiscal Policy and Class Income Inequality." American Sociological Review 48:606-22.
24. Dunn, Richard. 1983. "Black Society in the Chesapeake, 1776-1810." Pp. 49-82 in Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution, edited by Ira Berlin and Ronald Huffman. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
25. Egerton, Douglas. 1990. "Gabriel's Conspiracy and the Election of 1800." Journal of Southern History 56:191-214.
26. Elkins, Stanley. 1959. Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
27. Evans, Robert. 1962. "The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 1830-1860." Pp. 185-238 in Aspects of Labor Economics, edited by the Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
28. Farmer, Charles. 1993. In the Absence of Towns: Settlement and Country Trade in Southside Virginia, 1730-1800. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
29. Fogel, Robert, and Stanley Engerman. 1974. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. New York: W.W. Norton.
30. _. 1976a. "Slave Hires, 1775-1865." ICPSR data set no. 7422. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR).
31. _. 1976b. "Slave Sales and Appraisals, 1775-1865." ICPSR data set no. 7421. Ann Arbor, Mich.: ICPSR.
32. Fothergill, Augusta, and John Naugle. 1966. Virginia Tax Payers, 1782-1787: Other than Those Published by the United States Census Bureau. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing.
33. Frazier, Franklin. 1957. The Negro in the United States. New York: Macmillan.
34. Freehling, Alison. 1982. Drift toward Dissolution: The Virginia Slavery Debate of 1831-1832. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
35. Freund, Rudolf, and Ramon Littell. 1992. SAS System for Regression. Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute.
36. Frey, Sylvia. 1983. "Between Slavery and Freedom: Virginia Blacks in the American Revolution." Journal of Southern History 49:375-98.
37. _. 1991. Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolution Age. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press.
38. Genovese, Eugene. 1972. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Vintage.
39. Geschwender, James. 1978. Racial Stratification in America. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown.
40. Gewehr, Wesley M. 1930. The Great Awakening in Virginia, 1740-1790. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
41. Gray, Lewis. 1941. History of Agriculture in the Southern United States until 1860. New York: Peter Smith.
42. Greene, Evarts, and Virginia Harrington. 1966. American Population before the Federal Census of 1790. Gloucester, Mass.; Peter Smith.
43. Hacker, Andrew 1992. Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
44. Hammond, M. B. 1897. The Cotton Industry: An Essay in American Economic History. Part 1: The Cotton Culture and the Cotton Trade. New York: Macmillan.
45. Hanger, Kimberly. 1990. "Avenues to Freedom Open to New Orleans' Black Population, 1769-1779." Louisiana History 31:237-64.
46. Harris, Marvin. 1964. Patterns of Race in the Americas. New York: Walker.
47. Hening, William. 1800-1823. Statutes at Large, Being a Collection of All the Laws of Virginia, 1619-1792, 13 vols. Richmond, Va.
48. Herndon, George. 1956. A History of Tobacco in Virginia, 1613-1860. Master's thesis. University of Virginia, Department of History.
49. Hughes, Sarah. 1978. "Slaves for Hire: The Allocation of Black Labor in Elizabeth City County, Virginia, 1782 to 1810." William and Mary Quarterly 35:260-86.
50. Ingersoll, Thomas. 1991. "Free Blacks in a Slave Society: New Orleans, 1718-1812." William and Mary Quarterly 48:173-200.
51. Jackson, Luther. 1930. "Manumission in Certain Virginia Cities." Journal of Negro History 15:365-88.
52. _. 1942. Free Negro Labor and Property Holding in Virginia, 1830-1860. New York: D. Appleton-Century.
53. Kelly, Giles. 1785. Deed of manumission written on December 19. Brunswick County, Virginia, Deed Books. Library of Virginia, Richmond.
54. Kerr-Ritchie, Jeffrey. 1999. Freedpeople in the Tobacco South: Virginia, 1860-1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
55. King, Gary. 1988. "Statistical Models for Political Science Event Counts: Bias in Conventional Procedures and Evidence for the Exponential Poisson Regression Model." American Journal of Political Science 32:838-63.
56. Klein, Herbert. 1967. Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
57. Kotlikoff, Laurence, and Anton Rupert. 1980. "The Manumission of Slaves in New Orleans, 1827-1846." Southern Studies 19:172-81.
58. Kulikoff, Allan. 1983. "Uprooted Peoples: Black Migrants in the Age of the American Revolution, 1790-1820." Pp. 143-71 in Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
59. _. 1986. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680-1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
60. Lauer, Robert. 1982. Perspectives on Social Change. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
61. Lebergott, Stanley. 1964. Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record since 1800. New York: McGraw-Hill.
62. Lenski, Gerhard. 1966. Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
63. Library of Virginia. 2002. "Using County and City Court Records in the Archives at the Library of Virginia - Research Notes Number 6." Available on line at http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whatwehave/local/rn6_localrecs. htm.
64. Low, W.A. 1951. "The Farmer in Post-Revolutionary Virginia." Agricultural History 25:122-27.
65. Maddala, G. S. 1983. Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Mancall, Peter, Joshua Rosenbloom, and Thomas Weiss. 2001. "Slave Prices and the South Carolina Economy, 1722-1809." Journal of Economic History 61:616-39.
67. Masur, Louis. 2001. 1831: Year of Eclipse. New York: Hill & Wang.
68. McColley, Robert. 1973. Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
69. McCusker, John. 2001. How Much Is that in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States. Worcester: American Antiquarian Society.
70. Meier, August, and Elliot Rudwick. 1966. From Plantation to Ghetto. New York: Hill & Wang.
71. Merritt, Henry. 1789. Deed of manumission written on February 25. Brunswick County, Virginia, Deed Books. Library of Virginia, Richmond.
72. Merritt, William. 1854. Letter written on February 25. William Merritt Papers, 1834-1849. Lawrenceville, Brunswick County, Virginia. Special Collections Department, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University.
73. Miller, Elinor, and Eugene Genovese. 1974. Plantation, Town, and County: Essays on the Local History of American Slave Society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
74. Morgan, Lynda. 1992. Emancipation in Virginia's Tobacco Belt, 1850-1870. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
75. Morgan, Philip. 1988. "Slave Life in Piedmont Virginia, 1720-1800." Pp. 433-85 in Colonial Chesapeake Society edited by Lois Carr, Philip Morgoan, and Jean Russo, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
76. Morgan, Philip, and Michael Nicholls. 1989. "Slaves in Piedmont Virginia, 1720-1790." William and Mary Quarterly 46:211-51.
77. Morton, Louis. 1941. Robert Carter of Nomini Hall: A Virginia Tobacco Planter of the Eighteenth Century. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
78. Nash, Gary, and Jean Soderlund. 1991. Freedom by Degrees: Emancipation in Pennsylvania and Its Aftermath. New York: Oxford University Press.
79. Neale, Janet. 1975. Brunswick County, Virginia - 1720-1975. Richmond: Virginia Book Co.
80. Neter, John, William Wasserman, and Michael Kutner. 1989. Applied Linear Regression Models. Boston: Irwin.
81. Nicholls, Michael. 1984. "Passing through This Troublesome World: Free Blacks in the Early Southside." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 42:50-70.
82. _. 2000. "Strangers Setting among Us: The Sources and Challenge of the Urban Free Black Population in Early Virginia." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 108:155-79.
83. Olzak, Susan, and Noah Uhrig. 2001. "The Ecology of Tactical Overlap." American Sociological Review 66:694-717.
84. Orr, Dale. 1974. "The Determinants of Entry: A Study of the Canadian Manufacturing Industries." Review of Economics and Statistics 56:58-65.
85. Outland, Julia, N.d. "Recollections of Our Old Home." Manuscript. Special Collections Department, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University.
86. Patterson, Orlando. 1982. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
87. Perdue, Charles, Thomas Barden, and Robert Phillips. 1976. Weevils in the Wheat: Interviews with Virginia Ex-Slaves. Charlottesville: University of Press of Virginia.
88. Peterson, Arthur. 1929. Historical Study of Prices Received by Producers of Farm Products in Virginia, 1801-1927. Blacksburg, Va.: Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.
89. Phillips, Ulrich. 1966. American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment, and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
90. Quarles, Benjamin. 1961. The Negro in the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
91. Robert, Joseph. 1965. The Tobacco Kingdom: Plantation, Market, and Factory in Virginia and North Carolina, 1800-1860. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith.
92. Russell, John. 1913. The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
93. Schwarz, Philip. 1987. "Emancipators, Protectors, and Anomalies." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 95:317-38.
94. Schweninger, Loren. 1991. "The Underside of Slavery: The Internal Economy, Self-Hire, and Quasi-Freedom in Virginia, 1780-1865." Slavery and Abolition 12:1-22.
95. Sidbury, James. 1997. Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel's Virginia, 1730-1810. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96. Smith, William. 1832. Letter written on January 16. Special Collections Department, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University.
97. Sowell, Thomas. 1978. American Ethnic Groups. New York: Urban Institute.
98. Stampp, Kenneth. 1956. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South. New York: Vintage Books.
99. Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1994. "Freedom and Oppression of Slaves in the Eighteenth-Century Caribbean." American Sociological Review 59:911-29.
100. Sutherland, Stella. 1966. Population Distribution in Colonial America. New York: AMS Press.
101. Sweet, William. 1946. Religion on the American Frontier, 1783-1840. Vol. 4: The Methodists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
102. Tannenbaum, Frank. 1946. Slave and Citizen. Boston: Beacon.
103. Thorp, Willard. 1926. Business Annals. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
104. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1872. The Statistics of the Population of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
105. _. 1909. A Century of Population Growth: From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790-1900 Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
106. _. 1975. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of the Census.
107. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1976. "American Slavery and the Capitalist World-Economy." American Journal of Sociology 81:1199-1213.
108. Walsh, Lorena. 1989. "Plantation Management in the Chesapeake, 1620-1820. "Journal of Economic History 44:393-406.
109. _. 1993. "Slave Life, Slave Society, and Tobacco Production in the Tidewater Chesapeake, 1620-1820." Chap. 7 in Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shaping of Slave Life in the Americas, edited by Ira Berlin and Philip Morgan. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
110. Watkins, James. 1969. King Cotton: A Historical and Statistical Review, 1790-1908. New York: Negro Universities Press.
111. White, Shane. 1991. Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1779-1810. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
112. Whitman, Stephen. 1995. "Diverse Good Causes: Manumission and the Transformation of Urban Slavery." Social Science History 19:333-70.
113. _. 1997. The Price of Freedom: Slavery and Manumission in Baltimore and Early National Maryland. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
114. Wilson, William. 1973. Power, Racism, and Privilege: Race Relations in Theoretical and Sociohistorical Perspectives. New York: Macmillan.
115. _. 1978. The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
116. _. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
117. Zilversmit, Arthur. 1967. The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.